‘Sita Sings the Blues’ by Nina Paley is an animated film that tells the story of Sita (husband of Rama) from the ancient Indian epic, the Ramayana. The film combines a somewhat autobiographical component in the form of music (the blues), thus providing a unique, engaging, and feminist interpretation of Sita’s story. The animation blends Indian art with contemporary visuals and1920s jazz vocals performed by Annette Hanshaw. While I found ‘Sita Sings the Blues’ much more engaging and easier to understand than Valmiki’s Ramayana, there are key differences in gender roles and the progression of gender roles based on the period of the source. In Valmiki’s Ramayana, Sita embodies the ideal wife and woman, adhering to the expectations of duty, loyalty, and purity, especially through specific moments: following Rama to exile, suffering abduction by Ravana, and undergoing a trial by fire to prove her chastity. In "Sita Sings the Blues," Sita retains these qualities but is given a voice through blues music, which adds emotional depth and modern feminist commentary. This version portrays Sita as more vocal about her emotions and frustrations, highlighting her humanity. Interestingly, Valmiki’s Sita is defined by her relationship to Rama and her adherence to dharma. Her heroism is in the uplifting of her duty (or ‘dharma) by showing devotion to Rama as a woman’s role is often confined to being devoted to her husband. Paley’s Sita challenges this by expressing her inner life, thus redefining heroism to include emotional resilience and the right to question unjust treatment."Sita Sings the Blues" critiques this by juxtaposing traditional scenes with contemporary animation and blues songs, thereby emphasizing the restrictive nature of these roles and advocating for a more nuanced understanding of gender dynamics. In Valmiki’s text, heroism is predominantly male-centered, defined by physical strength and adherence to dharma while Paley’s adaptation redefines heroism to include emotional expression and resilience, allowing Sita to provide a platform for her to voice her pain and strength— a form of expression that woman is culturally told to hide but has been growing into a form of strength in modern times with growing recognition of female rights, the “#MeToo Movement, and more. From a linguistic perspective, Valmiki’s text is rich in poetic language and cultural references, but the patriarchal mindset of the time is evident in the language, which often marginalizes female perspectives. The text’s portrayal of gender roles reflects the socio-political context of ancient India. The linguistic innovation of ‘Sita Sings the Blues’ combining traditional dialogue with modern American English and blues lyrics creates a unique narrative voice. This blend serves to bridge cultural and temporal gaps, making the story accessible and relevant to contemporary audiences. The adaptation strives to promote feminist reinterpretation though can also be seen as an imposition of modern values on an ancient text, potentially overshadowing the original cultural context. CC BY Aarushi Attray (contact)

Valmiki. The Ramayana. Translated by R. K. Narayan, Penguin Classics, 2006.

Paley, Nina. Sita Sings the Blues. Directed by Nina Paley, 2008, http://www.sitasingstheblues.com/watch.html.

Sita Sings the Blues was a vibrant tale about love lost. I found that even though the main character was held captive and was awaiting her 'knight in shining armor', she was the real hero.