Mixing does occur between chromosome regions. Not as distinct as first thought.

Subnuclear structure: nuclear bodies * typically spherical<br /> * PML bodies (promyelocytic leukemia protein), involved in transcriptional regulation/cell division * Cleavage bodies * Cajal bodies (CB) * antibody against coilin * Gems * antibody against SMN * CB and gems co-localise with exposure/differentiation to RA. Vary with cell type. * Nuclei of SMA afflicted foetuses lose gems.

Subnuclear structure: Nuclear speckles, not a blanket term. * Also called interchromatin granule clusters * Splicing factor storage (for splicing factors (mostly) not in use) * Proteins may move out of or enter nuclear speckles.

FRAP as a method to test dynamism, movement. Diffusion vs no diffusion of bleached protein. * Mobile fraction * Immobile fraction

The fibrillar centre is where genes for rRNA are transcribed. The dense fibrillar component where rRNA is processed, chemically modified. The granular component is where protein components are combined with rRNA. Generates preribosomal molecules that are close to being exported to cytoplasm.

mRNA needs to be assisted across the NPC. Like protein, also classed as facilitated diffusion. * mRNP exporter combines with mRNA with poly A tail, by interacting with FG repeats * mRNA moves through NPC * Dpb5 is an RNA helicase * Straightens the mRNA secondary structure and allows passage, removes proteins on the strand (NXT1, NXF1) * mRNP exporter proteins dissociate from the mRNA. * mRNA is now in cytoplasm

Was the type specimen for Cassidula nucleus (Gmelin, 1791) collected by James Cook (1728-1779)? The type specimen with catalog number NHMD-155242 is collected at Tahiti and James Cook visited Tahiti during all of his three voyages (1768-1771; 1772-1775; 1776-1779).

Cassidula nucleus (Gmelin, 1791) https://www.gbif.org/species/7932657 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassidula_nucleus http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3695551 http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=549377 http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=882010

original description (of Helix nucleus Gmelin, 1791) Gmelin J.F. (1791). Vermes. In: Gmelin J.F. (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Ed. 13. Tome 1(6). G.E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig]. pp. 3021-3910. , available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83098#5 page(s): 3193

Original description of Helix nucleus Gmelin, 1791: "Nucleus. 255. H. tefta imperforata ovata glauca transverfim ftriata: cingulis atris, apertura finuola. Martin univ. Conch. 2. t. 67. fig. exter. Habitat in Tahiti."

The first voyage (1768–1771) of James Cook arrived at Tahiti on 13 April 1769. The second voyage (1772–1775) of James Cook also landed at Tahiti to resupply in 1774. And again during his third voyage (1776–1779). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook

Systema Naturae was originally published in 1735. But does not include Helix nucleus. The 10th edition 1758 does not include Helix nucleus. The 12 edition (1766-68) and last edited by Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) does not include Helix nucleus. While the 13th edition edited by Johann Friedrich Gmelin between 1788 and 1793 does include Helix nucleus in volume 1 part 1 published in July 1788. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae

The type specimen held at Zoological museum of the the Natural History Museum of Denmark with catalog number NHMD-155242 is indicated as collected by James Cook at Tahiti. As the type specimen for Helix nucleus Gmelin, 1791, it must have been collected before 1791.

https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2012930732 https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2012930732#annotations:_zXnVoS2EeuTD5vLxRG34Q

Was the type specimen for Cassidula nucleus (Gmelin, 1791) collected by James Cook (1728-1779)? The type specimen with catalog number NHMD-155242 is collected at Tahiti and James Cook visited Tahiti during all of his three voyages (1768-1771; 1772-1775; 1776-1779).

Cassidula nucleus (Gmelin, 1791) https://www.gbif.org/species/7932657 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassidula_nucleus http://www.wikidata.org/entity/Q3695551 http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=549377 http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=882010

original description (of Helix nucleus Gmelin, 1791) Gmelin J.F. (1791). Vermes. In: Gmelin J.F. (Ed.) Caroli a Linnaei Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Ed. 13. Tome 1(6). G.E. Beer, Lipsiae [Leipzig]. pp. 3021-3910. , available online at http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/83098#5 page(s): 3193

Original description of Helix nucleus Gmelin, 1791: "Nucleus. 255. H. tefta imperforata ovata glauca transverfim ftriata: cingulis atris, apertura finuola. Martin univ. Conch. 2. t. 67. fig. exter. Habitat in Tahiti."

The first voyage (1768–1771) of James Cook arrived at Tahiti on 13 April 1769. The second voyage (1772–1775) of James Cook also landed at Tahiti to resupply in 1774. And again during his third voyage (1776–1779). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cook

Systema Naturae was originally published in 1735. But does not include Helix nucleus. The 10th edition 1758 does not include Helix nucleus. The 12 edition (1766-68) and last edited by Carl Linnaeus (1707-1778) does not include Helix nucleus. While the 13th edition edited by Johann Friedrich Gmelin between 1788 and 1793 does include Helix nucleus in volume 1 part 1 published in July 1788. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systema_Naturae

The type specimen held at Zoological museum of the the Natural History Museum of Denmark with catalog number NHMD-155242 is indicated as collected by James Cook at Tahiti. As the type specimen for Helix nucleus Gmelin, 1791, it must have been collected before 1791.

https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2012930732 https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/2012930732#annotations:_zXnVoS2EeuTD5vLxRG34Q

This is the process of a complementary mRNA copy of a single gene on the DNA that is created in the nucleus. The mRNA is smaller than the DNA so it can carry the genetic code into the ribosome and into the cytoplasm that enables the protein creation.

This is a single strand on an RNA molecule that leaves the the nucleus of a cell in order to relocate to the cytoplasm. This is where the mRNA can help create the protein for the cell in a process known as protein synthesis. The mRNA takes in information passed into it by DNA and decode it for the ribosomes to make more protein for the cell to live on.