“To have a second language, is to have a second soul.”

Unz’s argument won the day. Proposition 227 was voted into law with 61 percent of the vote. Now part of California’s extensive education code, the law holds that “all children in California public schools shall be taught English by being taught in English.” For the most part, that has been interpreted as: Don’t teach in Spanish. “I am in the camp that says it’s just a terrible waste,” said Patricia Gandara, an education professor at the University of California, Los Angeles. “There are all kinds of social, cognitive and tangible benefits that accrue to those with more than one language. It’s a terrible loss.”

Teaching academic subjects in Spanish, or any foreign language, has been widely understood to be illegal in California since 1998. Proposition 227 appeared on the June ballot that year, offering voters a chance to weigh in on whether or not students should be taught primarily in English in public schools.

Friends, this election is about more than who gets what. It is about who we are. It is about what we believe and what we stand for as Americans. There is a religious war going on in this country. It is a cultural war, as critical to the kind of nation we shall be as the Cold War itself. For this war is for the soul of America. And in that struggle for the soul of America, Clinton & Clinton are on the other side, and George Bush is on our side. And so to the Buchanan Brigades out there, we have to come home and stand beside George Bush.

Pat Buchanan was a conservative journalist who worked in the Nixon and Reagan administrations before running for the Republican presidential nomination in 1992. Although he lost the nomination to George H.W. Bush, he was invited to speak at that year’s Republican National Convention, where he delivered a fiery address criticizing liberals and declaring a “culture war” at the heart of American life.

Many of the last century's major advances — from labor laws to civil rights to environmental protections — owe less to the politicians who haggled over the endgame of reform and more to the movements that put these social issues on the map, often via insistent and disruptive demonstrations.

Conservative presidential hopefuls have pledged to reverse these measures. But, as Rove warned, the ever-growing Latino voting bloc now puts conservatives in an impossible bind. If right-wing candidates appeal to the anti-immigrant extreme in an attempt to win primary contests, they enter general elections facing an energized bloc of immigrant-rights supporters — and their anti-immigrant statements increasingly fly in the face of mainstream opinion as well.

Popular uprisings, however, have ramifications that go beyond immediate legislative results. The use of nonviolent sacrifice, disruption and escalation can alter the climate of political debate. These strategies can change an issue seen by politicians as inconvenient or untimely into a matter that can no longer be ignored.

Despite these remarkable turnout figures, the importance of these demonstrations is not always acknowledged.

Official pronouncements of the advance in the status of women hide not only the reality of this dangerous decline, but the fact that nothing is being done to stop it.

With a life span lengthened to nearly 75 years it is no longer either necessary or possible for women to devote the greatest part of their lives to child-rearing; yet childbearing and rearing which continues to be a most important part of most women’s lives — still is used to justify barring women from equal professional and economic participation and advance.

the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of which is their right, as individual Americans, and as human beings.

NOW is dedicated to the proposition that women, first and foremost, are human beings, who like all other people in our society, must have the chance to develop their fullest human potential.

I suffer from the stigma attached to being diagnosed with this disease

But since that time, because of a lot of the misinformation and often hysterical coverage in the media, I know a number of people who refuse to identify themselves to their community, even to their family, as having the syndrome, because there is such tremendous stigma and isolation attached to it

I believe that gay organizations across the country should be given more information concerning guidelines that can be disseminated to the gay community in terms of—in terms of ways that gay men can protect themselves from the disease, rather than causing the paranoia and hysteria that the information that has been disseminated so far caused.

The main problem is there is no new information. It is a rehash over and over and over again of the same information.

Our people are losing that faith, not only in government itself but in the ability as citizens to serve as the ultimate rulers and shapers of our democracy.

It is the idea which founded our nation and has guided our development as a people. Confidence in the future has supported everything else — public institutions and private enterprise, our own families, and the very Constitution of the United States. Confidence has defined our course and has served as a link between generations. We’ve always believed in something called progress. We’ve always had a faith that the days of our children would be better than our own.

The erosion of our confidence in the future is threatening to destroy the social and the political fabric of America.

But after listening to the American people I have been reminded again that all the legislation in the world can’t fix what’s wrong with America.

And we establisheda model clinic, all services. Mental health—oh yeah, we needed mental health, after being homeless on our own reservation for about a hundred years, we were way up there. Dental services, but the first thing that we pushed for was OB, gynecology, protection for our unborn, protection for our newborns, protection for our children. And a school that goes from early childhood education, through to the twelfthgrade.

And at the same time we began preparing line item requests for federal appropriations for our clinic and school because the Bureauof Indian Affairs and Indian Health were denying us services and didn’twant to be bothered

Boldtdecision

our right to educational and health services is a treaty right

That’s why they were going to award me a Purple Heart because of my — when I got hit. And I couldn’t accept it. I told them I would not accept because I felt that my wound was nothing compared to what I had seen. I didn’t feel worthy of it. So I declined that — I declined that — that Purple Heart. I just felt very unworthy, even today. I always felt that I made the right decision and the right — to this very day.

I was losing a lot of my friends and I asked God to take me, not to take them.

And they were, you know, without their limbs and their eyes and at that moment, you know, I — at that moment I — I wanted to lose — it was — I had to make a quick decision. Either I would — (spoke Spanish) — I was about to lose my mind or take it all, you know. And so it was a moment of seconds I decided to take all the pain, what I was seeing inside of me. It’s there in front of me. So I just told myself, I’ll just take everything that I’m seeing. So that’s how I was able to keep my sanity. And I — (spoke Spanish) — I was real young and that was the first trauma that I — that I faced.

When I first arrived, I arrived in Da Nang. And I’ll never forgot because I was only 18 years young. I was — you know, I was freshly out of high school.

Those words are a promise to every citizen that he shall share in the dignity of man. This dignity cannot be found in a man’s possessions; it cannot be found in his power, or in his position. It really rests on his right to be treated as a man equal in opportunity to all others. It says that he shall share in freedom, he shall choose his leaders, educate his children, and provide for his family according to his ability and his merits as a human being.

And should we defeat every enemy, should we double our wealth and conquer the stars, and still be unequal to this issue, then we will have failed as a people and as a nation.

At times history and fate meet at a single time in a single place to shape a turning point in man’s unending search for freedom.

Ultimately, it grew too much for Hazel. She cut off ties with Elizabeth

Secretly, Hazel always hoped some reporter would track her down and write about how she’d changed.

Still, Hazel never stopped thinking about the picture and making amends for it. She severed what had been her ironclad ties to an intolerant church. She taught mothering skills to unmarried black women, and took underprivileged black teenagers on field trips. She frequented the black history section at the local Barnes & Noble, buying books by Cornel West and Shelby Steele and the companion volume to Eyes on the Prize. She’d argue with her mother on racial topics, defending relatives who’d intermarried.

If anyone in the picture, which reverberated throughout the world that day and in history books ever since, should feel aggrieved, it’s of course Elizabeth Eckford.

In this friendly, freedo11i-lovin[!;· land of ozirs-Beer belongs.,. erqoy it!

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Television will carry new thoughts, new hopes, new products into millions of homes. It will stir men's minds and hearts in a matter of moments. We will watch the truly wonderful tomorrow take shape before our eyes.

A portable radio is a present with a future ... a gift of happiness.

enclave

'vices

'relocation centers'

inviolable

As a consequence, dialects were different among the code talkers and were detrimental to effective communication between units.

It stressed the complexity of the Navajo language and the fact that it remained mostly "'unwritten' because an alphabet or other symbols of purely native origin" did not exist, with the exception of adaptations by American scholars, anthropologists, and Franciscan Fathers, who compiled a Navajo dictionary.

code talkers

On the battlefield, maintaining military secrecy went far beyond poster campaigns because it was essential for victory, and breaking enemy codes was necessary to gain the advantage and shorten the war

There is a mysterious cycle in human events. To some generations much is given. Of other generations much is expected. This generation of Americans has a rendezvous with destiny.

Necessitous men are not free men

In their blindness they forget what the Flag and the Constitution stand for.

Governments can err, Presidents do make mistakes, but the immortal Dante tells us that divine justice weighs the sins of the cold-blooded and the sins of the warm-hearted in different scales.

A self-made man who seemed to have little sympathy for those who couldn’t pull off the same trick. For men who hadn’t made their fortunes by 40, for families who’d lost everything. Who had nothing.

Hemade sure the hungry were fed, hemade sure thehomeless were housed. Then seemed constitutionally incapable of doing the same at home

Sleeping in shacks of tin and plywood, and cardboardthey called “Hoovervilles.” Sleeping under newspapers they called “Hoover blankets.” Cooking rodents and roadkill they called “Hoover hogs,” over fires in barrels like you’ve seen in the movies and cartoons, but were real, and were everywhere

And if someone had done so much good, so well,and if that person had come with an all-American story, an orphan, a self-proclaimed “self-made man,” a savior of the starving, and thedrowning, who wouldn’t want that person to be president?

The kind of patriotism we represent is the kind of patriotism which loves America with open eyes.

Our race, this organization, has established itself in Nigeria, West Africa, and it endeavors to do all possible to develop that Negro country to become a great industrial and commercial commonwealth.

If you believe that the Negro has a soul, if you believe that the Negro is a man, if you believe the Negro was endowed with the senses commonly given to other men by the Creator, then you must acknowledge that what other men have done, Negroes can do.

We of the Universal Negro Improvement Association are raising the cry of “Africa for the Africans,” those at home and those abroad.

ItisourcliiefdutytoprotecttheIndian'shealthandtosavehimfromprematuredeath.Beforeweeducatehim,l)eforeweconservehisproperty,weshouldsavehislife.Ifheistobeperpetuated,wemustcareforthechildren.WemuststopthetendencyoftheIndiantodiminishinnumber,andrestoreaconditionthatwillinsurehisincrease.EveryIndianhospitalbednotnecessarilyoccupiedwiththosesufferingfromdiseaseorinjuryshouldbeavailableforthemotherinchildbirth.Itisoffirstimportancethatwebegin"byreestablishingthehealthandconstitutionofIndianchildren.Educationandprotectionofpropertyarehighlyimportant,buteverythingissecondarytothebasicconditionwhichmakesfortheperpetuationoftherace.

Sucharecordmayhelpyoutoprovesomedaythat-itisanAmericancitizen.

YouareverymuchinterestedinthewelfareofIndianbabies,andIam,too.

Itisbecausesoman}'IndianmothersfollowAvrongideasincaringfortheirchildrenthatsomanyofthemdie

MtFriends:DoyouknowthatoneIndianbabyoutofeverythreediesbeforeitis3yearsoldbecauseitdoesnothavetherightkindofcare?ThereportswhichIreceivefromsuperintendents,doctors,fieldmatrons,andothersshowthistobetrue.

Our civilization having been itself rescued from barbarism by the patriots, martyrs and benefactors of mankind, the question now is: Shall it be imperilled? Is not Chinese immigration a harm?

failed to protect the white population of the country

California and looked upon it as a race, labor and political question, which sooner or later, unless solved, would menace American institutions

suffered acutely from labor troubles and business derangement

Certainly not on the Pacific Coast, where the lapse of time has made still more evident the non-assimilative character of the Chinese and their undesirability as citizens

govornmont bas wlthdrarm lts obJcctlons horoln and, ?ocotrtr-od that cltlzenshlp be gnantedlrt ls my oplnlon unde:r tho facts as thoy are now dls-osod. the motlon should be gnantod

trt ls bcll0vod tbat x x x testl-concruslvely shows that thc potitl.oncn was ln emor whonstated.e at the time of hls preJ.funln&F5r cxernrnation onLZt 1955r that hc was flfty pcn ocnt rndlan bLood,o

wheno one ls half rndian a:od halfpanlsh blood ho ls not entLtred. to nabura].lzatlon und.en thevislons of Soctlon 559, T1tle 8, of the U. So Code

x x x men are not whlto lf the stnaln of colonod bloodthom 1s a half or a quarten, orl not lmpnobably; cven lessgovonnlng test always x x x bolng that o3 setrrmorr undor.-tand.ln

naturallzatlon

We know now that there is no way out; that the “system” that was the evil offspring of public neglect and private greed has come to stay, a storm-centre forever of our civilization. Nothing is left but to make the best of a bad bargain.

In New York … the boundary line of the Other Half lies through the tenements. …

tenements

There came a time when the discomfort and crowding below were so great, and the consequent upheavals so violent, that it was no longer an easy thing to do, and then the upper half fell to inquiring what was the matter

During about the third year of this trouble I went, in devout faith and some faint stir of hope, to a noted specialist in nervous diseases

best known in the country

alienists

It was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy, and it worked

a still-good physique responded so promptly that he concluded there was nothing much the matter with me, and sent me home with solemn advice to “live as domestic a life as far as possible,” to “have but two hours’ intellectual life a day,” and “never to touch pen, brush, or pencil again” as long as I lived

The paint and paper look as if a boys' school had used it. It is stripped off­the paper -in great patches all around the head of my bed, about as far as I can reach, and in a great place on the other side of the room low down. I never saw a worse paper in my life

Else, why should it be let so cheaply? And why have stood so long untenanted?

lurid

There is a delicious garden

He has no patience with faith, an intense horror of superstition, and he scoffs openly at any talk of things not to be felt and seen and put down in figures.

If a physician of high standing, and one's own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression -a slight hysterical tendency -what is one to do

She will need an education when she is grown, for then there will be fewer real Dakotas, and many more palefaces

wigwam

I hate the paleface that makes my mother cry!

If the paleface does not take away from us the river we drink

The result is that to the frontier the American intellect owes its striking characteristics

the meeting point between savagery and civilization

If an Indian breaks the law, punish him by the law. If a white man breaks the law, punish him also.

I have asked some of the Great White Chiefs where they get their authority to say to the Indian that he shall stay in one place, while he sees white men going where they please. They cannot tell me.

If the white man wants to live in peace with the Indian he can live in peace

they all say they are my friends, and that I shall have justice, but while all their mouths talk right I do not understand why nothing is done for my people. I have heard talk and talk but nothing is done. Good words do not last long unless they amount to something.

I cannot understand why so many chiefs are allowed to talk so many different ways, and promise so many different things

this was a breach of integrity and his early progressive Republican values, a disillusion of hope that permeated within the once hopeful Republican Party.

After winning a hard-fought battle for abolition and civil rights, which included suffrage, Nast is angry by failed Reconstruction policies of the Republican Party

Those who were once oppressed (Irish) are now the oppressors

Among the many stereotypes that prevailed about Chinese people, Americans considered Chinese men docile and easily manipulated, thus it was believed

Many Republicans were keen to grant voting rights for freedmen in order to build a new powerful voting bloc. Some Republicans, like U.S. congressman Thaddeus Stevens, believed in racial equality, but the majority were motivated primarily by the interest of their political party.

In the 1868 presidential election, former Union General Ulysses S. Grant ran on a platform that proclaimed, “Let Us Have Peace,” in which he promised to protect the new status quo.

While public schools were virtually nonexistent in the antebellum period, by the end of Reconstruction, every southern state had established a public school system.1

The assassination of Abraham Lincoln propelled Vice President Andrew Johnson into the executive office in April 1865. Johnson, a states’-rights, strict-constructionist, and unapologetic racist from Tennessee, offered southern states a quick restoration into the Union.

Every native male citizen of the United States, every male personwho shall have acquired the rights of citizenship under or by virtue of the treaty of Queretaro, and every male naturalized citizen thereof, who shall have become suchninety days prior to any election, of the age of twenty-one years

No special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted which may not be altered, revoked, or repealed by the Legislature; nor shall any citizen, or class of citizens, be granted privileges or immunities which, upon the same terms, shall not be granted to all citizens.

The military shall be subordinate to the civil power

Every citizen may freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments, on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that right

All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for the protection, security, and benefit of the people, and they have the right to alter or reform the same whenever the public good may require it.

As to my freedom, which you say I can have, there is nothing to be gained on that score, as I got my free papers in 1864 from the Provost-Marshal-General of the Department of Nashville.

Mandy says she would be afraid to go back without some proof that you were disposed to treat us justly and kindly; and we have concluded to test your sincerity by asking you to send us our wages for the time we served you.

I would rather stay here and starve—and die, if it come to that—than have my girls brought to shame by the violence and wickedness of their young masters.

Say howdy to George Carter, and thank him for taking the pistol from you when you were shooting at me.

I would have gone back to see you all when I was working in the Nashville Hospital, but one of the neighbors told me that Henry intended to shoot me if he ever got a chance.

The Civil War ended with the slaves freed, but left them without resources and hated in the land they knew.

It also faced opposition from segments of the Southern white population and their political representatives at the local, state, and federal level.

In February 1866, Congress passed a second Freedmen’s Bureau Act, which extended the temporary agency’s life for two years and gave the United States Army the responsibility of protecting the civil rights of black Americans in the former Confederate states. 

Cartoonist A. R. Waud honors its three years of service by portraying it as the necessary line of defense protecting black Southerners from their hostile white neighbors.

In March 3, 1865, Congress created the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, commonly known as the Freedmen’s Bureau.

It is not for us to inquire into the wisdom of His ordinances or to question them. For His own purposes He has made one race to differ from another, as He has made “one star to differ from another in glory.”

In the conflict thus far, success has been on our side

They were attempting to make things equal which the Creator had made unequal.

It was a sandy foundation, and the idea of a Government built upon it-when the “storm came and the wind blew, it fell.”