The growth of the American economy reshaped American life in the decades before the Civil War.

Among these were issues including married women’s right to property, access to the professions, and, most controversially, the right to vote.

They began to see that they would need to fight for women’s rights simply in order to be able to fight for the rights of slave

several female reformers worked tirelessly to increase women’s access to educatio

men gained legal control over their wives’ property

. As a result, women actually became more visible and active in the public sphere than ever before

Women and men of all colors were encouraged to associate together in these spaces to combat what they termed “color phobia.”

Temperance reformers pledged not to touch the bottle

Alcohol consumption became a significant social issue after the American Revolution

Transcendentalists

As the borders of the United States expanded during the nineteenth century and as new demographic changes altered urban landscapes, revivalism also offered worshippers a source of social and religious structure to help cope with change.

Communion,

policies of their owners

Some owners allowed their enslaved people to roam, in order to scavenge for food, in times of drought or crop failures

Africans survived on the slave ships on diets which the European captain thought were appropriate for their survival

they created new instruments

American-born slaves grew up speaking these languages naturally

Europeans arrived, and as their trading presence became more concentrated

to the astonishment of the Negroes on the plantation, who thought I had made my escape to some other part of the country, as my father had done before

employed I was reflecting on many things that would present themselves to my imagination;

millions of dollars changed hands.

A single bad crop could cost even most wealthy, landed planter his or her entire life

slavery became a way of life,

sucking up nutrients at a rate with which the soil could not compete

sending 6.5 million pounds of the luxurious long-staple blend to markets in Charleston, Liverpool, London, and New York.

The change was astonishing.

hailed with gratitude and joy.

cruel in this Government

have melted away to make room for the whites.

enable those States to advance rapidly in population, wealth, and power. I

exercise that constituent power.

national political community; it helped to focus the American people's attention on the political component of their national identity.

all except Rhode Island,

Who were the Anti-Federalists?

Anti-Federalists” argued that without such a guarantee of specific rights, American citizens risked losing their personal liberty to the powerful federal government. The pro-ratification “Federalists,” on the other hand, argued that including a bill of rights was not only redundant but dangerous; it could limit future citizens from adding new rights.

critics of the Constitution organized to persuade voters in the different states to oppose it.

That was part of why Massachusetts had chosen to side with its wealthy bondholders over poor western farmers.

Shays’ Rebellion, generated intense national debate

Shaysites as rebels who wanted to rule the government through mob violence

Dunmore began to convince some slave owners that a new independent nation might offer a surer protection for slaver

Slaves could now choose to run and risk their lives for possible freedom with the British army, or hope that the United States would live up to its ideals of liberty. 

Lord Dunmore issued a proclamation declaring martial law and offering freedom to “all indentured servants, Negros, and others” if they would leave their masters and join the British.

“may be publicly known,

Some women also took to the streets as part of more unruly mob actions, participating in grain riots, raids on the offices of royal officials, and demonstrations against the impressment of men into naval service. The agitation of so many helped elicit responses from both Britain and the colonial elites.

The colonial economy improved as the postwar recession receded

Declaratory Act, was left, in part, to save face and assert that Parliament still retained the right to tax the colonies.

The soldiers were tried in Boston and won acquittal, thanks, in part, to their defense attorney, John Adams.

Non-importation, and especially, non-consumption agreements changed colonists’ cultural relationship with the mother country. Committees of Inspection that monitored merchants and residents to make sure that no one broke the agreements.

Women, too, became involved to an unprecedented degree in resistance to the Townshend Acts.

So Britain’s next attempt to draw revenues from the colonies, the Townshend Acts, were passed in June 1767, creating new customs duties on common items, like lead, glass, paint, and tea, instead of direct taxes.

By November 16, all of the original twelve stamp collectors had resigned, and by 1766, groups who called themselves the “Sons of Liberty” were formed in most of the colonies to direct and organize further popular resistance.

Violent riots broke out in Boston, during which crowds burned the appointed stamp distributor for Massachusetts, Andrew Oliver, in effigy and pulled a building he owned “down to the Ground in five minutes.”15

The Sugar Act of 1764 was an attempt to get merchants to pay an already-existing duty, but the Stamp Act created a new

“The colonists are entitled to as ample rights, liberties, and privileges as the subjects of the mother country are, and in some respects to more.”3

hey sought to eliminate Britain’s growing national debt by raising taxes and cutting spending on the colonies.

The right of women to vote was not recognized by the United States until 1920, more than 144 years after the Declaration of Independence.

very liable to be broken;

retaining an absolute power over wives.

I cannot but laugh.

attention is not paid to the ladies,

new code

Behaviour of the traders towards our Women

worthy cannot bear to be disgraced without a fault

colonies are governed

change

Different taxation schemes implemented across the colonies between 1763 and 1774 placed duties on items like tea, paper, molasses, and stamps for almost every kind of document.

would continue to employ this strategy to consolidate their power in North America

royal protection of Indian lands

settled for peace.

influential in its development.

exposed divisions within the newly expanded empire, including language, national affiliation, and religious views.

invasion, a massive coalition of France, Austria, Russia, and Sweden attacked Prussia and the few German states allied with Prussia

The French defeated Britain’s German allies and forced them to surrender after the Battle of Hastenbeck in 1757.

French seemed to easily defeat British attacks,

Seven Years War was tremendously expensive and precipitated imperial reforms on taxation, commerce, and politics

Poor me

I was possesst with a notion that if I had it I would die and goe right to hell,

supreme power cannot take from any man any part of his property without his own consent

legislative or supreme authority cannot assume to itself a power to rule by extemporary arbitrary decrees, but is bound to dispense justice and decide the rights of the subject by promulgated standing laws

power to punish the crimes committed against that law

every man his equal

equal to the greatest and subject to nobody

peace and prosperity

The Seven Years’ War pushed the thirteen American colonies closer together politically and culturally than ever before.

preparation for war

urged greater Atlantic trade

This gave the British a larger empire than they could control, which contributed to tensions leading to revolution.

The Seven Years’ War ended with the peace treaties of Paris in 1762 and Hubertusburg in 1763. The British received much of Canada and North America from the French, while the Prussians retained the important province of Silesia.

Raiding parties would destroy houses and burn crops, but they would also take captives

wives asserted more control over their own bodies.

more people to marry earlier in life

women’s role in the family became more complicated

a group of about 80 slaves set out for Spanish Florida under a banner that read “Liberty!,” burning plantations and killing at least 20 white settlers as they marched.

idea that government was put in place by the people

many of these assemblies saw it as their duty to check the power of the governor and ensure that he did not take too much power within colonial government.

charter colonies had the most complex system of government, formed by political corporations or interest groups who drew up a charter that clearly delineated powers between executive, legislative, and judiciary branches of government.

These crown governors could veto any decision made by the legislative assemblies in the provincial colonies.

cared for the poor in their communities

colonial government also had more power in a variety of areas.

sizeable free black community that made up about 10% of the city’s population

brutal cruelty

lmost suffocated us.

chains and fettered two together.

pieces of cloth

Africans still resisted:

guilty

violently affected by the seasickness than the Europeans

brutal excesses as disgrace human nature

transatlantic slave trade provided such a workforce.

colonists who wished to claim land in frontier territories were threatened by the violence inherent in the Indian slave trade.

sold hundreds of North American Indians into slavery in the West Indies.

New laws gave legal sanction to the enslavement of people of African descent for life.

facilitating the natural reproduction of slaves

Europeans made the first steps toward an Atlantic slave trade in the 1440s

cassava,

sufferings of slaves from shipboard infections and close quarters in the hold

desperation that drove some slaves to suicide

By the eighteenth century, colonial governments often discouraged the practice, although it never ceased entirely as long as slavery was, in general, a legal institution.

24,000 and 51,000 Native Americans were forced into slavery

Barbados Assembly refused to import the New England Indians for fear they would encourage rebellion.

educated a substantial number of slaves

men and women of the American colonies created new worlds

three years ago we were all in peace

fitting for your sex

divide and separate us who have suffered by their oppressions.

surrender themselves

cries of blood

left their community each decade.

Puritan had made a covenant with God to establish a truly Christian community

Since tobacco production rapidly exhausted the soil of nutrients,

barbarously murdered

destroy them who sought to destroy us

The New England climate and soil made large-scale plantation agriculture impractical, so the system of large landholders using masses of slaves or indentured servants to grow labor-intensive crops never took hold.

He launched a surprise attack and in a single day (March 22, 1622) killed 347 colonists, or one-fourth of all the colonists in Virginia.

The reliance on new imports of slaves increased the likelihood of resistance, however, and escaped slaves managed to create several free settlements, called quilombos.

Some enslaved Africans, for instance, successfully sued for back wages.

The colony’s first African marriage occurred in 1641, and by 1650 there were at least 500 African slaves in the colony

Transactions like these illustrated both the Dutch attempt to find a more peaceful process of colonization and the inconsistency between European and Native American understandings of property.

Spanish missionaries brought Indians into enclosed missions, whereas Jesuits more often lived with or alongside Indian groups.

Santa Fe, the first permanent European settlement in the Southwest, was established in 1610. Few Spaniards relocated to the southwest due to the distance from Mexico City and the dry and hostile environment.

Indian traders carried surplus products east along the Camino Real, the royal road that connected the western anchor of the mission system with St. Augustine.

When Oñate sacked the Pueblo city of Acoma, the “sky city,” the Spaniards slaughtered nearly half of its roughly 1,500 inhabitants, including women and children. Oñate ordered one foot cut off of every surviving male over 15 and he enslaved the remaining women and children.1