10,886 Matching Annotations
  1. Oct 2022
    1. summertime haze in the eastern United States.

      I thought that sulfuric acid was colorless?

    2. The benchmark of "natural rain" is 5.6. Acid precipitation in the range of 4.2-5.0 has been recorded in most of the Eastern United States and Canada. EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute) likes to compare these values to familiar objects to give the impression that these pH values are not harmful. Examples: Carrots = 5.0, Bananas = 4.6, Tomatoes = 4.2, Apples and soft drinks = 3.0, Lemon juice = 2.0. EPRI also contends that pH 5.6 may or may not be a valid reference point. It should not be considered the "background" or "natural" acidity of precipitation.

      I found it interesting how something I have seen as something not harmful is acid. Does this mean that theres possiblity that "natural rain" can become so acidic that it can be harmful?

    1. n each case, the label implies a definition of the person and his behavior, and this extends the impression built in the mind of the audience.

      different words have different emotional responses!

    2. Definitions involve emotional associations as well as descriptions of literal meaning.

      it's important to remember this. The emotional associations are what's going to move people

    3. When controversy revolves around an issue, defining terms explicitly and precisely is even more critical.  In Section 4.2: Check If the Meaning Is Clear, we saw how mixing different meanings of one term can disguise a problem with the logic of an argument (if this is done intentionally, it is called equivocation).

      Make sure we're being precise when defining terms

    4. Definition arguments will need to provide evidence for any generalizations they make about a subject. If they use a specific example, how can they show that the example is typical? They may also need to justify the choice of criteria for the definition.

      Gotta back up those generalizations!

    5. Definition arguments like this are arguments because they seek to shape our vision of reality.

      want to shape your perspective of reality

    1. Like a conversation, in addition to your audience affecting what you say, your audience can sometimes affect how you say that content as well. The following items are some things to consider:

      Wording has a big impact!

    2. What is your relationship to the audience? This can affect your tone and how much of yourself you insert into the paper. For example, addressing an authority figure would require a different approach than addressing a relative peer or a complete stranger.

      Who you're addressing can affect the tone of your writing.

    3. What does your audience probably already know about your topic?

      How informed is your audience? decide what to leave in/out depending on their knowledge level

    4. Analyzing your audience affects nearly every stage of your writing, from early drafting to how you revise and get to the final draft. Beyond writing to answer a prompt, at a really basic level, you’re writing to be read, by your peers, your professor, or by any audience designated in your prompt.

      As you write be aware your writing for an audience

    5. The more we imagine our audience's likely reactions as part of the writing process, the more likely we are to generate ideas, reach them, and convince them or affect their thinking.

      A great tip for writer's block

    1. The pH levels in Little Moose lake are normally about 7.0. During the snow melting, in early March, the lake pH dropped to 6.0. An outlet stream from the lake reached a low pH of 4.8. A small brook nearby hit a low pH of 4.6 during the snow melt period. The average pH in this brook during the rest of the year is about 5.4. There was a definite relationship of the amount of aluminum in the brook vs. pH. As the pH decreased, the aluminum concentration increased.

      The Ph level affects how fast or slow snow melt?

    1. An argument may contain multiple elements from this list, but if we can decide which is ultimately the most important, we can shape the introduction and conclusion with that goal in mind.

      Describing the purpose should be narrowed down to one from the list when developing the intro.

    2. Identifying our purpose can help us decide what we need to include to achieve that purpose.

      Figure out the "why"?

    3. Many times, the purpose of a piece of writing is to encourage critical thinking on a subject, and maybe change something wrong in our world in response.

      Yes! This is pretty common in essays I've read!

    1. Five couples attend a wedding banquet. They are seated on a long table. How many seating arrangements that alternate men and women? What if the table is circular in shape?

      See "Permutations Practice"

    1. It is true, he was rarely heard to speak, but smoked his pipe incessantly.

      stating that he was a quite guy but was always smoking

    2. who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound

      VAN Winkle seemed to be fascinated by life and didn't care about materialistic as long as he was happy

    3. The children of the village, too, would shout with joy whenever he approached

      He must of had a really strong energy if people felt like this when he was in town.

    1. Atomic size gradually decreases from left to right across a period of elements.

      Opposite of Electronegativity and Ionization energy.

    2. first ionization energy, the second ionization energy, third ionization energy, etc.

      The 2nd IE is greater then 1st, the 3rd IE is greater than the 2nd, and so on.

    3. Electron shielding describes the ability of an atom's inner electrons to shield its positively-charged nucleus from its valence electrons.

      The rows of electrons that surround the nucleus (core elecs) shield the pull of the valence to the protons.

    1. Suggestions are to reduce weight if you are overweight or obese, avoid foods that worsen GERD symptoms, eat smaller meals, stop smoking, and remain upright for at least three hours after a meal.

      GERD treatment

    2. chocolate, garlic, spicy foods, fried foods, and tomato-based foods—which worsen symptoms.

      These typically worsen GERD symptoms.

    1. If only the same thing would happen in our councils!never to debate a thing on the same day in which it is first proposed; for that is always referred to the next meeting, that so men may not rashly and in the heat of discourse engage themselves too soon, which might bias them so much that, instead of consulting the good of the public, they might rather study to support their first opinions, and by a perverse and preposterous sort of shame hazard their country rather than endanger their own reputation,“To sleep on a decision,” as the old proverb is meant to be understood.

      The idea of not deciding important decisions right away is admirable. And an idea I hope more officials would take into considerations. It makes no sense to ask a person of power to make a powerful or important decision in the spur of the moment without thinking it through thoroughly. If more officials in power took the time important decisions require, they would come up with better decisions that would be better for the common man. The second part of this quote is equally as important "to support their first opinions, and by a perverse and preposterous sort of shame hazard their country rather than endanger their own reputation," This method supports the idea of country first instead of political official first, which is not as common today in the political climate. In this way the Utopians are specifically better situated than we are.

    2. When Raphael had thus made an end of speaking, though many things occurred to me, both concerning the manners and laws of that people, that seemed very absurd

      The criticism that More expresses of the governing of Utopia reminds me of the movie WALL-E (2008) which is a utopia that is created in space and separate from earth, which is dying from pollution and greed. However, the Utopia did not turn out as expected and ended up not actually being a perfectly governed society but a damaging one to the people involved. More insinuates that the Utopia would not succeed, just as Pixar concludes that the perfect life described on the Axium would not actually succeed.

    3. In choosing their wives they use a method that would appear to us very absurd and ridiculous, but it is constantly observed among them, and is accounted perfectly consistent with wisdom. And if it seems not modest, nevertheless it is most cautious.Before marriage some grave matron presents the bride, naked, whether she is a virgin or a widow, to the bridegroom, and after that some grave man presents the bridegroom, naked, to the bride. We, indeed, both laughed at this, and condemned it as very indecent.

      Raphael is describing the process of marriage and how it works for the people of Utopia, specifically, the choosing of a woman based on her body comparative to a horse. I found this interesting because it is a complete contradiction of More’s purpose in writing this, in being, a description of a perfectly governed society. For More to mock or criticize something that is, in fact, his own idea is something that is very confusing about this text. I think what he is trying to do is either discredit this island of Utopia, by saying that this could never be possible or to further establish that Utopia is a made-up place that More uses to separate the learned from the unlearned. I also found the use of the word “indecent” as interesting; it reminds me of how colonizers or “explorers” would denounce tribes of Natives for their religious views or cultural processes and a very heightened focus on their minimal bodily coverage.

    4. The channel is known only to the natives; so that if any stranger should enter into the bay without one of their pilots he would run great danger of shipwreck

      This quote describes a cultural knowledge of the geography of their island. Most people in other countries likely would not know their island well enough that they could direct a boat into a dangerous bay but the natives of Utopia did. In this culture, the people learned about the bay because it was a method of survival.

    5. presents the bride

      This striking scene in which Raphael describes how Utopian men inspect the women they are betrothed to before marrying them has some parallels to a scene in Boccaccio’s famous story of Griselda from the Decameron. In this story, Griselda is an obedient and meek peasant woman who becomes the wife of a nobleman, Gualteri, and is tested by him. Before marrying her, Gualtieri forces Griselda to strip naked in front of him. Only after she has does this, does he marry her. This paralleled imagery between these two works is representative of certain themes that run throughout both. One theme is that women’s virtue can be physically represented by their bodies. A woman who was free from deformity or sickness was not only a healthy choice of wife she was also likely seen as a virtuous one. This ties into why in both stories a man inspects a woman naked before he decides if he wants to marry her.

    6. both men and women, are taught to spend those hours in which they are not obliged to work in reading

      It is notable that here More specifies that both men and women in Utopia were expected to spend the time they did not spend working, reading. This is in keeping with More’s own personal beliefs that women should receive an education, as evidenced in the education of his daughters. Despite, his advocacy for women’s education he still did not see women as men’s intellectual equals and saw their education as preparation only for their roles as Christian mothers and wives. His daughters received an education that had some elements of humanist curriculum including some classical texts. They also studied Christian texts such as scripture and writings of the early church fathers. More thought that women should receive an education which is reflected in this description of Utopian society.

    7. Utopia

      Utopia reflects a perfect society where all participants work together in order to benefit the entire society. Don't Worry Darling, a recent film by Olivia Wilde, represents the same ideas that More displayed in his novel. In this dystopian society, the men work during the day while the wives complete basic housewife duties, such as cleaning, shopping, and taking care of children. The society in this movie is close knit and each person plays a special role in order for this society to flourish.

    8. contrived

      According to the Oxford English Dictionary, contrived can mean “ingeniously or artfully devised or planned” (OED). This definition allows the reader to see the uniformity of the cities in Utopia. These cities are intricately spaced apart without flaw. This shows that the buildings on this island align with the idea of perfect unity that the society holds.

    9. governor;

      The word “governor” is very interesting in this quotation because it seems very political, especially in the context of family life. It is abundantly clear that More is calling upon the clear hierarchy in actual society where men are the only ones allowed in the government, therefore they “govern” the household as well. This emphasizes More’s humanist ideals, as this is very close to what life was like in antiquity. More even goes on to say that the women in Utopia’s main traits are “virtue and loyalty” (94-95) which emphasizes the notably similar traits in Antiquity, in which women were supposed to serve their husbands, and show their utmost loyalty to them. This is interesting in comparison to the word “governor”, because a governor, or anyone in a government position, would want virtue and loyalty from their supporters. The juxtaposition between homelife and political life is present, even if women and the government were supposed to be entirely separate beings.

    10. CONCERNING THE BEST STATE OF A COMMONWEALTH

      John Lennon’s song “Imagine” was released in 1971 and is one of the most well-known “utopias” to this day. John Lennon pictures a society in which there is no religion, no countries, world peace, no possessions, and no discrimination. Similarly to Thomas More, Lennon’s version of society was heavily influenced by the historical events of his time. Lennon was writing during the time of the Vietnam War during which there was a large movement that called for world peace and for America to cease involvement in the war. While their ideas of what a true utopia is may differ, the overarching themes of the importance of equality and a change from the status quo of their times, echo throughout both works.

    1. extended family

      The extended family is the extend of there generations of family in the same household.

    2. nuclear family

      The first one is the nuclear family. It is where the parents who are married. Nuclear family is also known as conjugal family. The opposite of conjugal family, the non-conjugal is where there is only one person that are in the family. This is either due to their spouses' death or divorce.

    3. culture

      There are many types of family in a culture.

    1. contribution

      Bridewealth is the payment made to the bride's family by the groom's family before marriage. This is a a gift that is made to thank the woman for their future work and their production of children.

    2. occur

      A dowry can also represent the status of the groom's family and its ability to demand a payment for taking on the financial responsibility of the bride. This kind of thoughts usually occur in cultures where men has more power than women.

    3. houses

      Dowry payments are very common in the Western culture including the U.S. A dowry is a gift given by a bride's family to either the bride or the groom's family. Families often spend many years accumulating the gift. A dowry can either be a furniture or a land.

    4. member

      In many societies, marriages are affirmed with an exchange of gifts. These gifts signifies a "thank you" gift that allowed the other party to accept their son/daughter. The gifts can be as little as food or as big as a house or property.

    5. brothers

      Polygamy refers to any marriage with multiple partners. There are two kinds of polygamy: polygyny and polyandry. Polygyny is a marriage where there is one husband and multiple wives. Polyandry is a marriage where there is one wife with multiple husbands.

    6. practice

      In some cultures, cultures elaborate the basic relationship of mothers and her children, and build on it to create units that are culturally considered central to social life. Families could grow through the birth or adoption of a child.

      Some culture such as ours, we could remarry as many time as we want, and this is called *serial monogamy*. This is because multiple people in one marriage isn't allowed but in some culture, the divorcing behavior isn't allowed but instead, they are allowed the have multiple people in one marriage.

    7. involved

      Arranged marriage is typical in many cultures around the world including the U.S. These are marriages that are arranged by families for many reasons such as financial reasoning, religious reasoning, social reasoning, or even both.

    8. partners

      In some culture, marrying your cousin would be the prefer way. For example, in some Middle Eastern societies, it follows a patrilateral cousin marriage where marrying a male or female cousin of the father's side is preferred.

    9. family

      Cultural expectation defines you can marry. endogamy is the emphasize of marrying within a cultural group. These cultural group could be someone who have similar economic or educational background.

      Cultural expectations for marriage outside a particular group are called exogamy. This is where someone marries another person that are outside of their cultural group. This cultural group can be someone who is outside of the family or someone who have different background or religious.

    10. themselves

      Marriage is a cultural, social, and legal process that brings two people together to create a family unit. But even so, in some culture, there is a process as to who you can marry and who you can't marry. For example, in the U.S, the cultural norm of marrying is to marry someone who you love. For some religious culture, they would only marry if they have the same beliefs, and some family wants their child to marry someone who has similar background such as economically and socially.

    1. practical

      In traditional Chinese society, family's terminology is determined between the father's side and the mother's side. This means that grandparents, aunts and uncles, and in-laws have different terminology based on whether if they are the mother's side or the father's side.

      Siblings are also distinguish based on the gender and the young or older age.

      Chinese doesn't have he/she/it. Instead, they categorize every person as "ta" where it doesn't have any reference to both gender or age.

      Traditional Chinese family follows the patrilineal system where women move into the husband's family household upon getting married. This kind of practice has slowly die down due to the urbanization and the economic livelihood that have made this less practical.

    2. house

      As we saw from the Croatian system, side of the family is important when it comes to close relatives. Married couples have different names for their in-laws. Becoming the mother of a married son is higher in social status than becoming the mother of a married daughter. This usually plays out by having the daughter leave her parents home to stay at the man's parents house and work aside with her mother-in-law.

    3. categories

      This sort of system reflects the idea of belonging and the expectations of behavior. Because Croatia's kinship system is a patrilineal society, fathers are seen as a authority figures and are respected by others. Same thing goes to the father's brother.

      The mothers do not receive the same treatment but even so, the mother's brother is seen as having a mother-like role. They spoil their sister's children and expecting to solve any sort of problems that could help. Mother's brother could be seen as a friend who is overly protective to both his sister and to his sister's kids.

    4. tetak

      Aunts and uncles from the child's dad's side would be called as stric and strina. For their mom's side, they will be called ujak and ujna. Tetka or tetak can be refer to as someone from their in-laws family. This means it isn't refer to any "side" of the family.

    5. uncles

      In Croatia, all uncles are recognized by their nephews and nieces regardless of whether they are brothers of the mother or the father. Uncles are called by a specific name depending on which side of the family he is in. The different roles are associated with the different types of uncles.

    6. society

      The differences could also be in due to the terminology of patrilineal and matrilineal system of descent. For example, in patrilineal system, your father's brothers are members of your lineage but your mother's brothers don't belong to the same lineage and could or couldn't be counted as a relatives. Similar situation could apply to the matrilineal society.

    7. them

      Each systems are different depending on the cultural group. For example, American follows the Eskimo system. The system was originated from the indigenous people of Inuit.

      Placing cultures into categories into different kinship terminology is no longer a primary focus of anthropological studies of kinship. Instead, the kinship terminology could provide insight of differences on the ways how people think about families and the roles of each member.

    8. uncles

      Another way to compare ideas about family across cultures is to categorize them based on the kinship terminology. Kinship terminology is a term that is used to describe each relatives.

      For example, in some kinship systems, brothers, sisters, and all first cousins call each other brother and sister. In such a system, not only one’s biological father, but all one’s father’s brothers would be called “father,” and all of one’s mother’s sisters, along with one’s biological mother, would be called “mother.”

    1. Author’s Last Name, First Name. “Title of Article.” Title of Journal, volume number, issue number, Date of Publication, page numbers. Title of Database, DOI or URL.

      details that need to be mentioned

    2. Online tools such as NoodleTools and Citation Machine can generate works cited entries automatically; just be sure to double-check that the entries are correct according to the MLA rules below.  You can also make a copy of Columbia College's Word MLA template or Google docs MLA template and then put in your own content.

      useful for citation

    3. In MLA style, each source cited in the text of your paper refers readers to the list of works cited, a complete list of all the sources you quoted, paraphrased, or summarized. Every source cited in the text of your paper must be included in the works-cited list, and every source in the works-cited list must be cited in the text of your paper.

      seems reasonable.

    1. ended

      Children are linked to their parents by a vertical line that extends down from the equal sign. A sibling is represented by a horizontal line that are connected all within the group. The kids are usually represented from left (oldest) to right (youngest). The darkening sign means the person has passed away or the marriage has ended .

    2. children

      Kinship diagram focus on a person who is called Ego as their starting point. The people on the chart is the relative of Ego. The triangle represent males and the circle represent female. As we can see, our main character Ego is represented by a square.

      An equals sign is placed between two individuals indicates a marriage. A single line, or a hyphen, can be used to indicate a recognized union without marriage such as a couple living together or engaged and living together, sometimes with children

    3. death

      Descent groups are created by the kinship system to show the member's identity and the ties of ancestry. Descent group could control where one person can live, who they can marry, and what happen to their property after their death.

      Anthropologist use kinship diagram to help visualize descent groups and kinship.

    4. Bilateral

      For the mashup of bilateral, it is a descent that is recognized through both the father and the mother's sides of the family. For example, in the U.S, children recognize both their mother's and father's family members as relatives.

    5. unilineal

      Both the patrilineal and matrilineal kinship have in common of what is called the unilineal. Unilineal is the descents that is recognized through only one line or side of the family. For example, mothers in patrilineal societies could have close and loving relationship with their children even though they aren't members of the same patrilineage.

    6. patrilineal

      For example, one of the kinship would be the patrilineal descent. These are kinship group that are formed through father and their children.

    7. matrilineal

      Another example of kinship would be the matrilineal descent. These are the kinship group that are formed through the maternal line between mother and their children.

    8. kinship system

      Families can be categorized into broader types based on the kinship system. The kinship system refers to the relationship between family members that are recognized in each culture.

    9. Kinship

      Kinship is a word that is used to describe the ties between members of a family. For example, kinship relations are formed through blood connection like parents and children (consanguineal), or relationships that are created marriage or other social ties such as in-laws (affinal)

    1. Every in-text, parenthetical citation should point readers towards a more detailed Works Cited page entry. And every Works Cited page entry should match at least one in-text, parenthetical citation. If one or the other is missing, this is a form of plagiarism. Why? Because if a student is missing a Works Cited entry, there is no way for readers to find the original information.

      important to keep in mind.

    2. To help readers find the original location of the quotation or the idea paraphrased, we should also add the page number, if any, in parentheses: (Lastname 21) or ("Abbreviated Title" 21). 

      did this for my research paper in Psych class. imagine you're reading someone else's paper, wouldn't you want to know exactly where it's coming from?

    1. For English classes and a variety of humanities disciplines, the agreed-upon style is called MLA.  For other classes, you may also be asked to format your papers in APA or Chicago Style.

      Did APA in my psych class.

    2. One of the ways we can create a sense of being part of one larger academic conversation is by adopting an agreed-upon, consistent and uniform way of presenting academic material.

      How to show you're one of the gang.

    1. Keep your summary short. Good summaries for annotated bibliographies are not “complete” summaries; rather, they provide the highlights of the evidence in as brief and concise a manner as possible. Summarize what you find helpful. You definitely won’t need to quote every part of an academic journal in your essay. For that reason, your summary only needs to include what is most relevant to your research essay topic. No need to quote from what you are summarizing. Summaries will be more useful to you if you write them in your own words. Instead of quoting directly what you think is the point of the piece of evidence, try to paraphrase it. Use abstracts to help you, but paraphrase them in your own words. Many of the periodical indexes that are available as part of your library’s computer system include abstracts of articles. Of course, copying the exact words from the abstract would be plagiarism.  Paraphrasing in your own words in the annotated bibliography will help you understand and explain in preparation for writing your paper.

      be concise and to the point, use your own words.

    2. The top of the entry is the citation. It is the part that lists information like the name of the writer, where the evidence appeared, the date of publication, and other publishing information.

      important stuff. Comp classses usually use MLA format

    3. Most often, an annotated bibliography is a list of sources on a particular topic that includes a brief summary of what each source is about, an assessment of the source’s reliability, and an overview of how you will use the source in your essay. Here is an example:

      be specific where and for what the source will be used for.

    1. As you synthesize the evidence about negative impacts, you begin to wonder if scholars have documented some positive impacts as well.

      Ask yourself questions!

    2. One strategy is to brainstorm keywords and keep track of what you have tried in a table like this one:

      Have a place for the keywords. Seeing them in one place makes it easier.

    3. A great approach is to find the top journals in the specific field of your course and browse through recent issues to see what people are publishing on.

      Narrowing down and isolating the areas you need to look at.

    1. Your campus library pays big money to subscribe to databases for Tier 1 articles. Some are general-purpose databases that include the most prominent journals across disciplines, such as Academic Search Premier (by EBSCO), Academic Search Complete (by EBSCO), Academic OneFile (by Cengage), General OneFile (by Cengage), ArticleFirst (by OCLC), and JSTOR (by ITHAKA). Some are specific to a particular discipline, such as PsycINFO (for psychology), CINAHL (for nursing), Environment Complete (for environmental science), Historical Abstracts (for history). Often they have the full-text of the articles right there for you to save or print.

      So true! This is what we learned with the librarian.

    1. Find them quickly. Instead of paging through mountains of dubious web content, go right to the relevant scholarly article databases in order to quickly find the highest quality sources. Use the abstracts. Abstracts tell you immediately whether or not the article you’re holding is relevant or useful to the paper you’re assigned to write. You shouldn’t ever have the experience of reading the whole paper just to discover it’s not useful. Read strategically. Knowing the anatomy of a scholarly article tells you what you should be reading for in each section. For example, you don’t necessarily need to understand every nuance of the literature review. You can just focus on why the authors claim that their own study is distinct from the ones that came before. Don’t sweat the technical stuff. Not every social scientist understands the intricacies of log-linear modeling of quantitative survey data; however, the reviewers definitely do, and they found the analysis to be well constructed. Thus, you can accept the findings as legitimate and just focus on the passages that explain the findings and their significance in plainer language. Use one article to find others. If you have one really good article that’s a few years old, you can use article databases to find newer articles that cited it in their own literature reviews. That immediately tells you which ones are on the same topic and offer newer findings. On the other hand, if your first source is very recent, the literature review section will describe the other papers in the same line of research. You can look them up directly.

      Helpful stuff.

    2. Is the research question driving the paper timely and important? Does the paper sufficiently and accurately review all of the relevant prior research? Are the information sources believable and the research methods rigorous? Are the stated results fully justified by the findings? Is the significance of the research clear? Is it well written? Overall, does the paper add new, trustworthy, and important knowledge to the field? Reviewers send their comments to the editor who then decides whether to (1) reject the manuscript, (2) ask the author(s) to revise and resubmit the manuscript, or (3) accept it for publication.

      The peer review process

    3. Scholarly journals use a peer-review process to decide which articles merit publication

      probably a scary process for the person trying to publish their work.

    4. Most of your professors belong to some big, general one (such as the Modern Language Association, the American Psychological Association, the National Association for Sport and Physical Education, or the American Physical Society)

      interesting!

    1. These sources are sometimes uncertain, which is all the more reason to follow the trail to a Tier 1 or Tier 2 source whenever possible.

      safer to stick with tier 1 and 2 sources for info

    2. but if the Tier 3 article describes a particular study or academic expert, your best bet is to find the journal article or book it is reporting on and use that Tier 1 source instead.

      seems like the right move.

    3. All three of these sources are generally well-researched descriptions of an event or state of the world, undertaken by credentialed experts who generally seek to be even-handed. It is still up to you to judge their credibility. Your instructors and campus librarians can advise you on which sources in this category have the most credibility.

      seek help!

    4. Also, Tier 1 sources tend to be highly specific, and sometimes you need a more general perspective on a topic.

      a downside of tier 1 info

    5. They’re usually sponsored by some academic society. To get published, these articles and books had to earn favorable anonymous evaluations by qualified scholars.

      probably the best type of info when it comes to your research.

    1. when you should quote or paraphrase sources that you don’t agree with or do not find particularly compelling. They may convey ideas and opinions that help explain and justify your own argument. Whether or not we agree with a source, we can focus on what it claims and how exactly its claims relate to other sources and to our own ideas.

      add it in even if you disagree.

    2. In your paper, you will need to show not just what each one says, but how they relate to each other in a conversation.  Describing this conversation can be the springboard for your own original point.

      find the connections

    1. Knowing what question we are trying to answer can help us research efficiently. Before we start, we can use our focused topic to articulate a research question. 

      developing a research question is so important.

    2. So the sequence of topics as we narrow it down goes like this: Solar energy Solar thermal energy The Concentrated Solar Power technique for using solar thermal power to generate electricity The potential renewable energy contribution of Concentrated Solar Power thermal energy plants Ivanpah Solar Power Facility as a model for renewable electricity through large-scale Concentrated Solar Power thermal energy plants

      narrowing down technique helps to develop a good topic

    3. We can start with any general area of interest within the guidelines of the research essay prompt. See Section 11.3: Brainstorming on ways to come up with ideas. In most cases, as we research we will want to narrow our topic

      we did this for our research.

    1. First, circle or highlight all of the most important verbs in the prompt. Verbs are action words that often communicate the most important tasks in the assignment, like analyze, evaluate, describe, and so on. 

      why are verbs important?

    1. We’ll focus more on summarizing, assessing, and responding to main ideas rather than examining all the twists and turns of each argument.

      a big part of research papers

    2. As we start the research paper, we can enjoy a bit more freedom. We can find multiple perspectives on the same topic and decide how much of each to include

      we as writers have more authority.

    3. The process of writing a research paper can help us learn about a complex topic and come up with our own informed perspective.  It’s a way to find clarity when the world is complicated.  We immerse ourselves in others' ideas and then come to our own conclusion. 

      I like this perspective.

  2. socialsci.libretexts.org socialsci.libretexts.org
    1. cultures

      Roles and status helps us think about the cultural ideals and what most people that are in a cultural group tends to do. They also help us describe and document the cultural change.

    2. time

      For example, not so long ago, the role of "mother" is where they take care for their children and keeping the house tight. They do not include working outside of the house since these are the father's role. But in today's world, the role is intersect where fathers mothers share the same responsibility.

    3. time

      Roles are just like statuses, they are cultural expectations that defines how each individual meet these expectations. Statuses and roles change within the culture over time.

    4. Role

      A role is the set of behavior that is expected to the person within the status. For example, having a "mother" role means to take care for her children.

    5. status

      For anthropologists, a status is any culturally-designated position a person occupies in a particular setting. This can be as simple as "father," "mother," "grandparents," etc.

    6. others

      Lewis Henry Morgan, a lawyer and also an early anthropological studies the Native American cultures documented that words that is used to describe family members such as "mother" or "cousin" are important since they indicate the rights and responsibilities that is associated with the family members. Family labeling can describe how a person fits into a family and the tasks or obligations that he or she must do to others.

    7. Some variations on the standard pattern fall within what would be culturally considered the “range of acceptable alternatives.” Other family forms are not entirely accepted, but would still be recognized by most members of the community as reasonable.

      Some variations could be accepted culturally but some family forms couldn't be acceptable but they would still be recognized as reasonable by most members of the community.

    8. Ideas about how people are related to each other, what kind of marriage would be ideal, when people should have children, who should care for children, and many other family-related matters differ cross-culturally. While

      Families exist in all societies and they are what makes us human. That being said, society around the world also demonstrates various cultural understandings of family and marriage. Those ideas include how people are related to each other, what kind of marriage would be ideal. when people should have children, who should care for children, and many more that could differ from every culture.

    1. Meiosis I Meiosis is preceded by an interphase consisting of the G1, S, and G2 phases, which are nearly identical to the phases preceding mitosis. The G1 phase, which is also called the first gap phase, is the first phase of the interphase and is focused on cell growth. The S phase is the second phase of interphase, during which the DNA of the chromosomes is replicated. Finally, the G2 phase, also called the second gap phase, is the third and final phase of interphase; in this phase, the cell undergoes the final preparations for meiosis. During DNA duplication in the S phase, each chromosome is replicated to produce two identical copies, called sister chromatids, that are held together at the centromere by cohesin proteins. Cohesin holds the chromatids together until anaphase II. The centrosomes, which are the structures that organize the microtubules of the meiotic spindle, also replicate. This prepares the cell to enter prophase I, the first meiotic phase.

      Stages of meiosis

    1. PETER GILES

      Peter Giles is described as a close friend and colleague with Thomas More and is mentioned many times throughout the text. Giles is both seen as a fictional character in this story but also as a historical figure. He was a student to Erasmus and was later introduced to More through Erasmus. He is important to the story because he acts as a kind of reference to Raphael so that More talks to him about his travels and specifically his travels to Utopia.

    2. John Clement

      John Clement and Thomas More met at a school in London called St. Paul’s where Clement had been a student. More brought Clement into his home in order to teach More’s children. Clement was very close to More and his family and More treated him like he was his own son as well. He married a woman named Margaret Giggs who also lived with More and his family. Clement became a doctor and was hand picked by Henry VIII to attend Wolsley. He was a Catholic and consequently had to flee England several times when certain monarchs were on the throne. He died in 1572 when he had just fled to Mechlin.

    3. Wherefore, I most earnestly desire you, friend Peter, to talk with Hythloday, if you can face to face, or else write letters to him, and so to work in this matter that in this, my book, there may be neither anything be found that is untrue, neither anything be lacking which is true.

      More is asking his friend Peter to talk with Hythloday in regard to the validity and correctness of Utopia. The quote weighs into the idea of true and untrue scattered throughout Utopia. Hythloday is an imaginary character. More instructs his friend to seek out this imaginary person to validate an imaginary place. This emphasis on this fake person reflects how Utopia itself does not exist. It also reflects the obsession with discovering new places. Perhaps More wanted to emphasize the fact that this place, as well as Hythloday, are not real.

    4. John Clement

      John Clement was one of Thomas More’s wards, whom he met at St. Paul’s school. Clement was an avid Humanist, and had the same ideals as More. More invited Clement into his family and made him the tutor to his children. He went on to study medicine and became a physician. More treated him as a son, and as emphasized here, was very proud of his accomplishments.

    1. Cornish rebellion

      The history behind the reference that More makes to the Cornish Rebellion in Book One is that; the rebellion was started by the people of Cornwall in 1497. It began as a response to the hardship that King Henry VII inflicted on the people of Cornwall to raise war taxes and had also stopped the operation of its tin-mining industry. This context is important to know, because it gives the reader more information, especially if they are not familiar with English History.

    2. Utopia

      The title of the movie “Zootopia” is a play on the word Utopia. The movie was originally called “Zootropolis” was was changed to Zootopia for American audiences. The change in title made me look at the movie in a different lens. When I think about the word zootropolis, I think of a city that consists of animals but otherwise there is nothing special about it. The word zootopia places a focus on the fact that, in the movie, all species of animals peacefully coexist with each other. There are different escalators for different sized animals, different restaurants for different animals’ diets, and even different job stereotypes based on different species. All of these adaptations create a harmonious Utopia for the animals to live in.

    3. and was so desirous of seeing the world, that he divided his estate among his brothers, ran the same hazard as Americus Vesputius  [Amerigo Vespucci]

      This quote is important because it explicitly compares More’s travel writings to that of Vespucci’s. It says that More “ran the same hazard” as Vespucci. By using the word hazard here, the writer is implying that Vespucci made mistakes that More was falling in to. I find it interesting that someone who in modern day is so revered for his travel writings is being insulted here for his wanderlust. It is also interesting to me that it says he was desirous of “seeing” the world rather than exploring or documenting it. This quote makes More sound like he has a more selfish reasoning for traveling than other travel writers before him.

    4. flower

      When More is talking about his first introduction to Raphael Hythloday he says, “I saw him, by accident, talking with a stranger, who seemed past the flower of his age” (Book 1). When reading this quote, one might be able to guess the meaning of the word flower without looking the etymology up but when you understand the complete history of the word it gives you more insight to why More chose to say it this way. In this context, the word “flower” is used to mean the “height of one's beauty, fame, or prosperity” (OED, 3). The word flower was first used in this context in 1340. When I first read the quote I assumed it meant beauty but I did not know that it could also relate to prosperity. Therefore, More is not only insulting this man’s physical appearance but he might be calling him poor and unsuccessful as well.

    5. FIRST BOOK OF THE DISCUSSION WHICH THE EXCEPTIONAL MAN RAPHAEL HYTHLODAY HELD CONCERNING THE BEST STATE OF A COMMONWEALTH, BY WAY OF THE ILLUSTRIOUS MAN THOMAS MORE, CITIZEN AND UNDERSHERIFF OF THE GLORIOUS CITY OF LONDON IN BRITAIN

      I am not sure why I am just now noticing this portion of the reading, but I am especially drawn to More’s usage of adjectives. He calls Raphael Hythloday an “exceptional man,” himself “the illustrious man,” and refers to London as “the glorious city.” First, I just think it is quite audacious of More to begin his book with such adjectives, but it also indicates how highly he thinks of himself, Raphael, and London and how he would like readers to think of them. Was this included to increase readers’ confidence in More? Was this included for More’s personal confidence?

    6. Peter Giles

      Peter Giles lived from 1486 to 1533 and was a friend and supporter of Desiderius Erasmus. He was a magistrate of Antwerp, a humanist, and a printer. More and Giles meet in Antwerp while More is visiting as an ambassador for King Henry VIII of England. Because of his humanist education and viewpoints, More uses their dialogue and conversations as representative of humanist tradition, and he is a good choice for a character because he shared very similar opinions as More. Because of his occupation as a printer, Giles helped More print Utopia in a time of strict printing laws.

    7. vagabonds

      The Oxford English Dictionary defines vagabond in the 16th century, when More was writing, as “One who has no fixed abode or home, and who wanders about from place to place; spec. one who does this without regular occupation or obvious means of support; an itinerant beggar, idle loafer, or tramp.” Based on context alone, one may easily determine the meaning of vagabond because it is placed near the term beggar, but it is significant to note that a vagabond differs slightly from a beggar in that he or she does not have a place to reside. In today’s terms, a vagabond would be the equivalent of a homeless individual or someone who lives a nomadic life.

    8. philosophical

      The Oxford English Dictionary defines philosophy in the early 16th century (when More was writing Utopia) as “Knowledge, learning, scholarship; [...] advanced knowledge or learning, to which the study of the seven liberal arts was regarded as preliminary in medieval universities.” I think the last sentence is significant in this context: “to which the study of the seven liberal arts was regarded as preliminary in medieval universities.” The Oxford English Dictionary does not take into account that defining a word from this time period also means defining it in terms of the author who used the word. In this situation, the author plays a very important role in determining the definition of philosophy. More was a humanist, which meant that his knowledge and reference to philosophy would be indicative of the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers, whose primary focus was on the role of emotions and focusing on positive emotions rather than negative ones. In this definition and the other definitions provided by the OED, there is failure to include the popular philosophers being studied, and because More lived throughout the rise of humanism and had a humanist education, the use of the term philosophy would have been referencing works dealing with human emotion, while other authors may have been studying and writing on scholastic philosophers, which wrote primarily on reason, truth/Truth, and Church dogma.

    9. Seneca and Cicero

      This reference to Seneca and Cicero further exemplifies the humanist theme throughout Utopia. Seneca was an ancient Roman philosopher, and he is seen as one of the greatest contributors to Stoic philosophy, which focuses on positive emotions rather than negative ones and is centralized on the idea that one's mindset can overpower external circumstances when creating the world one lives in. Cicero was also from ancient Rome, and he is seen as the most famous and influential of all Stoic philosophers. Cicero lived during a time of political unrest, and he wrote many, many pieces on government, which he believed should represent equality throughout society, and one of his strongest beliefs was about education, specifically that education was vital for a good political leader. Humanist teachings strayed away from medieval scholasticism and turned its focus to the ancient Greeks and Romans, and it is clear in this quotation that More was very fond of the writings of both Seneca and Cicero and believed that they were the greatest of Roman philosophers.

    10. new world to the Europeans

      Here Raphael is describing how he felt it was his duty to return to Europe after discovering Utopia despite the fact that he would have been happy to stay there. He felt that it was his duty to bring what he learned in Utopia back to Europe. This is in keeping with a historical theme that can be observed throughout this time period. Not only is the era that More was writing in one of exploration, it is also one of exploration with the goal of some betterment or gain. European countries did not invest in global exploration purely out of a spirit of discovery, there were also economic gains that could come from these explorations. It is clear from accounts of early explorers such as Hariot and Vesspucci, that their expeditions sought to bring back resources from the new places they discovered. Here Raphael is bringing back something valuable he gained from his exploration in the form of knowledge and insight.

    11. Plato

      More makes many references to Plato throughout the first book and it is clear that More was greatly influenced by Plato's writings and thought. From these references, it is clear that More studied Plato’s writing in depth and thought highly of it. Here, he references Plato’s philosophy that kings should be philosophers. It is important to note that here More wrote this section with two individuals debating one of Plato’s ideas. By having his characters debate Plato, he is not only discussing Plato’s works, but also referencing Plato’s form of writing in dialogue. This goes back to the classical idea that educated individuals can learn and establish truths through conversation. The idea of learning through conversation started in antiquity and was very much a valued part of humanist education and skill sets during More’s time. This theme of conversation and learning from debate is a theme that is prevalent throughout Utopia.

    12. Commonwealth

      Although More did not use the English word “commonwealth” in the original Latin text of Utopia, the use of this word in translation is still indicative of an important theme of what is “common” or shared in Utopia. According to the OED the standard definition of this word commonwealth or it’s earlier form “commonweal” is “The people of a nation, state, etc., as a whole; a state, nation, or independent community, esp. viewed as an entity in which the whole population has a voice or interest”. It is also worth noting the word commonwealth, usually with a capital “c”, is used in the official titles of some American states such as Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia and when used in the phrase “Christian Commonwealth” it refers to all Christian people. This indicates that it is used as a title for a place that idealizes the common good of the people. In More’s Utopia, Utopian society is built around the idea of common good. Everything is shared between everyone for the good of the community. More idealized a society built around shared property while living in a society that was very much focused on personal interest and gain. His idea of a society where wealth was shared by everyone was both radical and influential.

    13. “’Luxury likewise breaks in apace upon you to set forward your poverty and misery; there is an excessive vanity in apparel, and great cost in diet, and that not only in noblemen’s families, but even among tradesmen, among the farmers themselves, and among all ranks of persons.

      Protestantism is something that comes to mind during this quote. A strong belief of Protestantism is to have minimal decorations and More is saying that having extravagant clothing and items is too much and not necessary for a person’s life. That is something that a person would expect even now from people with more money, but More is saying that even people of middle and lower classes have a problem with vanity.

    14. “But you are much mistaken,” said he, “for he has not sailed as a seaman, but as a traveler, or rather a philosopher.

      By describing him as more of a philosopher, he is trying to put him above other people to give him a higher social standing. People would be more open to his opinions if he was a philosopher over a seaman because of social status. A traveler could be a seaman or a philosopher, but philosopher has a more prestigious connotation that he was trying to have his reader, and More, think.

    15. After those civilities were past which are usual with strangers upon their first meeting, we all went to my house, and entering into the garden, sat down on a green bank and entertained one another in discourse

      In this More is talking about his friends and what they would do together to hang out. By saying the “garden” and “green bank” are at his house, he is claiming that he owns them, and owning land was a sign of status. Utopia is a land that is perfect and a safe haven, and by being someone who is of a higher status and without problems, he is implying that he would be worthy of Utopia.

    16. “’The increase of pasture,’ said I, ‘by which your sheep, which are naturally mild, and easily kept in order, may be said now to devour men and unpeople, not only villages, but towns; for wherever it is found that the sheep of any soil yield a softer and richer wool than ordinary

      This is a reference to the expansion that was happening during the time and countries wanting to have as much land as they can get. The soldiers that they have prepared for these wars sometimes would revolt in order to get what they want, because they know that their countries rely on them. More is trying to say that it probably isn’t a good idea to have a standing military because of what has already happened, people revolting and causing problems for the country.

    17. voyage

      The word “voyage” comes from Anglo-Norman and Old French and is used through Utopia when telling the stories of travels that were noteworthy or long adventures. The etymological meaning is “An act of traveling, a journey, by which one goes from one place to another” (OED). The word “journey” helps to better understand “voyage” because it implies that it is a longer trip and someone is doing something with a specific end goal in mind.

    18. Henry VIII

      Henry VIII was the King of England during the time that Utopia was written and published for the first time. Henry VIII was crowned in 1509 and ruled the country until his death. He was a prominent and strong Catholic ruler. In this novel, Henry VIII sends More a conquest that will eventually lead More to Utopia.

    19. Americus Vesputius

      More references Amerigo Vespucci in Book I of Utopia. Raphael Hythloday travelled with Vespucci. Since Vespucci is a renowned traveller, this connection to the man draws on a major theme in Utopia: the obsession with discovering new places.

    20. “I earnestly beg you would describe that island very particularly to us; be not too short, but set out in order all things relating to their soil, their rivers, their towns, their people, their manners, constitution, laws, and, in a word, all that you imagine we desire to know; and you may well imagine that we desire to know everything concerning them of which we are hitherto ignorant.”

      This line is very similar to Bernal Diaz del Castillo’s personal account of the Native’s Spain “discovered” in South America. In his account, Castillo spoke about the land the Native’s lived on, and what their houses looked like. He described their demeanor and their gift-giving manners. He also described the way they lived their lives, and their lack of an established government and religion. The questions asked in More’s quotation are very similar to Castillo’s description of the Native’s in South America.

    1. worldly

      The word “worldly” as seen in the four verse lines included in the “Utopian Alphabet” is, originally, a Germanic word that was used in the early 1500s to describe “the world of human existence; relating or connected with human life on earth; earthly, mundane”. “worldly” also describes the inhabitants as “temporal, human, mortal, obsolete”. It is also used to separate the religious and secular worlds and material values. This is important to the understanding of the text of Utopia by Thomas More because More’s idea of a perfectly governed society is a break from the “worldly” possessions and ideas that are quite common in the society while writing in “Utopia in 1516. This feels as though it is also important to note the protestant reformation that was occurring around this time and Thomas More’s association with being a chancellor for Henry VIII and the ideas that he held concerning the worldly and secular worlds.

    2. My name is Eutopie

      The word “Eutopie”, the post-classical Latin version of “Eutopia”, was created by Thomas More in 1516, and adds more depth to the meaning of the quotation. The etymological meaning of Eutopie is, “A perfect (imagined or hypothetical) society or state of existence; a place of supreme happiness. Also: a literary work describing such a place; a vision of an ideal state of existence”. (OED, 1.) The meaning of the word itself is important to know in this context because it tells readers the meaning of Utopia and what More’s goal was in writing it. It literally means a perfect society and a literary work describing said society. This is important today because people still think about ways to create a perfect society, and it shows that humans are always looking for ways to improve.

    3. This quote references Plato’s work, The Republic, in which he maps out his ideal and perfect society. This is particularly important in comparison to More’s Utopia because it, too, narrates More’s ideas of a perfect society. The reference to Plato is particularly important in correlation to Thomas More because it shows the Humanist side of More, and the resurgence of studying ancient classics. More implemented Humanist ideas into Utopian society including his views on luxurious clothing, the hierarchy in family/filial piety, and his focus on agriculture and the economy.

    1. Each variable group on an amino acid gives that amino acid specific chemical properties (acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar). This gives each amino acid R group different chemical properties

      What gives Amino acids their specific special properties?

    2. The carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the incoming amino acid combine, releasing a molecule of water and creating the peptide bond.

      How are peptide bonds formed? What is released?

    3. Each amino acid is attached to another amino acid by a covalent bond, known as a peptide bond,

      What is a peptide bond?

    4. There are 20 genetically encoded amino acids available to the cell to build in proteins and all of these contain the same core sequence: N-C-C- where the first ("alpha") C will always carry the R group and the second will have a double (ketone) bond to oxygen

      What is the core sequence to a protein structure? Which letters are the Terminus and which is the alpha C?

    5. Each amino acid has the same core structure, which consists of a central carbon atom, also known as the alpha (α) carbon, bonded to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), and a hydrogen atom.

      What is in a protein structure

    6. Amino acids are the monomers that make up proteins.

      What are Amino Acids?

    1. Again, Dr. Britt will only quiz you on what goes into the Calvin cycle, its first step, and what comes out.

      What will be the focus in the Calvin cycle?

    2. Six molecules of both ATP and NADPH are used up in the process, helping to drive the reactions and produce the electrons required to reduce the incoming CO2. The "spent" molecules (ADP and NADP+) return to the nearby thylakoids to be recycled back into ATP and NADPH.

      What is used up during the Calvin cycle? Do they regenerate?

    3. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) is composed of five carbon atoms and includes two phosphates.

      What is RuBP? What is it composed of?

    4. In the stroma of plant chloroplasts, in addition to CO2, two other components are present to initiate the light-independent reactions:

      What three components are required for carbon fixation?

    5. The biological pathway that leads to carbon fixation in green plants and cyanobacteria is called the Calvin Cycle and is a reductive pathway (consumes energy and electrons) which leads to the reduction of CO2 to G3P.

      What is the Calvin cycle? What is it used for?

    6. "Carbon Fixation", the incorporation of inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic molecules

      What is carbon Fixation? What is it used for?

    7. while those organisms that require organic sources of carbon, such as glucose or amino acids, are referred to as heterotrophs

      What is a heterotroph how are they different from autotrophs?

    8. Organisms that can obtain all of their required carbon from an inorganic source (CO2) are referred to as autotrophs,

      What is an Autotroph?

    9. It is at this step that light energy is transformed into the more stable form of chemical energy. All of the subsequent redox reactions are involved in pumping protons or in delivering that e- to NADP.

      When does the photon energy go from being unstable to stable?

    10. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma, conveniently located vis a vis the ATP- and NADPH-producing thylakoids

      Where does the Calvin Cycle take place?

    11. The captured energy is transferred from chlorophyll to chlorophyll until ...eventually... (after about a millionth of a second), it is delivered to the reaction center. Up to this point, only energy has been transferred between molecules, not electrons. In other words, no new bonds have formed.

      How does energy captured from a photon make it to the reaction center?

    12. Both photosystems have the same basic structure; a number of antenna proteins to which chlorophyll molecules are bound surround the reaction center where the photochemistry takes place. Each photosystem is serviced by this light-harvesting complex, which passes energy from sunlight to the reaction center;

      What is the structure of the photo systems 1 & 2 Where does the photochemistry take place?

    13. These two types are simply called photosystem II (PSII, carrying P680) and photosystem I (PSI, carrying P700), and were named (confusingly) in the order of their discovery. The two complexes differ on the basis of what they oxidize (that is, their source of electrons) and what they reduce (the place to which they deliver their energized electrons). Working in tandem, these two photosystems can power the production of both NADPH and ATP.

      What are the two pigments used in Oxygenic Photosynthesis? What do they do?

    14. In oxygenic photosynthesis, two types of pigment are found embedded in the thylakoid membrane (in plants) or the bacterial inner membrane (in cyanobacteria).

      Where are the two types of pigments used in oxygenic Photosynthesis stored?

    15. oxygenic photosynthesis is more complex than the "sulfur-genic" photosynthesis described above, requiring two different reaction centers, with different reduction potentials.

      How is oxygenic photosynthesis different from sulfur-genic photosythesis?

    16. The overall function of "light-dependent" reactions of photosynthesis is to transform solar energy into chemical compounds, in the form of NADPH and ATP. This energy supports the "light-independent" reactions and fuels the assembly of sugar molecules.

      What are the functions of the “light dependent” rxns and what do they support?

    17. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation electrons are removed from the photosystem, as they end up in NADPH after moving through an electron transport chain

      How is cyclic Photophosphorylation different from Non-cyclic?

    18. As in the green sulfur bacteria example above, the step that transfers light energy into the biomolecule takes place in a multiprotein, multipigment complex called a photosystem

      What is a photosystem?

    1. Stories matter. Many stories matter. Stories have been used to dispossess and to malign, but stories can also be used to empower and to humanize. Stories can break the dignity of a people, but stories can also repair that broken dignity.

      [[Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]]

    1. 4

      0.038/0.019 would equal to 2 rather than 1 and hence p = 1, not 2

    2. initial

      Change to "final" instead of "initial"

    3. Because the rate law is a power function we need to use logarithms to determine the order of reaction. First take the log of both sides

      In this example, should we first introduce a new reaction of a + b -->

    4. the power

      Sentence may need to be revised

    1. Caste is an elaborate and complex social system that combines some or all elements of endogamy, hereditary transmission of occupation, social class, social identity, hierarchy, exclusion, and power. Caste as a closed social stratification system in which membership is determined by birth and remains fixed for life; castes are also endogamous, meaning marriage is proscribed outside one’s caste, and offspring are automatically members of their parents’ caste.

      Caste is a social system

    1. Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney

      I feel like Lydia Howard Huntley Sigourney was not appreciated and not respected as a writer/poet because of the time she was around in. These times did not respect females as a whole still, even though I feel like she has a unique writing style. In the slave ship article and the Article on the Indians, she uses different forms of words and abbreviations in her writing is is also writing on the perspective of the slaves and Indians instead of the other perspective, which would cause others not to care.

    1. 1.

      Jamake Highwater was a very talented author, artist, and musician. his background was jewish and cherokee decent. With this being said he was very versatile and had many experiences and stories to tell that were unlike other authors.

    1. The fetter’d chieftain’s burning tear,— The parted lover’s mute despair,— The childless mother’s pang severe,— The orphan’s misery are there

      This is a sad emotional poem bringing out deep meaning about their life and how generations have been affected by slavery and the troubles that come with

    1. No longer shall thou dread the iron chain, Which wanton Tyranny with lawless hand Had made, and with it meant t’ enslave the land.

      This is a powerful statement saying that the slaves no longer need to have chains around them and how the land was once enslaved but now freedom has risen to them and they feel fulfilled in their hearts and faith.

    1. The Heavens have chang’d to sorrow my delight. How oft with disappointment have I met, When I on fading things my hopes have set?

      he was let down and states that with his feelings things have changed and different motives are set

    1. A Prise so vast as is unknown, Yet, by his Gift, is made thine own. Ther’s wealth enough, I need no more; Farewell my Pelf, farewell my Store. The world no longer let me Love, My hope and Treasure lyes Above.

      this author uses deep emotion and truth to write this poem and he portrays a great image in the readers mind. almost like its a movie.

    1. If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were lov’d by wife, then thee, If ever wife was happy in a man,

      This poem shoes how the author has a great appreciation for life her husband and family. Her outlook is unique because of someone of the words she uses like "recompence" or "persever".

    1. literally depended upon those of her male relatives

      this is very common in this age of time. Men were the warriors and gatherers while the woman watched the kids and cooked.

    1. Eligon focuses only on the Black community in America, but it would be interesting to learn more about the appeal of reclaiming negative terms by looking at trends among other marginalized groups.

      Another way the writer is encouraging further thought.

    2. Why has the Black community continued to gravitate toward previously negative terms?

      promoting further thought.

    3. However, he also quotes prominent naysayers and describes a variety of counterarguments, like the idea that capitalization gives too much dignity to a category that was made up to oppress people.  (Note: Summary of a counterargument.)

      Introducing opposing views.

    4. “A Debate Over Identity and Race Asks, Are African-Americans ‘Black’ or ‘black’?”

      interesting debate!

    1. I started reading her article with a feeling of frustration.

      Voicing your feelings on the text is part of the response process.

    2. The Pandemic started as a public health crisis and brought along an economic one. Women are mainly affected by this crisis more than men because women are more likely to take housework and childcare responsibilities while men are expected to work and “bring home the bacon.” (Note: The author provides a clear thesis statement to close the opening (introduction) paragraph).)

      The annotations really put things in perspective1

    3. While the Pandemic has affected everyone’s lives in every aspect, its impacts on women are even more severe. Helen Lewis, the author of “The Coronavirus Is a Disaster for Feminism” explains why feminism cannot survive during the Pandemic. (Note: An outside text is introduced that the essay will engage with.)

      a pretty bold claim!

    1. If we just analyzed an argument we found to be weak, we may already have an opposing argument or an alternate argument in mind. If readers are convinced that the first argument is without merit, they will be looking for a replacement. Our critique puts us in a good position to present an alternate vision. 

      presenting an alternative is very important.

    2. The idea is to point the reader in a new direction. We may want to qualify or limit our suggestion with words like “perhaps,” “it may be that,” or “The idea that _____________ is worth considering…”  

      reframe the reader's mind

    3. If we can’t agree with the argument’s main claim, we probably have some ideas of our own on the subject.

      True.

    1. Sometimes we may agree with an argument’s claim, but for a different reason.  In that case, we can make an original contribution just by pointing out the alternate reason.

      So cool! We can agree with the claim, but for own reasons.

    2. Sometimes we forget that agreement doesn’t have to be the end of a conversation.  The process of assessing an argument starts us thinking about all the issues it brings up, and primes us to add our own two cents. 

      our carefully thought opinions as writers are valid.