7 Matching Annotations
  1. Apr 2026
  2. accessmedicine-mhmedical-com.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au accessmedicine-mhmedical-com.ezproxy.newcastle.edu.au
    Auditory & Vestibular Systems
    1
    1. taksea 02 Apr 2026
      Because neural action potential and refractory periods last on the order of 2 milliseconds, neurons cannot generally fire >500 action potentials per second. At sound frequencies <500 Hz, a large percentage of neurons in the cochlear can fire every sound cycle, encoding sound frequency by their firing frequency

      Because APs and refractory periods last on the order of 2 seconds, relative width between different place codes wider @ <500hz, slow enough to encoded sound frequency by firing frequency. But >500hz means this cant happen, so more place codes are needed to encode sound frequency.

      audiology
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  3. Mar 2026
  4. accessmedicine.mhmedical.com accessmedicine.mhmedical.com
    Blood Disorders | Pathophysiology of Disease: An Introduction to Clinical Medicine, 8e | AccessMedicine | McGraw-Hill Medical
    6
    1. taksea 13 Mar 2026
      Other normocytic anemias can be secondary to decreased life span of the cells that are produced

      Normocytic anemias can be 1. Decrease in erythrocyte precursors in marrow (aplastic anaemia) 2. Decrease in erythrocyte lifespan (sickle cell anemia)

      Hematology
    2. taksea 13 Mar 2026
      The macrocytic anemias reflect either abnormal nuclear maturation or a higher fraction of young, large red cells (reticulocytes).

      Never knew of reticulocytes before reading this. Interesting how an excessive fraction of these will present as macrocytic aneamia.<br /> As stated in following sentence: macrocytic aneamia is termed megaloblastic when maturing erythrocytes have excessively large and young nuclei for the amount of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm (pernicious anaemia form deficiencies in B12 or folate and drugs that interfere with DNA synthesis cause this)

      Hematology
    3. taksea 13 Mar 2026
      Iron deficiency anemia resulting from chronic blood loss and the thalassemias are examples of microcytic anemia.

      These make sense as microcytic anemias are resultant of low or abnormal hemoglobin production. e.g Thalassemias, most commonly a genetic disorder, is haemolysis due to abnormal or low heme in globin chains.

      Hematology
    5. taksea 13 Mar 2026
      When blood hemoglobin levels fall (anemia), oxygen delivery to the kidneys falls, and the kidneys produce more erythropoietin, causing the marrow to produce more red cells. When hemoglobin levels rise, the kidneys produce less erythropoietin and the marrow fewer red cells.

      renal EPO secretion is a negative feedback loop (I believe this is a correct statement?).

      Hematology
    6. taksea 13 Mar 2026
      In adults, most of the active marrow resides in the vertebrae, sternum, and ribs. In children, the marrow is more active in the long bones.

      Did not know this. Had assumed most active more would always been in the long bones.

      Hematology
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