Nuclear pore complex or NPC. There is a size exclusion. <60kDa to pass through unassisted.

As soon as this sequence is translated, the SRP binds it. Elongation is temporarily arrested. SRP-ribosome complex binds to the SRP receptor on the ER membrane. Translation now continues into the lumen of the ER. The SPR and its receptor are recycled.

• Axoneme
• Cell crawling via the remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton.

Reuptake or enzymatic breakdown (Ach)

APC/C targets S-CDK and M-CDK. Degradation of M-cylin.

• Provides edge to the cell
• Controls the entry and exit of material.
• Fluid-mosaic model explains the structure and function of the membrane.
• High control of intracellular conditions.

Example of epigenetic change in plants by season.

Crystal violet, CV. In the aqueous solution created, CV exists as its cation CV+. CV+ ions penetrate the cell wall of the bacteria. CV+ binds to negative moieties of the peptidoglycan cell wall. Iodine is added. CV and I- complex and crystallise.

Decolorization, the variable step, strips off the outer membrane of gram negative, but not gram positive bacteria. As the cell wall in gram negative becomes permeable, CVI diffuses out an colour is lost. <br /> Gram positive retains colour from CVI stain.

Safarin is a positively charged counterstain. Binds colourless membrane of gram negative.

Results in pink gram negative and purple gram positive.

Gram staining allows for the differentiation of gram positive and gram negative bacteria.

• Ehrlich's magic bullet.
• Salvarsan brought to market in 1910.
• The systematic selection of compounds, informed by the specific causative agent, still used at present to bring new antibiotics today.

Fleming's serendipitous discovery of penicillin.

• In addition, the Egyptians noted that the yearly river Nile mud gave rise to many frogs so they concluded that this mud spontaneously generated frogs.

Mixing does occur between chromosome regions. Not as distinct as first thought.

Subnuclear structure: nuclear bodies * typically spherical<br /> * PML bodies (promyelocytic leukemia protein), involved in transcriptional regulation/cell division * Cleavage bodies * Cajal bodies (CB) * antibody against coilin * Gems * antibody against SMN * CB and gems co-localise with exposure/differentiation to RA. Vary with cell type. * Nuclei of SMA afflicted foetuses lose gems.

Subnuclear structure: Nuclear speckles, not a blanket term. * Also called interchromatin granule clusters * Splicing factor storage (for splicing factors (mostly) not in use) * Proteins may move out of or enter nuclear speckles.

FRAP as a method to test dynamism, movement. Diffusion vs no diffusion of bleached protein. * Mobile fraction * Immobile fraction

The fibrillar centre is where genes for rRNA are transcribed. The dense fibrillar component where rRNA is processed, chemically modified. The granular component is where protein components are combined with rRNA. Generates preribosomal molecules that are close to being exported to cytoplasm.

Immunoprecipitation is a technique for the isolation of protein or a complex (protein-protein interactions) Sample is combined with a specific antibody for the epitope of interest. The antibody-protein complex is removed and analysed.

1. Molecules from biological sample (lysed) +incubated with antibodies (free or mounted onto support (like agarose bead, magnetic bead))
2. protein A or G coupled beads added.
3. Centrifuged
4. Results in Beads with protein A/G bound to antibody-POI complex.
5. Well separated in this way, differentially based on sedimentation coefficient.

Co-immunoprecipitation (can isolate one type of protein in its complex)

Isolate POI(s) Good with low conc. of POI Protein interactions Unknown proteins Determine if protein is actually being expressed in a given tissue.

Western blot is carried out to analyse the output.

Vary salt and detergent levels to preserve or destroy protein interactions.

mRNA needs to be assisted across the NPC. Like protein, also classed as facilitated diffusion. * mRNP exporter combines with mRNA with poly A tail, by interacting with FG repeats * mRNA moves through NPC * Dpb5 is an RNA helicase * Straightens the mRNA secondary structure and allows passage, removes proteins on the strand (NXT1, NXF1) * mRNP exporter proteins dissociate from the mRNA. * mRNA is now in cytoplasm

An glycerol-ether bond in archaea, an glycerol-ester in bacteria and eukaryotes.

• Margulis hypothesised the popular classical theory for eukaryotic beginnings.
• Later, as an undergraduate, David Baum proposed the inside-out theory. This is where some eoctye, or archaea, lauched protruding blebs at epibiotic protobacteira. This is how the primitive cell would have harnessed another cell's prokaryotic metabolism for its own benefit, evolving into mitochondria, and in doing so, the inversion of cell membrane into two leaflets via engulfment generates the primitive nucleus -- two layers is still seen.

Cells that divide by mitosis