- Jul 2024
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Local file Local file
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The individuals responding to the illness stories may shapethe context for future disclosure; if people feel their stories are validated and ac-knowledged by a family member or close friend, they may be willing to sharemore in the future. In contrast, a negative experience in sharing an illness storymay hinder future disclosure
how the first few people react to the disclosure determines the nature of future disclosure
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Second, this study seeks to understand how illness survivors and their familymembers use narratives as a method of communicating their changing identities
how survivors and families ue narratives to communicate their changing identities
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First, this study advocates the need for learningabout the composition of survivor identities over the course of a life-threatening ill-ness
study highlights the need for learning about the make-up of survivor identities over the course of their illness
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- Jun 2024
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The main goal of the present study is to examine, from the perspectives of adolescents, whetherand how Chinese parents communicate with their adolescent children about sexuality, and howChinese adolescents think of such communication
main purpose of the study
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sociocultural aspects of sex, such as standards of sexual conduct
not only parents as educators, but also as transmitters of cultural knowledge and standards
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exual socialization agent for Chinese adolescents
parents as sexual socialization agent for their children
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- Mar 2024
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ge from lo-cal media outlets and can, therefore, shapepublic perceptions about the nature of crimeand the nature of race relations within thecommuni
coverage from the media outlets can shape the public perception
what about the balance from what is shown on the media
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e analyze the total number of hate crimeincidents reported in the Uniform Crime Re-port data for the ye
dependent variable = the total numbers of hate crimes for the year 2000
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t state actors are most likelyto grant concessions to movements whenthey are generally sympathetic to the goalsof the movement and when support from amovement's adherents could potentially af-fect their chances of winning electoral con-tests
not local or federal, but state level is the most abled to be pressured when a social movement could impact their ability to be elected
makes sense because: local = likely a majority of the people feel the way the politician does so there is little pressure
federal = there are so many people voting that it likely does not matter
state = you might be aligned with a minority or a small majority and need each vote
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ombinesthese two approaches and proposes that it isthe interaction between organizationalstrength and political context that affects thelikelihood of movement succ
political mediation theory: interaction between organizational strength and political context that affects the likelihood of the success of the movement
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The central insight of the framingperspective in social movement research isthat, regardless of objective circumstances,individuals are unlikely to participate in col-lective action unless they first come to viewtheir circumstances in terms of a collectiveproblem that could be solved through collec-tive action
regardless of the circumstances individuals are unlikely to participate in collective action unless they feel that they can solve the problem through collective work
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use each reported inci-dent represents a deliberate choice made bylocal authorities to take positive action onlegislation that endorses the validity ofclaims and demands asserted by various civilrights organizations
each reported case represents a deliberate choice to act on legislation
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es. In fact, rec-ognition can be used as a tactic to avoidmaking real concessions to a move
recognizing an issue may not be enough, as the state may recognize the issue and then not do anything about it
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While re-searchers disagree on whether such an in-crease has actually taken plac
hard to determine if there is actually an increase in hate crimes or not because maybe they are just now being reported to the correct margin
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applying direct pressure on legislators,but also by framing discussion about the is-s
framing and applying direct pressure
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It is clear that differences in the numberhate crimes reported in various regionsnot simply reflect differences in the numof criminal acts motivated by bias. They minstead reflect different incentives to callacts of bias to the attention of local authori-ties, as well as different incentives that in-fluence law enforcement agents to respondto, and to report, hate crim
the likelihood that something is reported as a hate crime is dependent on the motives that the reporting agency has to report that
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Yet in other circumstances, fail-ure to report hate crime incidents can be po-litically perilou
electing to report OR NOT has sig. consequences on the political nature of the event and may impact the persons political career
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) notes, there is astrong disincentive for police to identifycrimes as bias-motivated because a highnumber of reported incidents can tarnish theimage of the communit
tarnish the view of the community
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dependent on the way in which lawenforcement agents interpret the event, andmany law enforcement agents are less thanenthusiastic about hate crime legislation
yes -- or how many of them have the awareness that something might be due to a bias (implicit or explicit)
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unit that has more expertise on hate crimes,then evaluates the case to determine whetherit qualifies as a hate cri
this is crazy! no money from federal government but the implementing agencies need to find special units to evaluate the nature of the crime? what about in rural communities where such funding might not be available?
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t, "Bias crimes require po-lice officers to examine not only what hap-pened, but also why it happened. Further-more, the search for what happened is com-plicated by contested stories and by victimswho are sometimes afraid to acknowledgethe bias nature of the crime for fear ofrevictimization" (p. 1
connecting to what Claire stated last class - some police officers may condone biased attacks and not see the need or even not want to report them
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s. And, the HCSA does not specify themechanism for collecting hate crime d
vague wording
so it appears that there are several reasons as to why there are issues with this bill
- no funding from fed. gov
- local agencies don't have to participate
- does not specify how to collect the data
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art of the problem stems from the factthat the HCSA requires the federal govern-ment to collect data on hate crimes, but itdoes not require local law enforcementagencies to partici
this feels counter-intuitive and would explain differential reporting in a variety of states, as not every state is going to be inclined to follow such rules
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tet 2001). Yet even with afederal mandate for collecting hate crimedata, comparisons across geographicboundaries remain problematic. For in-stance, a total of 1,943 hate crimes were re-ported to the federal government for thestate of California in the year 2000, whilenot a single hate crime was reported for thestate of Alabama, despite the fact that advo-cacy organizations identified several crimi-nal acts of bias that occurred within thatstat
what are the socio-cultural influences that cause an issue like this?
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). In 1994, theHCSA was amended to include crimes mo-tivated by bias against individuals withphysical or mental disabiliti
the modification phase of policy implementation
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We are particularly interestedin the role that activist organizations play inpromoting, or impeding, compliance withpublic policie
how is such promotion or impedance influenced by activist organizations
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First, what determines compli-ance with a public policy once it is put intoplace? Second, what factors explain varia-tion in compliance with public policy acrosslocal settings?
what defines compliance and what factors explain the varying compliance with public policy across different settings
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hose who possessample material resources or who hold insti-tutionally based power have a distinct ad-vantage in this competition because these re-sources can be used to formulate a persua-sive causal argument and to ensure that theargument captures the attention of lawmak-ers and the general public
everything that we have been talking about in class so far! resources make the difference in what a person is able to do and how this information is translated across groups of people
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). Stone (1989) argues that "prob-lem definition is a process of image making,where the images have to do fundamentallywith attributing cause, blame, and responsi-bility"
this is framing -- the ways in which the problem is framed will determine the ways in which people react or interact with the social issue
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. Addition-ally, some conditions that cause pain andsuffering for large numbers of people maynever be defined as public proble
which face of power is this?
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hich public policy forma-tion is influenced by socially constructeddefinitions of public problems
social construction of social problems
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utcomes. The presence of resourceful civil rights organizations in a county can lead to higher numbers of re
is this because those counties without the proper infrastructure will not report the hate crimes
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Local file Local file
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Intuitive decision making is perhaps never more important than during a crisis. A crisissituation is a change—whether sudden or evolving—that results in an urgent problem that mustbe addressed immediately
intuitive decision making - most important during a crisis situation
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Intu-ition can be described as emotionally charged judgments that arise through quick, nonconscious,and holistic associations.34
intuition - emotionally charged judgements that arise through quick, nonconscious, and holistic associations
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Programmeddecisions are decisions that become somewhat automatic because people’s knowledge allowsthem to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken.
programmed decisions = decisions that become automatic bc knowledge and skills allows them to recognize and identify a situation and the course of action that needs to be taken
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performance-avoid orientation focus on demon-strating their competence so that others will not think poorly of them
performance avoid = want to have a high level of competence so that others will NOT think poorly of them
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erformance-prove orientation focus on demonstrating their competenceso that others think favorably of them.
performance prove = want to have a high level of competence so that others will think positively of them
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learning orientation,where building competence isdeemed more important thandemonstrating competence
learning orientation = building competence is deemed more important than demonstrating competence - enjoy new kinds of tasks and sees failure as a critical component of learning
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behavioral modeling
behavioral modeling: watching, learn, implement/repeat behavior
attentional processes --> retention processes --> production processes --> reinforcement behavioral modeling process
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social learning theory argues thatpeople in organizations have the ability to learn through the observation of others.20
social learning theory : people have the ability to learn through the observation of others
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Variable ratio schedules reward people after a varying number of exhibited behaviors
variable ratio schedule --> most effective - consequence after people exhibit varying number of behaviors
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Fixed ratio schedules rein-force behaviors after a certain number of them have been exhibited
fixed ratio = a consequence is added only after an action has been repeated a set number of times
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Variable interval schedules are designed to reinforce behavior at more random points in time
variable interval schedule = a consequence occurs after a variable amount of time has passed
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fixed interval schedule is probably the single most common form of reinforce-ment schedule. With this schedule, workers are rewarded after a certain amount of time, and thelength of time between reinforcement periods stays the same
fixed interval schedule = a consequence occurs after a specified amount of time
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Continuous reinforcement is the sim-plest schedule and happens when a specific consequence follows each and every occurrence of adesired behavior
continuous reinforcement = specific consequence following each and every occurrence of a desired behavior
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Extinction occurs when there is the removal of a consequence following anunwanted behavior.
extinction = removal of a consequence following an unwanted behavior
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Pun-ishment occurs when an unwantedoutcome follows an unwanted behav-ior.
punishment = adding unwanted consequence to an unwanted behavior
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Negative reinforcement occurs when an unwantedoutcome is removed following a desired behavior
negative reinforcement = rewards desired behavior with removal of unwanted outcome
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Positive reinforcementoccurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior
positive reinforcement = rewards desired behavior with addition of positive reward
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contingencies of reinforcemen
four specific consequences that organizations use to modify employee behavior
two increase desired behaviors
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antecedents
events that precede certain behaviors - goals, rules, instructions, or other types of information that show employees what is expected from them
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REINFORCEMENT
process of reinforcing or strengthening
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Tacit knowledge, in contrast, is what employees can typically learn only through experience
Tacit knowledge = what employees learn through experience
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Explicit knowledge is the kind of information you’re likely to think about whenyou picture someone sitting down at a desk to learn.
explicit knowledge - information that is relatively easily communicated and a large part of what companies teach at training sessions
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Expertiserefers to the knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experienced peo-ple.4
expertise = knowledge and skills that distinguish experts from novices and less experiences people
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decision making, which refers to the process of generating and choos-ing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.
learning heavily influences decision making - process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem
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Learning reflects relatively permanent changesin an employee’s knowledge or skill that result from experience.1
learning = relatively permanent changes in an employees knowledge or skill that results from the experience - more that a person learns the more that they bring to the table when they come to work
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Effects of Motivation on Performance and Commitment
opposite relationship as compared to job satisfaction -- motivation is strongly related to job performance -- motivation is moderately related to organizational commitment
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psychological empowerment, which reflects an energyrooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose.7
energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contributes to some larger purpose
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internal comparisons, meaningthat they refer to someone in the same company.69 Others are external comparisons, meaning thatthey refer to someone in a different company.
internal comparisons = within the same organization external comparisons = from a different company
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ccording to equity theory, any imbalance in ratios triggers equity distress—an inter-nal tension that can only be alleviated by restoring balance to the ratios.65
when there is an imbalance in ratios ==> equity distress
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Equity theoryargues that you compare your ratio of outcomes and inputs to the ratio of some comparisonother—some person who seems to provide an intuitive frame of reference for judging equity.64
equity theory - argues that you compare your ratio of outcomes and inputs to the ratio of some comparison/reference other
comparison other --> SOME OTHER PERSON WHO SEEMS TO PROVIDE A FRAME OF REFERENCE FOR JUDGING EQUITY
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quity theory acknowledges that motivation doesn’t just dependon your own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other people.6
equity theory --> motivation does not just depend on your own self and experiences, but also the context of what happens to others and such
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Rather than directly affecting other variables in the diagram, moderators affectthe strength of the relationships between variables. One moderator is feedback, which consistsof updates on employee progress toward goal attainment.52
moderator of relationship between goals and task performance is the idea of the following: - feedback: getting updates on progress - task complexity: how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are - goal commitment: degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try and reach it
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askstrategies, defined as learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successfulperformance.51
task strategies = learning plans and problem-solving approaches that are used to achieve successful performance and outcomes
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Goal setting theory views goals as the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort.44
goal setting theory = goals are the primary drivers of the intensity and persistence of effort
specific and difficult goals tend to result in higher levels of performance than easier goals do
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Motivational Force = E P × Ʃ[(P O) × V ]
Motivational force --> dependent upon the expectancy, instrumentality and valence of a particular task or job
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intrinsic motivation—motivation that is felt whentask performance serves as its own reward.30
intrinsic motivation = motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward
-> motivated by internal factors
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xtrinsic motivation—motivation that is controlledby some contingency that depends on task performance
extrinsic motivation = motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance
-> depends on external factors
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Needs can be defined as cognitivegroupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiologi-cal consequences.26
needs = cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences
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alence reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance(abbreviated V).24 Valences can be positive (“I would prefer having outcome X to not having it”),negative (“I would prefer not having outcome X to having it”), or zero (“I’m bored . . . are we stilltalking about outcome X?”)
valence = anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance
- = having outcome
- = not having outcome 0 = indifference
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Instrumentality represents the belief that successful performance willresult in some outcome(s).19
instrumentality = successful performance will result in some outcome
ie. performing well on MCAT will get me into med school
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pastaccomplishments—the degree to which they have succeeded or failed in similar sorts of tasksin the past.15 They also consider vicarious experiences by taking into account their observa-tions and discussions with others who have performed such tasks.16 Self-efficacy is also dictatedby verbal persuasion because friends, coworkers, and leaders can persuade employees that theycan “get the job done.” Finally, efficacy is dictated by emotional cues
efficacy is shaped by the following: - past accomplishments (have they been able to do similar things in the past) - vicarious experiences (taking into account the experiences of others via conversation or observation) - verbal persuasion: friends and family persuade you that you can do it - emotional cues: feelings of confidence or anxiety that can influence one's ability to perform a task
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self-efficacy, defined as the belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behav-iors required for task success.13
self-efficacy - belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success
basically belief that one has that they are competent to perform a task well
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Expectancy represents the belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the success-ful performance of some task.
expectancy = belief that exertion of a high level of effort will lead to success in task performance
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Expectancy theory describes the cognitive pro-cess that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses.
expectancy theory = cognitive process that employees go through to make choices from different possible voluntary thoughts
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engagement. You can think of engagement as a contemporary synonym, moreor less, for high levels of intensity and persistence in work effort. Employees who are “engaged”completely invest themselves and their energies into their jobs
engagement --> high levels of intensity and persistence in work effort
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motivationis defined as a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee, initiateswork-related effort, and determines its direction, intensity, and persistence.
motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate within and outside an employee and initiates work-related effort, determines the direction of the effort, intensity, persistence
etc.
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Another reason is that job satisfaction is strongly correlated with normativecommitment. Satisfied employees are more likely to feel an obligation to remain with their firm74and a need to “repay” the organization for whatever it is that makes them so satisfied, whethergood pay, interesting job tasks, or effective supervision.
JOB SATISFACTION IS STRONGLY CORRELATED WITH NORMATIVE (OUGHT TO STAY COMMITMENTS)
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Effects of Job Satisfaction on Performance and Commitment
job satisfaction --> moderate influence on job performance
job satisfaction --> significant influence on organizational commitment
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motionalcontagion shows that one person can “catch” or “be infected by” the emotions of another per-son.59
emotional contagion --> one person can catch or be infected by the emotions of another
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Such jobs are high in what’s called emotional labor, or the need to manage emotions tocomplete job duties successfully.58 Flight attendants are trained to “put on a happy face” in frontof passengers, retail salespeople are train
emotional labor ==> manage emotions in order to be successful in one's job
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These events can trigger emotions, which are states of feel-ing that are often intense, last for only a few minutes, and are clearly directed at (and caused by)someone or some circumstance.
emotions = states of feeling that are intense, short-lasting, and are clearly directed at someone or some circumstance
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affective events theory, workplace events can generate affective reactions—reactions thatthen can go on to influence work attitudes and behaviors.54
events at the workplace can generate reactions which influence behaviors and attitudes
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First, the activityin question has to be challenging. Second, the employee must possess the unique skills neededto meet that challenge.
high challenge and high skill reward results in flow
state where employees feel total immersion to the task at hand
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Moods are states of feeling that are often mild in intensity, last for an extended periodof time, and are not explicitly directed at or caused by anything.47
moods = mild in intensity, extended period of time, and are not caused by anything in particular
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job crafting, where they shape,mold, and redefine their jobs in a proactive way.46
job crafting = shaping their jobs in a positive way
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ob enrichment,such that the duties and responsibilities associated with a job are expanded to provide morevariety, identity, autonomy, and so forth.
job enrichment -- duties and responsibilities associated with a job are expanded to provide more VISAF
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feedback, is the degree to which carrying out theactivities required by the job provides employees with clear information about how well they’reperforming.40
feedback = degree to which carrying out the activities required by the job provides employees clear information about how well they are performing
(ie. a surgeon can tell they are doing a good job by the amount of blood lost, etc)
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Autonomy is the degree to which the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion to theindividual performing the work.37
autonomy = degree to which the job provides freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual performing the work
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Significance is the degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives of other people,particularly people in the world at large.
significance = the degree to which the job has a substantial impact on the lives of others
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variety, is the degree to which the job requiresa number of different activities that involve a number of different skills and talents.
variety --> degree to which the job requires a number of different activities and skills
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What kinds of tasks create these psychological states?” Job characteristics theory,which describes the central characteristics of intrinsically satisfying jobs, attempts to answer thisquestion.
these psychological states are driven by the job characteristics theory which aims to identify the characteristics of intrinsically satisfying jobs
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mean-ingfulness of work, which reflects the degree to which work tasks are viewed as something that“counts” in the employee’s system of philosophies and belief
psychological states and the job characteristics theory makes the work interesting
meaningfulness of work --> psych state that refers to the degree to which the tasks of work are viewed as something that counts
responsibility for outcomes --> degree to which employees feel that they are key drivers of the units work
knowledge of results --> extent to which the employees know how well or poorly they are doing
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Put simply: Boring jobs may be easier, but they’renot necessarily better.Final PDF to printer
!!
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Value-percept theory argues that job satisfac-tion depends on whether you perceive that your job supplies the things that you value
value-percept theory: job satisfaction depends on whether or not you perceive that your job provides the things you value
dissatisfaction = (vwant- vhave) * vimportance
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alues are those things that peopleconsciously or subconsciously want to seek or attain.3
values --> what a person wants to seek or attain
influenced job satisfaction bc if they see their job as having value they will be more happy and satisfied with their job
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- Feb 2024
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Local file Local file
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Shaping Public OpinionBecause policymakers are influenced by the electorate’s opinions, many interestgroups seek to influence the policymaking process by shaping public opinion
for example: the fair tax act (even down to the naming of such a proposed bill)
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- Jan 2024
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Such a situation is idiotic, of course. Yet elements of it already exist. And unless we beginto turn this around, there will be worse to come
this is wild
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They went one stepfurther and asked for a patent on the basic biological relationship between homocysteineand vitamin deficiency. A patent was granted that covered both the test and the scientificfact. Eventually, a company called Metabolite took over the license for the patent
why how what for why
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He is not alone: nearly half of all Americans believe in thevaccine-autism link or are unsure about it
this is why it is so important to be correct in the info that is published
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muse-jhu-edu.eu1.proxy.openathens.net muse-jhu-edu.eu1.proxy.openathens.net
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Now, if we agree that disability is not inherently a bad difference, thenwe can insist that disability should not be used to justify infanticide,lesser medical treatment, or any other treatment based on the assump-tion that a disabled person’s life must have diminished well-being
!!!
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Doulia begins withthe fact of inevitable dependency and depends on an acknowledgmentof our inextricable interdependency.
this is a beautiful conception of what the world should look like
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Most dependency work, however, is done by family members, usu-ally women, but not exclusively
example with mom and her brothers
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The decision becomes, ‘Wow, I think I’m goingto just stay put where I am.’ Which is the equivalent of a life sentenceof poverty” (quoted in Fessler 2015). Still worse, because the ADA is inplace, many will think that there is no longer a problem—legally, ob-stacles have been removed. It appears, then, that those who are disabledwho cannot find a way out of the precariat are themselves failures inthe modern economy. The fault redounds to them.
!!!!!!!
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The portrait of Emeka Nnaka, a former semipro football player fromTulsa, Oklahoma, who broke his neck making a tackle, illustrates howeasily employment opportunities are frustrated and how the only op-tions available are low paid, part-time, and insecure. Nnaka recentlywas able to get an accessible van to transport him to work. Prior to that,Nnaka said, “I’d spend about three hours in transportation daily whenI was riding the lift. So, think about three hours out of your day inwhich you’re not doing anything” (Fessler 2015).
if we are so focused on the concept of labor and contribution to the market --> why don't we build better access to such systems
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Precarity is perhaps most closely associated with labor and economicinsecurity
this is likely a cultural thing
- ie a culture that isn't as focused on economic achievement as us likely wouldn't immediately think of labor contribution
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Furthermore, our well-being is dependent on others:
I think that we often forget this today
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hat disability, as opposed tothe impairment in the body, is a social factor often caused by builtphysical environment that can, if the political will is there, be builtdifferentl
what the very definition of a disability is depends on the social concept of what is considered to be an impairment to the body
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Let us ac-cept that disability is a constructed concept: the construction differsrelative to the time, place, and purpose for which it is employed.
much like any other concept
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Rather than effectively support-ing the aspiration of those disabled people who are able to be integratedinto productive labor, the withdrawal of care support undermines thoseaspirations, and it makes life still more precarious for those for whomthe ideal is meaningles
ties back into my comment earlier
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The first, I claim, has to do withthe inadequate conceptualization of dependence.
interesting
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With the rise of neoliberalism and the advent of the disability move-ment, disabled people, who were one class of adults who were previouslyexempted from the ideal of self-sufficiency, are now expected to be“independent and productive.”
once exempt from the ideal of self-sufficiency are not expected to be self-sufficient --> are there social supports/resources or were these an abrupt change to the expectation
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iberal ideal of the citi-zen and worker as independent and self-sufficient
citizen and worker are independent and self-sufficient
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Local file Local file
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- The historian will have some puzzles to solve --> interesting way of stating that their logic is not clear? (3)
- Eugenics always had an evaluative logic at its core. Some human life was of more value -- to the state, the nation, the race, future generations -- than other life, and thus its advocates sought to implement these practices differentially ( 4) ==> did we ever examine who was making these policies and procedures and place a value on their lives
- Peak in the 1920s --> im assuming that this is referring to the US
- Contributing factors = nationalism, tech changes, changes in ideas about citizenry, labor force, future fitness (4) ABOUT MODERNITY
- Darwins work that highlighted that we are a part of nature and that we follow the same natural laws as everyone else critically undermined the idea that humans were made specially (4)
- Humans could and should replace natural selection by other processes that are more merciful and not less effective (4) huh --> he thought eugenics is merciful and more effective than natural selection (I wonder why this became so popular, especially when this time period is known for being religious
- Galton understood eugenics to be rational planning of and intervention into human breeding --> thought that the state should intervene into peoples own choices and such (5)
- Positive and negative eugenics (5)
- Oneida, NY the women professed: "we do not belong to ourselves", disrespectfully what in the world is this cult (5)
- American eugenics and ideas about eugenics shaping NS Germany
- 1926 Soviet Civic Code (5)
- aiming to restrict the reproduction of those with conditions and diseases considered heritable (CONSIDERED) --> did they know exactly (6)
- eugenic intervention directed at those who already belonged (6)
- Different priorities to the varying eugenic movements across the world --> southern US v NS Germany v Australian English (6)
- "Polluting" was not racial outsiders but often marginalized insiders
- Geographic insight --> more concentrated on the urban problem populations of industrialization (6) --> why
- America --> poor, rural whites: southern European immigrants; African Americans (7)
- Anxieties about interracial marriage were frequently linked to colonial rule (7)
- Race crossing --> Erst Rodenwalt (7)
- Australia --> half-caste problem (7) biological and cultural assimilation influenced by eugenic ideas ==> boarding school type beat
- Prospect of extinction (8)
- primitive societies where weak offspring were not nursed were admired as naturally eugenic (8) ==> looking at primitive examples to propel an ide of modernity
- relationship between eugenic and birth control
- In Eastern Europe --> more public health spending (8)
- into the management of infectious disease (9)
- Kenya example --> uneducable making their education irrelevant to the state (9)
- linked to the proliferation of asylums from the 19th century
- Dr. Harry Haselden withheld treatment for newborns --> what about the Hippocratic oath (9)
- designations of fit and unfit applied to both populations and to individuals
- one eye on the past generations and one eye on the future (9)
- pedigree chart (10)
- both research and propaganda
- Darwin knew about the principles of genetics, yet married his first cousin (10)
- insurance used information from Biometrika (10)
- Issue with the pedigree system bc it thinks that things like intelligence and other "good" characteristics are associated with inheritance but not with access to social support and resources (10)
- Eastern Europe --> eugenics could match and enshrine the aspirations of new nation-states anxious to establish their legitimacy (12)
- Japanese modernization manifested itself as nationalism (quality over quantity) (12)
- homogeneity over heterogeneity (12)
- strong connection between eugenics and the left and to progressive reform and politics (13)
- sterilization has informed the concept of "rights" in reproductive arenas (14)
- Consent --> Nuremberg trials (14)
- States that were looking to modernize were those who took up eugenics enthusiastically
- NS Germany (14/15)
- mythical concern --> where did this originate from (15)
- similarities across so many countries and cultures is interesting in the eugenics movements (15)
- Eugenics in immigration regulations (16)
- Central America and Southern Europe distinguished itself (16)
- Cross cultural ideas and exchange allowed eugenics to move so fast and so far but then they all wanted to be independent and create their own identity (16)
- Hygiene was also linked to eugenics --> "Rassenhygiene" in DE (17)
- Interesting to see how they distanced themselves from forms of eugenics that didn't come from their own home country
- sterilization procedures were antithetical to catholic doctrine and were highly questionable (18)
- British sought the legalization of sterilization but voluntary sterilization was always their aim (18)
- US is a contradiction --> commitment to liberty also passed compulsory sterilization laws (18)
- Voluntary v coerced (18)
- eugenics has always had opposition (19)
- Jennings essentially conceptualized pre-natal testing (19)
- 1970s drew large opposition (20)
- Tuskegee syphilis experiment highlighted conversations about races and medical ethics (20)
- This was a period of strongly left-oriented intellectual critique of science (20)
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Local file Local file
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Not only were there no guards, there were no rules.
SO IMPORTANT FOR ENGAGMENT
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“Misbehavior is as important in the study of nature as in people.
how will we engage misbehavior
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“It did not look like a museum,” recalled Alan Friedman, aphysicist and now the director of the New York Hall of Science.“The look of the exhibits was right off the lab bench. Roughwood. Things nailed into the table. This looked just like my low-temperature physics lab when I was a graduate student. It lookedreally friendly. It looked like home.
love this
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This“accelerator,” I later learned, was built by Robert Wilson, a physi-cist and Frank’s close friend from Los Alamos; it was, in essence, aminiature version of the four-mile- circumference particle accelera-tor Wilson had built at Fermi National Laboratory in Illinois
Fermi National Lab --> I did research there!
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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resulting in a final sample of 1,475 rural stakeholders in the United States
are you kidding me
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- electroconvulsive therapy wow (95) and couldn't eat before their morning treatments
- THAT IS WHAT THE DEFINITION OF ASYLUM IS (97)
- I guess that does make sense because people can seek asylum but it is weird to see such a positive definition in context of that word
- touches on the contradiction with our own conceptions of it (97)
- really doing, really okay --> lack of insight (98) wild
- not believed about anything (98)
- unsafe --> interesting to hear about this hidden curriculum of what the words "mean" in this context (99)
- free-floating terror (100)
- things darting here and there (101)
- mind was a black hole, adn that dead star insisted on snatching every wisp and scrap of sense (101)
- easy to get in, but once there it is impossible to get out (104) is this because of the way in which psychiatric patients are viewed and mental health is stigmatized?
- 1st gen psychiatric drugs have such intense side effects (105) --> how was this allowed
- interesting that involuntary commitment has never felt useful to her (106)
- 5150 --> the song?? (109)
- There was no care (end of 109)
- parallels between being arrested and being involuntarily hospitalized (110)
- one man would rather die than go to the hospital (111) what does that say about our care in this country
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- I've never felt so seen -- afraid of awakening a biological and emotional drive (80)
- 1-2% might understand --> wild to think that we don't all understand/comprehend what is going on (80)
- Even more mysterious in children (81)
- how is a diagnosis controversial --> just bc someone is young doesn't mean that they can't have one of the discussed mental illnesses (81)
- how do you and your children deal with the onset of rage/mania (82)
- "why i'm not considering adoption" (82)
- Pausing in front of a children's clothing store in CA --> I did not (83)
- the comment about C talking to his mom is wild (83)
- SHE DID NOT HOLD HER NIECE? (85)
- The birth of the niece caused her anxiety
- I feel bad for Stuart
- interesting to see how while each of the boys were bullied at their home school --> but they perpetuated the bullying (88)
- Public comments (88)
- 89 -- interesting to hear someone speak to candidly about their experience
- also insane that people EXPECT others to have children (90)
- Stuart can't breathe (90)
- You would make a good other - it was one night holy shit (91)
- GOOD FOR STUART (91)
- Her family history (92)
- would it have been better if I'd never been born (93) holy moly
- why i care about a reversal (93) wow this part, even though she doesn't want children there seems to be s sliver of herself that isn't ready to give up that possibility
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When Sloane left Jamaica, he filled his ship with species both dead and alive.
this is incredibly saddening
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He used enslaved people as guides to the trees and animals of Jamaica.
layering the understanding of flora and fauna with the bodies and experience of enslaved people
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but that they are different specimens, though going under one general name.”
lack of nuance and understanding where these things come from --> imperialist!
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adding and adding and never taking away.
!
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influential man in the context of his time, describing his non-aristocratic birth, his rifts with other Royal Society members, and the deep complicity he and his collection enjoyed with slavery and imperialism.
interesting pattern of not coming from much and not agreeing with the 'power'
but then as soon as power is obtained it becomes complicit
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- "treatments" on the first page
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always from an outsiders perspective
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1900s to 1950 is the darkest period in American history in terms of ourt reatment of people with mental illness
- eugenic conceptions of mental illness
- encourage those with good germ lines to have kids
- NO LONGER A REFUGE FOR TROUBLED PEOPLE BUT RATHER A PLACE FOR KEEPING THEM AEAY FROM SOETY DURING THEIR BREEDING YEARS SO THEY WOULD NOT PASS ALONG THEIR BLAD GERM PLASM
- more humane today
- WHO schizophrenia outcomes are better in poorer countries
- mental illness in US increased from 600K to 6 million --> we do not have a form of care that truly helps people recover and even suggests that we are doing something today that may actively prevent recovery
- in each year more patients died than were discharged holy shit
- four times as many women as men, preference was given to women due to sexual assault --> (7)
- In the 19th century many middle-class men sought to institutionalize their troublesome spouses with the help of male psychiatrists who were all too willing to oblige (no autonomy of care (7))
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www.pbs.org www.pbs.org
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General practitioners (GPs), who run private practices, are paid based on the number of patients they see
Interesting -- I wonder if the number of patients some see has led to lower quality of care
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"socialized medicine" because the government both provides and pays for health care.
finance - public delivery - public
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8.3
GDP spent on health care = 8.3% No average family premium No co-pays for most services, some for dental, eyeglasses, and 5% of perscriptions --> young and elderly exempt from all drug costs
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- means by which language gives birth to thought and feeling through signs, symbolism, perception, and aesthetic beaty
- attention to emotion (10)
- helps clinicians discover what their patients try to tell them (11)
- applications of close reading --> pulling on already natural strengths of good physicians (attentive listening) (12)
- how does my mind work (16)
- tolerating ambiguity (19)
- relational and intersubjective (21)
- we realize that the polarization of the world politically, culturally, economically, religiously, and nationalistically increasingly fractures any kind of underlying human unity -- it is Sunni versus Shia, Ukraine versus Russia, 99% v 1% (22)
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www.statnews.com www.statnews.com
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a permission slip to name the grief we experience vicariously and the helplessness we feel when medicine has reached its limits.
gorgeous line
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I asked the students if the poem related at all to their experience in the ICU. One of them, an aspiring surgeon, drew our attention to a particular image: “Day after day, on the same narrow coast, / we stood guard, waiting / for some speck to reappear …” The poem made him think of one of our patients, a man who had become paralyzed and could only blink. Each morning the student went into this patient’s room and spoke with his son, who was standing alert at his father’s side.
wow
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As I read “The Rabbit,” I saw my patients: bleeding, moaning, gasping. I pictured what once was, and what was lost.
this line hit me hard
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I had enjoyed puzzles like that in the classroom, but I couldn’t reconcile this academic discussion with the existence of the man in the bed
part of medicine, at least clinically, that I think is not discussed often enough
you might enjoy puzzles, but add the context in and now what?
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I had so many questions: Who was he? Who had he been? What had happened to him? I hadn’t been to church since I left for college when I was 17 and yet, in that moment, my agnostic mind grasped for a higher being.
ties back to the sense of 'othering from the 3 page reading
esp in the questions
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suspended in the netherworld between the living and the dead
a form of purgatory if you will
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- Kingdom of well v Kingdom of sick
- Health as an identity --> what does sick look like as an identity
- Health is a reward
- unspoken corollary --> would love to discuss this further
- correlations or casualities --> AIDS epidemics connection to vaccination
- debris from other bodies
- She had not, she told me, considered that a possibility (how do you not consider this a possibility when you decide to not vaccinate your child?!?)
- Emily Martin - Darwinism - distinguished in quality
- Other people --> implies a sense of not good or unclean or whatever the case may be
- non-innocent need protection from disease --> feels biblical in nature ==> wonder why that is
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Local file Local filesomeTitle58
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In the United States, the health system is divided into two distinct components:(1) public health, and (2) healthcare services delivery and financing organiza-tions
but what if these two areas worked together in order to best care for the people of the US
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Technology
helped to eliminate/cure different medical ailments --> but also has caused more disparities bc not everyone can afford such things
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Loan repayment programs and scholarships for nursing students• Public service announcements to encourage more people to enter thenursing profession• Career ladder programs for those who wish to advance in the profession• Best-practice grants for nursing administration• Long-term care training grants to develop and incorporate gerontologycurriculum into nursing programs• A fast-track faculty loan repayment program for nursing students whoagree to teach at a school of nursing
!!
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The effect of economic conditions on the health of children is espe-cially dramatic. Impoverished children, on average, have lower birth weightsand more conditions that limit school activity compared with other children.These children are more likely to become ill and to have more serious illnessesthan other children because of increased exposure to harmful environments,inadequate preventive services, and limited access to health services
these root causes snowball and have larger impacts on health as people age
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African Americans and Hispanics feel the impact of this more acutely,as they are represented disproportionately below the poverty line
!!
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A number of social factors can affect health. Chronic unemployment, theabsence of a supportive family structure, poverty, homelessness, and discrimi-nation, among other social factors, affect people’s health as surely—and oftenas dramatically—as harmful viruses or carcinogens
social component to health
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Over many decades, government has made efforts to exorcise environ-mental health hazards through public policies. Examples of federal policiesinclude:• Clean Air Act (P.L. 88-206)• Flammable Fabrics Act (P.L. 90-189)• Occupational Safety and Health Act (P.L. 91-596)• Consumer Product Safety Act (P.L. 92-573)• Noise Control Act (P.L. 92-574)• Safe Drinking Water Act (P.L. 93-523)
ensuring that there are clean/safe working environments for all
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The SymbioticRelationshipAmong HealthPolicy, HealthDeterminants,and HealthStatu
love this graphic
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Social regulation
social regulation = regulatory effort to achieve socially desirable outcomes
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Market-preserving controls
market-preserving controls = ensuring that services do not behave in competitive ways
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Quality-control regulations
quality control = in place to ensure that health care is of quality 00
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Price or rate-setting regulations
price/rate-setting = control over rates at which the gov reimburses hospitals
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Market entry–restricting regulations
regulating who can enter the field to provide healthcare
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Regulatory policies are designed to influence the actions, behaviors, and decisionsof others by directive
regulatory = designed to influence the actions, behaviors, and decisions of others by directive
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Allocative policies provide net benefits to some distinct group or class of individualsor organizations at the expense of others to meet public objectives
allocative = provide net benefits to some distinct group or class of individuals or organizations at the expense of others to meet public objectives
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allocative or regulatory
allocative and regulatory = the two basic categories of health policies
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Although the judicial branch of government has played an important rolein health policy for decades, its role is increasingly relevant. For example, as we sawin the policy snapshot, in National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v.Sebelius, the US Supreme Court ruled in 2012 that the ACA was indeed consti-tutional. This ruling was a crucial milestone for the law, permitting it to proceed(Liptak 2012). Its rationale and importance will be discussed in detail in chapter8, which is devoted to the vital role played by the judiciary in health policy.
2012 --> US Supreme Court ruled that ACA was constitutional
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Policies can take several forms:• Laws• Rules or regulations• Implementation decisions• Judicial decisions
interesting to see the ways in which policy pertaining to health can be implemented
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The healthcare system has been describedaccurately as “unsustainable” and “flawed” and is characterized by uncon-trolled costs, variable quality, and millions of uninsured and underinsuredpeople
!!!
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If we are spending more forhealthcare services than anyone in the world by any measure, do we have thebest healthcare system in the world? Regrettably, the answer is no
!!
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After entering office, President Donald Trumpreduced or eliminated previous promotional efforts. Consequently, the num-ber of newly insured Americans has declined
why would anyone be against people getting access to care
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21 million people not previously insured became beneficiarie
and this is barely a scratch on the surface
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“iron triangle” of cost, quality, and access is important
cost, quality and access is critical
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and the healthcaredelivery system remains Kafkaesque with misaligned incentives
LOVE THIS DESCRIPTION
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Thus, a govern-ment’s health policy is a large set of authoritative decisions made through thepublic policymaking process
health policy is the sum of all the decisions made throughout the public policy process
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public-sector health policy asauthoritative decisions regarding health or the pursuit of health made in the legis-lative, executive, or judicial branches of government that are intended to direct orinfluence the actions, behaviors, or decisions of other
public health policy is different than public policy in general byt only by the focus on health vs overall functionings
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efines public policy as the “sumof government activities, whether acting directly or through agents, as thoseactivities have an influence on the lives of citizens.” Birkland (2001) definesit as “a statement by government of what it intends to do or not to do, suchas a law, regulation, ruling, decision, or order, or a combination of these.”Cochran and Malone (1999) propose yet another definition: “Political deci-sions for implementing programs to achieve societal goals.”
public policy: 1. gov. activities that have an influence on citizens 2. statement by the gov of what it intends to do or notdo 3. political decisions for implementing programs to achieve societal goals
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potential of technological rescue and a cultural preferencefor the prolonging of individual life regardless of the monetary cost
why is this
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Americans place a high value on individual autonomy,self-determination, and personal privacy and maintain a widespread, althoughnot universal, commitment to justice
USA = highly individual, very little community based things
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Problems payingmedical billsDissatisfied withcare<200% FPL 200%–400% FPL >400% FPLCopying and distribution of this PDF is prohibited without written permission.For permission, please contact Copyright Clearance Center at www.copyright.comMeacham, Michael R.. Longest's Health Policymaking in the United States, Seventh Edition, Health Administration Press, 2020. ProQuest EbookCentral, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/creighton-ebooks/detail.action?docID=6417876.Created from creighton-ebooks on 2024-01-15 18:44:22.Copyright © 2020. Health Administration Press. All rights reserved.
the fact that this is even a concern here in the US is so sad
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if all states couldreach the benchmarks set by leading states, an estimated 86,000 fewer peoplewould die prematurely and tens of millions more adults and children wouldreceive timely preventive care
this is so disheartening, but also makes me hopeful that something will change
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what government does about supportingpeople with low incomes.
this is interesting and I hadn't thought about this nuance before
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Wealthier Americans tend to be inbetter health than their poorer counterparts primarily because of differencesin education, behavior, and environment
spheres of influence from last year that state that an advantage in one area should not equal an advantage in another area
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In spite of progress, continued racial disparity is easily identified. Forexample, an African American woman is 22 percent more likely to die from heartdisease than her white counterpart, 71 percent more likely to die from cervicalcancer, and 243 percent more likely to die from pregnancy- and childbirth-related causes (Hostetter and Klein 2018). As a matter of equity, statistics likethese are unacceptable
we need to go to the root of these disparities and not just try to slap a band aid over top, unfortunately no matter how many band aids are added nothing will improve sustainably until the root of the issue is taken care of
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with notable, although unfinished, progress
I would like to know how these blanket reforms are moving us in the right direction in eliminating disparities
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There is evidence that the ACA contributedto reducing disparities that existed for Hispanics and African Americans (Hayeset al. 2017)
talk about this more!
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Health-care disparities refer to differences in such variables as access to care, insurancecoverage, and quality of services received. Health disparities occur when onepopulation group experiences higher burdens of illness, injury, death, or dis-ability than another group
healthcare disparities ==> difference in access to care/coverage
health disparities ==> higher prevalence of x conditions
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Older people consume relatively more health services, and their health-related needs differ from those of younger people. Older people are more likelyto consume long-term care services and community-based services intended tohelp them cope with various limitations in the activities of daily living.
elderly consume more healthcare --> we are going to see a large uptick in elderly care as the baby boomer people get older
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particular prioritizationamong determinants
that is classist, racist, misogynist in nature
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United States ranks first in health expenditures but twenty-fifth in spendingon social service
but if we recognize that social components of life influence our health, why aren't we directing our energy here?
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fixed fac-tors, is unchangeable and includes such variables as age and gender. A secondcategory, named modifiable factors, includes lifestyles, social networks, com-munity conditions, environments, and access to products and services such aseducation, healthcare, and nutritious food
I don't mean to be difficult here --> but some of the factors listed under modifiable are not realistically modifiable for all people due to personal or larger economic/social factors
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Force Field paradigm (Blum 1974). In this theory, four major influences, orforce fields, determine health: environment, lifestyle, heredity, and medicalcare
this is an interesting concept; however, I'm sure that it was lacking nuance
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Health determinants are defined as factors that affect health or, moreformally, as a “range of personal, social, economic, and environmental fac-tors that influence health” both at the individual and population levels
factors influencing health
dimensions: 1. personal 2. social 3. economic 4. environmental
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Source: Adapted from OECD (2019).
this graph is actually embarrassing
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the moment is no: the US does not obtain good results, especially in light ofcosts, in a number of metrics intended to elucidate the quality of a healthcaresystem
spend the most but we aren't getting the best bang for our buck
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US spends more on healthcare services than anyother nation: in total dollars, dollars per capita, or percentage of the GDP.But does that spending represent value?
DOES IT REPRESENT VALUE?!? NO
shadowing Dr. Powers --> spent ~5 minutes in each room with the patient
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ood health is also an integral part of thriving modern societies,a cornerstone of well performing economies, and a shared principle of . . .democracies
this feels incredibly 'othering'
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state of physical and mental well-being necessary to live a meaningful, pleasant, and productive lif
productive life --> contribute to the economy (agist?)
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state in which the biological and clinical indica-tors of organ function are maximized and in which physical, mental, and rolefunctioning in everyday life are also maximize
I don't think that this definition is particularly robust -- maximization feels like the larger structures and conditions of one's life may be ignored
unless, of course, the idea of maximization is dynamic
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and a basic anduniversal human right
yes
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dynamic state
i like this idea --> that health is dynamic
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“state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merelythe absence of disease or infirmity,”
dimensions: 1. physical 2. mental 3. social
doesn't particularly mean the absence of disease
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In this book, policy competence simply means that healthprofessionals understand the policymaking process sufficiently to exert someinfluence and achieve their goals—improved healthcare services delivery. Thepath toward policy competence begins with some key definitions—of health,health determinants, public policy, and health policy
healthcare professionals should be properly educated about the policy procedures and such
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Despite government’s substantive role through health policy, most ofthe necessary clinical, diagnostic, and ancillary resources used in the pursuitof health in the United States are owned and controlled by the private sec-tor.
this is why the government doesn't have the market share to set prices
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early one-half of NHE will most likelycome from public source
of half of all healthcare spending will be from a public source, yet we don't have public healthcare??
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growing percentage of elderly in the population and their greater use ofhealthcare resources, and Medicaid, because of the expansion funded in partby the Affordable Care Act
aging population
as baby boomers get older --> our avg population age also increases
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$3.5 trillion in pursuit of health in 2017, represent-ing about 17.9 percent of the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP) andequaling about $10,739 per person (CMS 2020a)
essentially, we spent the equivalent of ~11k on each person's health, yet we are one of the sickest nations on Earth with incredible health disparities
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Health is essential not only to the physicaland mental well-being of people but also to nations’ economies
healthcare ~~ economy
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corporate taxes,
for profit corps to gov
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capital gains
profit that is generate when investments are sold for more than their purchase price
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personal (individual) taxes
paid by people to fed./state gov.
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