Rather than focusing exclusively on the speeches of world leaders, the Cold War must also be understood by exploring the way that ordinary people supported movements, and the failure of violence and intimidation to extinguish their desire for a more democratic society in nations.

But in doing so, it may end up reinforcing the cognitive and social biases of users, thus making them even more vulnerable to manipulation

When people connect directly with their peers, the social biases that guide their selection of friends come to influence the information they see.

We have found that steep competition for users’ limited attention means that some ideas go viral despite their low quality – even when people prefer to share high-quality content.

Yet users are exposed to content of questionable accuracy, including conspiracy theories, clickbait, hyperpartisan content, pseudo science and even fabricated “fake news” reports.

The game is fixed.

You broke the contract when you killed us in the street and didn’t give a fuck!

they are rules that homeowners or developers could add themselves to their house deed to forbid certain races from buying or living on the property, even after the property was sold or passed through inheritance.

Is the player name a function of the rank?

Is the rank a function of the player name?

employ the decolonial methodology of testimony to embed all stages of learning with decolonial practice.

Based on Figure 9.3.29.3.2\PageIndex{2}, we see that the hypotenuse equals 555, so sinθ=35sin⁡θ=35\sin θ=35, sin θ=35sin θ=35\sin θ=35, and cosθ=−45cos⁡θ=−45\cos θ=−45.

What has been the legacy of the conquests of Central Asia? How have the various empires shaped the region since the Turkic migrations

Should the conflict that has existed between nomadic and sedentary societies be considered the primary force determining the course of Central Asian history

Should the modern day states of Afghanistan and Iran be considered a part of Central Asia? Going back to the Mongol conquest of the region, what similarities do these states share with the core of Central Asia? What are some of the differences?

. Has Central Asia been an interesting stew of foreign influences, or has it been the product of internal forces

Why did Timur attempt to externalize the violence of the steppe?

What role did religion play in the Ilkhanate?

What was the significance of Inju to the history of the Chagatai Khanate?

How did Genghis Khan differ from his predecessors? What enabled him to unite all of the Mongol tribes

The process of Islamization took place over centuries. What helped to expedite the conversion process?

How did the nomadic way of life facilitate the Turkic conquest of the region?

. In what way did the Turkic migrations change the culture of Central Asia

How did the geography of Central Asia have an impact on its history?

What traits did mound building cultures of North America share

How were cultures of the North American West able to overcome limited rainfall?

What was the role of Macchu Picchu within the Inca Empire?

How did the Inca use local resources to build their empire?

How did The Moche, Huari, and Chimu build their regional influence?

. What were some of the features of urban life in Teotihuacán and Tenochtitlán?

How did the Maya support such rapid urbanization?

What did we learn from the Olmec about the transition from chiefdoms to states?

1. What crops were first domesticated in the Americas and where?

However, PIW predominantly and most generously enables white people to dismiss race and promote colorblindedness.

shielding and penetration effects

quantum numbers

Pauli Exclusion Principle

As stated

electron configurations

nodes

minima and maxima

cutaway drawing

is attributable to

falls off

the Ground State

Radius

As activists celebrated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965, a growing number of white Americans were beginning to believe that the problem of race in America had been solved.

in this manner

while gunpowder weapons could be terrifying to Natives who had never seen them before, they were remarkably scarce in the early era of encounters in addition to being inaccurate, slow to load, and unreliable. English colonists at Jamestown, for instance, were told not to demonstrate their firearms in the presence of Natives or they would see how relatively ineffective they were.

thrust Natives into a set of global economic relations that encouraged or forced them to adopt new ways of life

he Americas is not to understate the transformational impact of the indigenous encounter with Europeans

We tend to present the arrival of Europeans as the catalyst of change for indigenous societies in the Americas that had previously been defined by their timelessness. As we have seen though, pre-contact Natives had never been immune to change

s if European societies were free of ritualized violence. Spain and England both practiced large-scale public ceremonies that included torture and execution

emergence of Spanish rule. After all, that rule was accompanied by massacres, epidemic disease, forced labor, and a new social system that placed indigenous people at the bottom of the status hierarchy.

one of the reasons the Spanish were able to successfully bring down the two empires was because of the willingness of subject populations to collaborate with the new invaders against their Aztec or Inca overlords. Both Spanish propagandists at the time and some ideologues even today pointed to the cruelty of these Native states to justify European conquest.

One result of this is that these long-distance networks completely collapsed after Aztec power was destroyed by Spanish invaders after 1521.

the earliest Spaniards to enter Tenochtitlan were awestruck by the richness and diversity of goods found in the city’s markets.

When we accustom ourselves to seeing past human suffering as just the cost of history, as the collateral damage necessary in creating the “world we live in today”, we also make it easier to justify exploitation and violence in the present and future

By 1580, the Aztec empire had been hollowed out to less than 2 million people, from a starting point of 25 million.

One out of every three native people died in just ten years. After another decade the Aztec population was reduced to about 6 million. Three out of four people in the Aztec world disappeared in 20 years.

American native populations had no such safeguards, and disease spread virulently. For example, there were over a million people living on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in 1492 when Columbus left his 39 sailors in La Navidad. By 1548, there were only 500 natives left alive. 999,500 people had disappeared in a little over 50 years. The populations of other Caribbean islands like Cuba were similarly wiped out. Whole societies disappeared,

diseases on Native Americans was one of human history’s most abrupt and severe population disasters.

they were struck down by the largely accidental transfer of Old World viruses and bacteria to the Americas, which caused the deaths of at least 90% of the indigenous American population.

The Spanish and Portuguese dominated the first century of exploration, conquest, and colonization in the Americas for many reasons. Spain and Portugal had an eight-century long tradition of warfare from fighting the Reconquista against the Moors and were prepared for further battle for glory and religion. The Portuguese also had a maritime tradition, which was how Columbus learned his trade

As a slave, Malintzin was forced into a physical relationship with Cortés. Their son, Martín, was one of the first “mestizos” (persons of mixed indigenous American and European descent) in Spanish America. Malintzin remains a controversial figure in the history of the Atlantic World. Some view her as a traitor because she helped Cortés conquer the Aztecs, while others see her as a victim of European imperialism whose choices were very limited. In either case, she demonstrates one way in which native peoples responded to the arrival of the Spanish. Without her, Cortés would not have been able to communicate, and without the language bridge, he surely would have been less successful in destabilizing the Aztec Empire. By this and other means, native people helped shape the conquest of the Americas.

When Cortés explored central Mexico, he encountered a region simmering with native conflict. Far from being unified and content under Aztec rule, many peoples in Mexico resented the overlords of Tenochtitlán and were ready to rebel. Cortés was also aided by an enslaved Nahua woman, Malintzin (also known as La Malinche or Doña Marina, her Spanish name), whom the natives of Tabasco gave him as a tribute slave. In addition to speaking Nahua and Maya, Malintzin quickly learned Spanish and translated for Cortés in his dealings with Aztec emperor Moctezuma.

Like Columbus, the explorers carried back to Europe not only eyewitness accounts of wealthy civilizations, but samples of native plants, animals, and captive people.

European exploration did not BEGIN with Columbus

During this period, the indigenous populations experienced their own agricultural revolution around the same time as Africans and Eurasians, but instead of domesticating cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs, and chickens–which were not native to the Americas–they developed certain plants, creating three of the world’s current top five staple crops: corn, potatoes, and cassava, as well as additional plants such as hot peppers, tomatoes, beans, cocoa, and tobacco,

mericas probably had a total population of around 65 millio

The European Views of the American Indigenous

1.1: Sociological Perspective and Sociological Imagination

most common foot in English is known as the iamb

Communicating our needs and perceptions of the situation with each other is a positive step.

Because our perception of what is happening is based on our own needs at that time, our perception may not match up with our friend's perception of the situation.

Consider the nature of your social identity. Think about how the different groups you may belong to help constitute who you are – what you believe, how you behave, and how you interact with others.

La fuerza total sobre una superficie plana sumergida vertical o inclinada es igual al área de la superficie multiplicada por la profundidad del centroide.

For example, a university student may use telephone calls and email with her parents, text messaging and Facebook with her friends, text messaging and university-supplied services with classmates, email with professors, and letters to her grandparents. That last communication option may be questionable, as electronic communication becomes ubiquitous regardless of age.

Relying on faulty information leads us to make generalizations that may be far removed from reality. We can overcome the distortion of the "single story", as Nigerian novelist Chimamanda Adichie puts it, in a number of ways (Adichie, 2009). The most effective antidote is to gain greater real knowledge of other cultures through direct contact. That can come from travel, study abroad, service learning, online exchanges, or informal means of making contact. Following news reports on what's happening outside our immediate area can also be valuable, particularly if we seek out reliable, objective reporting. What can be helpful in that regard is to try to find multiple sources of information. Another way to gain insight into other cultures is through stories, told in novels, autobiographies, or movies. The more perspectives we have on a given culture, the less likely it is that we will extrapolate from a single experience to make generalizations about an entire group.

These are known as reference groups (Shibutani, 1955). There may be as well any number of impromptu, ad-hoc groups with which we identify, forging a variety of shifting small cultures and affinity groups. At least some of those are likely to be mostly or exclusively online, such as our Facebook friends or those we follow or who follow us on Twitter or through other social media.

Cultural identities are dynamic and can change with one's ongoing life experiences. This may be an individualized change or could reflect changes in views embraced by one of the cultural groups to which we belong. In the US, for example, a significant shift in attitudes towards Muslims occurred after the 9/11 terrorist attacks in 2001. Many US citizens developed a new, often negative opinion of anyone perceived to be Muslim or from an Arab country. Major shifts have occurred in recent years in many countries in regard to same-sex marriage. It is certainly not the case that all citizens of those countries have changed their attitudes; after all, individuals have free will and the ability to adopt differing views.

growing up in a rural part of Canada where there were few if any other blacks, being adopted into a white family, and being a woman in love with heavy metal music. Her situation demonstrates that personal identity doesn't necessarily match expectations based on stereotypes, for example, that all black people prefer hip-hop.

xenophobia

Communities and societies benefit as well, as understanding and tolerance reduce animosity and conflict.

the Baby Boom

I am not advocating you simply cease using electronic platforms; rather, I urge you to be mindful of the ways you use them, and how they impact your interpersonal relationships.

The desire for intimacy is often resisted based on their inability to trust or rely on others.

When you are comfortable in who you are you will eventually be able to acknowledge compliments by simply saying "thank you" and not feeling as though you need to put yourself down.

However, sometimes comparisons are not useful.

Looking at friends or even strangers on Instagram or TikTok may lead us to believe that we are not as intelligent, good, talented, or attractive as others.

Who are my mirrors?

Our sense of who we are is a reflection of how others see us.

In keeping with careful choices and effective design, we also have to do a good job in executing presentation aids. They should never look hastily made, dirty, battered, or disorganized. They do not have to be fancy, but they do need to look professional. In this section we will discuss the major types of media that can be used for presentation aids, which include computer-based media, audiovisual media, and low-tech media.

A value proposition needs to very simply answer the question: Why should someone buy what you are offering? If you look closely at this question it contains three components: Who? The value proposition does not name the target buyer, but it must show clear value to the target buyer. What? The offering needs to be defined in the context of that buyer. Why? It must show that the offering is uniquely valuable to the buyer. How Do You Create an Effective Value Proposition? When creating or evaluating a value proposition, it is helpful to step away from the long lists of features and benefits and deep competitive analysis. Stick to the simple, and strive for focus and clarity. A value proposition should be clear, compelling, and differentiating. Clear: short and direct; immediately identifies both the offering and the value or benefit Compelling: conveys the benefit in a way that motivates the buyer to act Differentiating: sets the offering apart or differentiates it from other offerings

value proposition, defined as follows: "A business or marketing statement that summarizes why a consumer should buy a product or use a service. This statement should convince a potential consumer that one particular product or service will add more value or better solve a problem than other similar offerings.[1]"

Competitors and substitutes force the marketer to identify the aspects of the offering that provide unique value vis-à-vis the alternatives. We refer to this as differentiation. Differentiation is simply the process of identifying and optimizing the elements of an offering that provide unique value to customers. Sometimes organizations refer to this process as competitive differentiation, since it is very focused on optimizing value in the context of the competitive landscape.

Marketing exists to help organizations understand, reach, and deliver value to their customers. In it’s simplest form, value is the measure of the benefit gained from a product or service relative to the full cost of the item. In the process of the marketing exchange, value must be created.

nd hit play. How does this motion compare with simple harmonic motion (in the last chapter)?

In 1969, Chicana/o/x activists came together at the University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) and published El Plan de Santa Barbara, a document that united diverse activists from around the state of California and laid out a roadmap for Chicana/Chicano Studies, as well as programs to increase the retention, engagement, and success of students from minoritized backgrounds

Strikers called for a Third World College, but the administration ultimately formed a Department of Ethnic Studies.

After he was fired on November 1, 1968, student leaders from the BSU and Third World Liberation Front (TWLF) started a strike. The TWLF was a multi-ethnic coalition of students that were awoken to the fact that they were being taught in ways that were dominating and irrelevant to themselves (Maeda, 2012), and included a coalition of the Black Student Union (BSU), Latin American Student Organization (LASO), Intercollegiate Chinese for Social Action (ICSA), Mexican American Student Confederation, Philippine (now Pilipino) American Collegiate Endeavor (PACE), La Raza, Native American Students Union, and Asian American Political Alliance.

Native and Indigenous peoples of Turtle Island (a name for North and Central America used by various Indigenous peoples of the western hemisphere) have practiced educational pedagogies that center resistance, justice, and equity long before the introduction of Ethnic Studies as a phrase or academic field. Traditional knowledge that has been sustained and carried forward in the face of settler-colonialism provides key insight into the importance of activism and strategies of resistance against oppressive systems (Jacob et al., 2018).

The Governor of Arkansas called in the Arkansas National Guard to prevent students from entering the campus, which eventually prompted President Eisenhower to send National Guard troops to escort the students to school. In Figure 2.3.22.3.2\PageIndex{2}, Elizabeth Eckford is shown walking to school in sunglasses while she is surrounded by an angry white mob, with Hazel Bryan Massery behind her, shouting hateful comments.

corporate strategy looks at an organization as a portfolio of things,

however, we need to use effective transitions as a gateway from one main point to the next.

You only need to assess your supporting points to be sure they’re authoritative and directly relevant to the main points they should support.

each main point is a claim, followed by particular information that supports that claim so that the audience will perceive its validity.

Without an outline, your message is liable to lose logical integrity.

For this reason, it’s very important to provide your audience with background about the credentials of the authors you cite.

When selecting direct quotations, always ask yourself if the material could be paraphrased in a manner that would make it clearer for your audience. If the author wrote a sentence in a way that is just perfect, and you don’t want to tamper with it, then by all means directly quote the sentence.

A bibliography or reference page enables a reader or listener to find those sources after the fact, but you must also correctly cite those sources within the speech itself; otherwise, you are plagiarizing.

If you use an idea, a quotation, paraphrase, or summary, then credit the source. We can’t reiterate it enough: if it is not your idea, you need to tell your audience where the information came from. Giving credit is especially important when your speech includes a statistic, an original theory, or a fact that is not common knowledge.

The more complete your research strategy is from the very beginning, the more successful your research endeavors will be in the long run. Remember, not having adequate time to prepare is no excuse for plagiarism.

Primary research can be considered an active form of research because the researcher is actually conducting the research for the purpose of creating new knowledge.

Early findings revealed that participants who made their contributions faster gave more to the public good (greater cooperation). These results were consistent in several replications (Cone & Rand 2014); when forced to make a quick decision, participants cooperated more than when asked to reflect on their decision. It seems that under certain circumstances, social contexts and social norms, ‘going with your gut’ leads to increased cooperation (Henrich, 2016).

olefin

stewardship

Cortical thickness, or the tissue volume and tissue composition of the cerebrum, has long been explored as a possible explanation for behavioral differences in men and women. Magnetic Resource Image (MRI) studies have shown that gray matter, white matter, and brain size are smaller in women than men, even after controlling for body size. When both gray and white matter normalize, adult men have a greater proportion of white matter, whereas women demonstrate a greater proportion of gray matter (Allen et al., 2003; Gur et al., 1999). Women also demonstrate significantly greater global and regional cortical thickness, while no significant thickening is observed in men. This significant cortical thickening in women is localized in anatomical regions consistent with studies that support sexual dimorphism (Kiho et al., 2006). During childhood and adolescence, white matter volume increases faster in boys than in girls. When examining specific brain regions, greater diffusivity was found in the corticospinal tract and the frontal white matter in the right hemisphere for boys, whereas greater diffusivity was found in the occipital-parietal regions and the most superior aspect of the corticospinal tracts in the right hemisphere in girls (Rabinowicz, Dean, Petetot, & de Courten-Myers, 1999). Coincidently, girls show a greater organization in the right hemisphere compared to the left hemisphere for boys. These differences in brain matter and diffusivity may indicate differing develop

Table 10.1 Transition Words Addition also, again, as well as, besides, coupled with, following this, further, furthermore, in addition, in the same way, additionally, likewise, moreover, similarly Consequence accordingly, as a result, consequently, for this reason, for this purpose, hence, otherwise, so then, subsequently, therefore, thus, thereupon, wherefore Generalizing as a rule, as usual, for the most part, generally, generally speaking, ordinarily, usually Exemplifying chiefly, especially, for instance, in particular, markedly, namely, particularly, including, specifically, such as Illustration for example, for instance, for one thing, as an illustration, illustrated with, as an example, in this case Emphasis above all, chiefly, with attention to, especially, particularly, singularly Similarity comparatively, coupled with, correspondingly, identically, likewise, similar, moreover, together with Exception aside from, barring, besides, except, excepting, excluding, exclusive of, other than, outside of, save Restatement in essence, in other words, namely, that is, that is to say, in short, in brief, to put it differently Contrast and Comparison contrast, by the same token, conversely, instead, likewise, on one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, nevertheless, rather, similarly, yet, but, however, still, nevertheless, in contrast Sequence at first, first of all, to begin with, in the first place, at the same time, for now, for the time being, the next step, in time, in turn, later on, meanwhile, next, then, soon, the meantime, later, while, earlier, simultaneously, afterward, in conclusion, with this in mind Common Sequence Patterns first, second, third… generally, furthermore, finally in the first place, also, lastly in the first place, pursuing this further, finally to be sure, additionally, lastly in the first place, just in the same way, finally basically, similarly, as well Summarizing after all, all in all, all things considered, briefly, by and large, in any case, in any event, in brief, in conclusion, on the whole, in short, in summary, in the final analysis, in the long run, on balance, to sum up, to summarize, finally Diversion by the way, incidentally Direction here, there, over there, beyond, nearly, opposite, under, above, to the left, to the right, in the distance Location above, behind, by, near, throughout, across, below, down, off, to the right, against, beneath, in back of, onto, under, along, beside, in front of, on top of, among, between, inside, outside, around, beyond, into, over

Comparison/Contrast Another method for organizing main points is the comparison/contrast speech pattern. While this pattern clearly lends itself easily to two main points, you can also create a third point by giving basic information about what is being compared and what is being contrasted. Let’s look at two examples; the first one will be a two-point example and the second a three-point example. Specific Purpose To inform a group of physicians about Drug X, a newer drug with similar applications to Drug Y Main Points I. Show how Drug X and Drug Y are similar. II. Show how Drug X and Drug Y differ. Specific Purpose To inform a group of physicians about Drug X, a newer drug with similar applications to Drug Y Main Points I. Explain the basic purpose and use of both Drug X and Drug Y. II. Show how Drug X and Drug Y are similar. III. Show how Drug X and Drug Y differ.

Specific Purpose To persuade a group of high school juniors to apply to attend Generic University Main Points I. Life in the dorms II. Life in the classroom III. Life on campus

Specific Purpose To inform a group of school administrators about the various open-source software packages that could be utilized in their school districts Main Point 1 School districts use software in their operations. Define educational software. List and describe the software commonly used by school districts. Main Point 2 What is open-source software? Define open-source software. Review the history of open-source software. Explain the advantages of using open-source software. Describe the value of open-source software. Explain the disadvantages of using open-source software. Describe some problems that have occurred with open-source software. Main Point 3 Name some specific open-source software packages that may be appropriate for these school administrators to consider. Review the software needs of my specific audience. Describe some educational open-source software packages. You may notice that in the preceding list, the number of subpoints under each of the three main points is a little disjointed or the topics don’t go together clearly. That’s all right. Remember that these are just general ideas at this point. It’s also important to remember that there is often more than one way to organize a speech. Some of these points could be left out and others developed more fully, depending on the purpose and audience. We’ll develop the preceding main points more fully in a moment.

Specific Purpose To inform a group of school administrators about the various open-source software packages that could be utilized in their school districts Brainstorming List of Points Define open-source software. Define educational software. List and describe the software commonly used by school districts. Explain the advantages of using open-source software. Explain the disadvantages of using open-source software. Review the history of open-source software. Describe the value of open-source software. Describe some educational open-source software packages. Review the software needs of my specific audience. Describe some problems that have occurred with open-source software.

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Table 6.3 My Specific Purpose Is… General Purpose Audience Topic To inform my audience about the usefulness of scrapbooking to save a family’s memories. To persuade a group of kindergarten teachers to adopt a new disciplinary method for their classrooms. To entertain a group of executives by describing the lighter side of life in “cubicle-ville.” To inform community members about the newly proposed swimming pool plans that have been adopted. To persuade my peers in class to vote for me for class president. To entertain the guests attending my mother’s birthday party by telling a humorous story followed by a toast.

Inspirational speeches are based in emotion with the goal to motivate listeners to alter their lives in some significant way.

the speech and the purpose of the speech is determined by the context of the event and not by the desire to inform or persuade.

The after-dinner speech is a form of speaking where a speaker takes a serious speech topic (either informative or persuasive) and injects a level of humor into the speech to make it entertaining.

but its goal is primarily about the entertaining aspects of the speech and not focused on the informative or persuasive quality of the speech.

An entertaining speech can be either informative or persuasive at its root, but the context or theme of the speech requires speakers to think about the speech primarily in terms of audience enjoyment.

Dispositional beliefs, on the other hand, are beliefs that people have not actively engaged in; they are judgments based on related subjects, which people make when they encounter a proposition.

Core beliefs are beliefs that people have actively engaged in and created over the course of their lives

Value refers to an individual’s perception of the usefulness, importance, or worth of something.

An attitude is defined as an individual’s general predisposition toward something as being good or bad, right or wrong, negative or positive.

Manipulative persuasion, on the other hand, occurs when a speaker urges listeners to engage in a specific behavior or change a point of view by misleading them, often to fulfill an ulterior motive beyond the face value of the persuasive attempt. We call this form of persuasion manipulative because the speaker is not being honest about the real purpose for attempting to persuade the audience.

Pure persuasion occurs when a speaker urges listeners to engage in a specific behavior or change a point of view because the speaker truly believes that the change is in the best interest of the audience members.

A persuasive speech can be distinguished from an informative speech by the fact that it includes a call for action for the audience to make some change in their behavior or thinking.

This informative speech topic is probably the most difficult for novice public speakers because it requires walking a fine line between informing and persuading

There is a very specific set of steps that a bill must go through before it becomes a law, so there is a very clear process that could be explained to an audience. The how-to-do speech, on the other hand, is designed to help people come to an end result of some kind.

The fourth type of informative speech involves concepts, or “abstract and difficult ideas or theories”

The point is to make sure that an informative speech is talking about the event (who, what, when, where, and why) and not attempting to persuade people to pass judgment upon the event or its effects.

The first type of informative speech relates to objects, which can include how objects are designed, how they function, and what they mean.

The second type of informative speech focuses on people. People-based speeches tend to be biography-oriented.

Every year, millions of people attend some kind of knowledge sharing conference or convention in hopes of learning new information or skills that will help them in their personal or professional lives

Aristotle talked about three speech purposes: deliberative (political speech), forensic (courtroom speech), and epideictic (speech of praise or blame). Cicero also talked about three purposes: judicial (courtroom speech), deliberative (political speech), and demonstrative (ceremonial speech—similar to Aristotle’s epideictic). A little more recently, St. Augustine of Hippo also wrote about three specific speech purposes: to teach (provide people with information), to delight (entertain people or show people false ideas), and to sway (persuade people to a religious ideology). All these systems of identifying public speeches have been attempts at helping people determine the general purpose of their speech. A general purpose refers to the broad goal in creating and delivering a speech.

results manually, or set up an automated online survey through the free or subscription portals of sites like Survey Monkey and Zoomerang.

the perception that the speaker is honest, knowledgeable, and rightly motivated.

Scholars Samovar and McDaniel tell us that ethical language choices require four guidelines: Be accurate; present the facts accurately. Be aware of the emotional impact; make sure that you don’t manipulate feelings. Avoid hateful words; refrain from language that disparages or belittles people. Be sensitive to the audience; know how audience members prefer to be identified (e.g., Native American instead of Indian, women instead of girls, African American instead of black, disabled instead of crippled)

Speakers also need to be aware of language and nonverbal behaviors that state or imply a negative message about people based on their various membership groups.

All members of our audiences deserve to have the same sensitivity and the same respect extended to them as unique individuals. Respecting diversity is not merely a responsibility within public speaking; it should be a responsibility we strive to embrace in all our human interactions.

Be careful not to use jargon or “insider” language that will exclude listeners who aren’t “in the know.”

In each case, you should use audience analysis to consider how your audience will respond to you, your topic, and your message.

This can be as simple as establishing eye contact and thanking them for coming to hear your presentation

discovering, revising, and reporting.

scholarly investigation into a topic in order to discover, revise, or report facts, theories, and applications.

Secondary research is carried out to discover or revise facts, theories, and applications—similar to primary research—but it is reported by someone not involved in conducting the actual research.

Clearly, the Paleolithic sculptor who made this small figurine would never have named it the Venus of Willendorf. Venus was the name of the Roman goddess of love and ideal beauty. When discovered outside the Austrian village of Willendorf, scholars mistakenly assumed that this figure was likewise a goddess of love and beauty. There is absolutely no evidence though that the Venus of Willendorf shared a function similar to its classically inspired namesake.

C2vA1A2B1B2ΓtotE1111−9Cz211−1−1−1σxz1−11−11σyz1−1−113h = 4z, x2, y2, z2xy, Rzx, xz, Ryy, yz, Rx

the direction of the chemical reaction

An attitude refers to our opinions, beliefs, and feelings about aspects of our environment.

Take careful notes. However you decide to keep track of the information you collect (old-fashioned pen and notebook or a computer software program), the more careful your note-taking is, the less likely you’ll find yourself inadvertently not citing information or citing the information incorrectly. It doesn’t matter what method you choose for taking research notes, but whatever you do, you need to be systematic to avoid plagiarizing.

different types

When magma is emplaced at depth or extruded onto the surface (then called lava), it starts to cool and mineral crystals can form.

Precipitation is the reverse process, in which ions in solution come together to form solid minerals.

The travertine terraces at Mammoth Hot Springs in Yellowstone Park are another example formed by calcite precipitation at the edges of the shallow spring-fed ponds.

Some natural substances technically should not be considered minerals, but are included by excep

Check Yourself: We predicted earlier that our answer should be closer to the mass of Ne-20 (19.992 amu) instead of Ne-21 or Ne-22 because it has the greatest natural abundance, and thus, impacts the average more. We can see that the math does align with our logic!

Schrödinger and Heisenberg Representations

this would make no sense for the zero vector

[eigen2]

in the variable x

Alpha particles (He24(He24 (\ce{^4_2He}, also represented by the symbol α24)α24)\ce{^{4}_{2}\alpha}) are high-energy helium nuclei

1eV=1.602×10−19J

manganese

the nucleophile is a good acid

weak acids produce weak conjugate bases

competition and survival

a)1(x)y′

Nonlinear Linear

The inductive effect of a second nitrogen makes all three of these heterocycles less basic than pyridine.

Explain the perceived stereotypes about Pacific Islanders and counter with the way Pacific Islanders express who they are themselves

Summarize 2-3 examples of how Japanese Americans resisted and/or persevered mass incarceration during World War II.

Considering immigration laws and histories, describe Asian immigration to the United States.

Define and compare “yellow peril” and “model minority” myth and how they both work to racialize Asian Americans.