- Dec 2017
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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The major role of this cytokine is to promote B-cell proliferation, plasma cell differentiation, and antibody production
IL-21 promotes: -B cell proliferation -plasma membrane differentiation -AB production
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- Oct 2017
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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sclerosis
abnormal hardening of tissue
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mesangial cells
mesangial cells are responsible for contraction of blood vessels
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negatively
repressor is binding to prevent transcription
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ubiquitin-editing enzyme
ubiquitin is bound to IkB in the cascade towards transcription of TNF-alpha
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- Jun 2017
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sites.google.com sites.google.com
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Southeast Asia
Both NiV and Rubeola have a high prevalence in South East Asia. For NiV, the outbreak is contained to Malaysia (for now), whereas Rubeola has been eliminated from the US and other developed nations thanks to vaccination, leaving SEA as the area with the highest prevalence.
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encephalitis
Both Rubeola and NiV can cause encephalitis. Every documented case of NiV has reported some form of encephalitis while 1/1000 cases of Rubeola cause encephalitis.
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sites.google.com sites.google.com
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South East Asia
Both NiV and Rubeola have a high prevalence in South East Asia. For NiV, the outbreak is contained to Malaysia (for now), whereas Rubeola has been eliminated from the US and other developed nations thanks to vaccination, leaving SEA as the area with the highest prevalence.
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encephalitis
Both Rubeola and NiV can cause encephalitis. Every documented case of NiV has reported some form of encephalitis while 1/1000 cases of Rubeola cause encephalitis.
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- May 2017
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sites.google.com sites.google.com
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Within the human population, susceptible hosts are caregivers, mortuary and burial workers, and decontamination workers. These populations are in close proximity to the infected body right before/after death, which is when the viral titers have reached their highest point (i.e. infection risk is the greatest) (6)
Can I count this as 'susceptible host' or should I remove this as it is more of a 'vulnerable population' ?
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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leukotoxin and endotoxin
leukotoxin: toxin destructive to white blood cells endotoxin: a toxin released during cell lysis
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www.news-medical.net www.news-medical.net
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college students
COLLEGE STUDENTS like our Px. High incidence in Px population
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In an analysis of 312 college students at UAB's Student Health Clinic, investigators found that F. necrophorum was detected in more than 20 percent of patients with sore-throat symptoms, against only 10 percent for Group A strep and 9 percent for Group C or G strep.
National prevalence may be low but incidence is very high which is a key factor
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phil.cdc.gov phil.cdc.gov
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normally inhabitants the pharynx
Part of our normal flora
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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pus
Exudate: in Case, Px had undistinguisable exudate
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tonsillitis. On day 4 chills and irregular fever developed. Several days later the patient was blind in the left eye due to vitreous hemorrhage. Long explained this by cavernous sinus thrombosis which had extended from the internal jugular vein through the inferior petrosal sinus. The internal jugular vein and linked affected vessels were dissected out, ligated, and excised. Numerous thrombi containing pus and streptococci were found.
Tonsillitis can be either bacterial or viral, Case Px had chills and fever
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filamentous gram-negative bacilli
F. necrophorum is filamentous and Gram-negative
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rabbits with necrobacillosis, and both developed abscesses on the fingers
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F. necrophorum is a much more common and important pathogen in animals than in humans.
This does not eliminate F. necrophorum from possible infectious agents because Px was abroad in India –could have contact with cattle or other animals easily
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Fusobacterium necrophorum constitutes a tiny proportion (fewer than 1% of bacteremias), with only a few hundred case reports in the literature. However, it is arguably unique among the non-spore-forming anaerobes for its very strong association with clinically distinctive, severe septicemic infections variously known as necrobacillosis (12), postanginal sepsis (3, 103), or Lemierre's syndrome (391, 340).
Prevalence: super low Distinct from other non-spore-forming anaerobes by association to severe clinical infections AKA: although prevalence is low, if this is the infectious agent, the Px is in danger
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- Apr 2017
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emedicine.medscape.com emedicine.medscape.com
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international tourism and migration
-have you traveled recently? specifically ask about CA, TX, and Mexico
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consumption of illegally imported unpasteurized dairy products from Mexico. Approximately 60% of human brucellosis cases in the United States now occur in California and Texas.
SO INTERESTING. Geographical importance highlighted here
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use of milk and meat products
-do you consumer milk or meat (i.e are you lactose intolerant or vegetarian)?
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North American
-where do you live?
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aerobic
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localize in the reproductive organs of host animals, causing abortions and sterility
Information useful for this: -are you a vet/farmer/etc. ? -do you have pets? -are your pets sterile, do you know?
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by ingestion through infected food products, direct contact with an infected animal, or inhalation of aerosols
modes of transmission
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zoonotic infection
-specifically asking if you have pigs or have been exposed to anything pig-related in the near past?
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placental fluid
If yes to pet, did she give birth recently?
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www.cdc.gov www.cdc.gov
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Infected mothers who are breast-feeding may transmit the infection to their infants
-is the friend a woman/has she given given birth recently? important to know for baby's safety and well-being
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meat-packing employees
-are you a meat-packer?
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www.cnn.com www.cnn.com
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consciously
Very important concept --these "patient zeros" are not doing it on purpose. We, as a society, need to take an observational stance on patient zeros rather than a judgmental one. That being said, I agree with Kaileen --the scariest terrorism of all is biological! There is definitely a terrifying potential to harm purposefully.
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we sort of want to make tight stories about things,
Similar to the phenomenon of patternicity
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earliest documented case
index case
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naming a patient zero
Similarly to what Mikayla argues in her annotation above, how ethical is it to make patient zero label public? One one hand, it is important to alert populations of areas of epidemic, but on the other revealing the personal identity of someone is placing the blame solely on them. With globalization, we are all spreading diseases to other countries and putting each other at risk --someone should not bear the brunt of our globalized world's medical consequences.
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