85 Matching Annotations
  1. Nov 2023
    1. Nel tempo vi sono state diverse campagne volte a mettere in dubbio l'efficacia o la sicurezza dei vaccini. Ad esempio, i vaccini o i loro eccipienti sono stati accusati erroneamente di essere possibili cause di autismo[15], ADHD[16], sindromi autoimmuni[17] e altri tipi di patologie. Tuttavia queste affermazioni sono state confutate da centinaia di studi[18] che hanno dimostrato l'assenza di nesso tra le suddette patologie e i vaccini, nonché l'assoluta sicurezza ed efficacia degli stessi.

      Efficacia e sicurezza dei più recenti vaccini a mRNA sono state pesantemente smentite dall'enorme numero di morti e di persone invalidate dai vaccini Pfizer, Moderna, Astrazeneca ed altri. L'insorgenza di miocarditi e di pericarditi o di entrambe in vario grado è evidentissima; il numero di patologie autoimmuni e di tumori fulminanti insorti in soggetti in età infantile, adolescenziale, giovanile adulta è in notevole crescita in tutti i Paesi in cui la popolazione ha aderito massicciamente alle vaccinazioni a mRNA. Autoimmunity Reactions

  2. Mar 2023
    1. Review coordinated by Life Science Editors Foundation

      Reviewed by: Dr. Angela Andersen

      Potential Conflicts of Interest: None

      Background: * mRNAs in polarized cells often have a distinct spatial localization patterns that enable localized protein production * In non-polarized cells, mRNAs encoding membrane and secretory proteins are predominantly translated on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), some mRNAs are enriched on the mitochondrial surface, some mRNAs are bound to the RNA-binding protein (RBP) TIS11B at the surface of the rough ER in "TIS granules". * The translation of specific mRNAs in TIS granules allows assembly of protein complexes that cannot be established when the mRNAs are translated on the ER but outside of TIS granules (physiological relevance). * The canonical rough ER (CRER) is distinct from the TIS granule ER (TGER), and both are distinct from the cytosol.

      Questions: * Do mRNAs that encode non-membrane proteins differentially localize to the ER or the cytosol? (in steady state) * Does the amount of protein synthesis differ depending on the subcytoplasmic location of an mRNA?

      Summary: * A third of mRNAs that encode non-membrane proteins have a biased localization to TGER or CRER, indicating that the ER membrane is a general site of translation for both membrane and non-membrane proteins. * 52% of mRNAs that encode non-membrane proteins have a biased mRNA transcript localization pattern towards a single cytoplasmic compartment. the TGER, CRER or cytosol. * The localization at the TGER or CRER was largely controlled by a combinatorial code of AU-RBPs at the 3'UTR. TIS11B promotes mRNA localization to TGER and TIA1/L1 to CRER. * LARP4B bound to the 3'UTR promotes cytosolic localization. * The location of translation has an independent effect on protein levels independent of the RBPs/3'UTR: redirecting cytosolic mRNAs to the rough ER membrane increased their steady-state protein levels by two-fold, indicating that the ER environment promotes protein expression. * Compartment-enriched mRNAs differed in their mRNA production and degradation rates, as well as functional classes and levels of their encoded proteins. Therefore the cytoplasm is partitioned into different functional and regulatory compartments that are not enclosed by membranes. * low-abundance proteins are translated in the TGER region. mRNAs encoding zinc finger proteins and transcription factors were substantially enriched at the TGER. These gene classes are usually expressed at lower levels than others.. This localization may regulate protein complex assembly (membrane proteins that are translated in the TGER domain establish protein complexes that cannot be formed when the proteins are translated on the CRER). The TGER may ensure that low-abundance mRNAs are effectively translated into low-abundance proteins. * mRNAs that are the most stable and encode the most highly expressed proteins are enriched on the CRER and include helicases, cytoskeleton-bound proteins, and chromatin regulators, overturning the idea that most non-membrane protein-encoding mRNAs are translated in the cytosol. * mRNAs overrepresented in the cytosol had the highest production and degradation rates and were enriched in proteins involved in mRNA processing and translation factors, whose abundance levels require tight control.

      Advance: Evidence for functional compartmentalization of non-membrane mRNA protein expression in the cytosol vs ER. In steady state, general localization of mRNAs to the ER promotes high protein levels.

      Significance: Engineered 3'UTR sequences could potentially boost protein expression by localizing mRNAs to the ER in experimental settings, for vaccines etc.

      Remaining questions/points: * How does the rough ER stimulate protein expression? * Does the mRNA localization affect complex formation and/or function of non-membrane proteins? * Does this occur in cells other than HEK293T? * Is this regulated?

  3. Feb 2023
    1. L'occasionale rinuncia di alcuni genitori alle vaccinazioni consigliate per i propri figli, spesso sulla base di fuorvianti informazioni pseudoscientifiche o di credenze errate sulla reale sicurezza dei vaccini[2][3][4][5], ha portato negli ultimi anni ad una ripresa dell'incidenza di malattie gravi o potenzialmente mortali (che sarebbero facilmente evitabili tramite semplici vaccinazioni) in migliaia di bambini.[

      In epoca vaccinazioni Covid-19 i genitori si sono fidati delle vaccinazioni a mRNA ed oltre a vaccinarsi loro stessi hanno fatto vaccinare i propri figli con un conseguente aumento delle morti preadolescenziali e adolescenziali oltreché giovanili. I dati ci sono e sono sotto gli occhi di tutti...

  4. Dec 2022
    1. Export of mRNA and Ribosomes from the Nucleus

      mRNA needs to be assisted across the NPC. Like protein, also classed as facilitated diffusion. * mRNP exporter combines with mRNA with poly A tail, by interacting with FG repeats * mRNA moves through NPC * Dpb5 is an RNA helicase * Straightens the mRNA secondary structure and allows passage, removes proteins on the strand (NXT1, NXF1) * mRNP exporter proteins dissociate from the mRNA. * mRNA is now in cytoplasm

  5. Aug 2022
    1. Lucas, C., Vogels, C. B. F., Yildirim, I., Rothman, J. E., Lu, P., Monteiro, V., Gelhausen, J. R., Campbell, M., Silva, J., Tabachikova, A., Peña-Hernandez, M. A., Muenker, M. C., Breban, M. I., Fauver, J. R., Mohanty, S., Huang, J., Shaw, A. C., Ko, A. I., Omer, S. B., … Iwasaki, A. (2021). Impact of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants on mRNA vaccine-induced immunity. Nature, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04085-y

    1. Kustin, T., Harel, N., Finkel, U., Perchik, S., Harari, S., Tahor, M., Caspi, I., Levy, R., Leschinsky, M., Dror, S. K., Bergerzon, G., Gadban, H., Gadban, F., Eliassian, E., Shimron, O., Saleh, L., Ben-Zvi, H., Amichay, D., Ben-Dor, A., … Stern, A. (2021). Evidence for increased breakthrough rates of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in BNT162b2 mRNA vaccinated individuals. MedRxiv, 2021.04.06.21254882. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.04.06.21254882

    1. Lauring, A. S., Tenforde, M. W., Chappell, J. D., Gaglani, M., Ginde, A. A., McNeal, T., Ghamande, S., Douin, D. J., Talbot, H. K., Casey, J. D., Mohr, N. M., Zepeski, A., Shapiro, N. I., Gibbs, K. W., Files, D. C., Hager, D. N., Shehu, A., Prekker, M. E., Erickson, H. L., … Self, W. H. (2022). Clinical severity of, and effectiveness of mRNA vaccines against, covid-19 from omicron, delta, and alpha SARS-CoV-2 variants in the United States: Prospective observational study. BMJ, 376, e069761. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2021-069761

    1. ReconfigBehSci. (2021, November 26). maybe this is a good moment to remind people that makers of mRNA vaccines have been extensively prepping for the possibility of new variants. Biontech/Pfizer have given a timeline of 100 days to the delivery of a retooled version of their vaccine [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1464225264523747359

  6. Apr 2022
    1. Payne, R. P., Longet, S., Austin, J. A., Skelly, D. T., Dejnirattisai, W., Adele, S., Meardon, N., Faustini, S., Al-Taei, S., Moore, S. C., Tipton, T., Hering, L. M., Angyal, A., Brown, R., Nicols, A. R., Gillson, N., Dobson, S. L., Amini, A., Supasa, P., … Zawia, A. A. T. (2021). Immunogenicity of standard and extended dosing intervals of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Cell, 184(23), 5699-5714.e11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.10.011

    1. Eric Feigl-Ding [@DrEricDing]. (2021, November 12). 💡BEST. VIDEO. ALL. YEAR. Please share with friends how the mRNA vaccine works to fight the coronavirus. 📌NOTA BENE—The mRNA never interacts with your DNA 🧬. #vaccinate (Special thanks to the Vaccine Makers Project @vaccinemakers of @ChildrensPhila). #COVID19 https://t.co/CrSGGo6tqq [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/DrEricDing/status/1459284608122564610

    2. Eric Feigl-Ding [@DrEricDing]. (2021, November 12). 💡BEST. VIDEO. ALL. YEAR. Please share with friends how the mRNA vaccine works to fight the coronavirus. 📌NOTA BENE—The mRNA never interacts with your DNA 🧬. #vaccinate (Special thanks to the Vaccine Makers Project @vaccinemakers of @ChildrensPhila). #COVID19 https://t.co/CrSGGo6tqq [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/DrEricDing/status/1459284608122564610

    1. Pérez-Then, E., Lucas, C., Monteiro, V. S., Miric, M., Brache, V., Cochon, L., Vogels, C. B. F., Cruz, E. D. la, Jorge, A., Santos, M. D. los, Leon, P., Breban, M. I., Billig, K., Yildirim, I., Pearson, C., Downing, R., Gagnon, E., Muyombwe, A., Razeq, J., … Iwasaki, A. (2021). Immunogenicity of heterologous BNT162b2 booster in fully vaccinated individuals with CoronaVac against SARS-CoV-2 variants Delta and Omicron: The Dominican Republic Experience (p. 2021.12.27.21268459). medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.27.21268459

    1. 🇺🇦 Meaghan Kall [@kallmemeg]. (2021, December 23). VACCINES Speaking of boosters, it’s not great news I’m afraid. Updated vaccine effectiveness analysis shows mRNA boosters beginning to wane from one month (week 5-9) for Omicron, and as low as 30-50% effective from 10 weeks post-booster. This effect is not seen with Delta. Https://t.co/g0tLxH3vLR [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/kallmemeg/status/1474072056878804992

    1. Paul Bieniasz [@PaulBieniasz]. (2021, December 12). It is time to discard the notion that two doses of mRNA means “fully vaccinated” It is time to discard the notion that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection means you don’t need to be vaccinated. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/PaulBieniasz/status/1470041859053563906

    1. Brianna Wu. (2021, June 5). MRNA is unbelievably fragile. The enzymes that degrade it are literally everywhere. That’s why they had to develop specialized lipid nanoparticles to deliver it. It would last two seconds in a sewer system. Also, it gets separated from the delivery system after it’s injected. Https://t.co/35dZ6r6UAq [Tweet]. @BriannaWu. https://twitter.com/BriannaWu/status/1400998163968933888

  7. Feb 2022
    1. ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: “RT @Gab_H_R: Effectiveness of mRNA-1273 against-Omicron and Delta variants ⚠️ The 3dose VE was 71.6% and 47.4% against Omicron infection (…” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1496032262177136642

  8. Jan 2022
    1. Home

      Zuo, F., Abolhassani, H., Du, L., Piralla, A., Bertoglio, F., Campos-Mata, L. de, Wan, H., Schubert, M., Wang, Y., Sun, R., Cassaniti, I., Vlachiotis, S., Kumagai-Braesch, M., Andréll, J., Zhang, Z., Xue, Y., Wenzel, E. V., Calzolai, L., Varani, L., … Pan-Hammarström, Q. (2022). Heterologous immunization with inactivated vaccine followed by mRNA booster elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (p. 2022.01.04.22268755). https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.01.04.22268755

  9. Dec 2021
    1. Garcia-Beltran, W. F., Denis, K. J. S., Hoelzemer, A., Lam, E. C., Nitido, A. D., Sheehan, M. L., Berrios, C., Ofoman, O., Chang, C. C., Hauser, B. M., Feldman, J., Gregory, D. J., Poznansky, M. C., Schmidt, A. G., Iafrate, A. J., Naranbhai, V., & Balazs, A. B. (2021). MRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (p. 2021.12.14.21267755). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.14.21267755

    1. Bert Hubert’s excellent and widely shared article about Reverse Engineering the source code of the Pfizer-BioNTech SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine

      These 2 articles form an informational island on covid19 mRNA vaccines.

    1. Translational kinetics of mRNA-LNP delivered by different routes in vivo. Quantification of the bioluminescent signal measured in BALB/c mice injected with (A) 0.1 μg, (B) 1.0 μg or (C) 5.0 μg mRNA-LNPs by intradermal (i.d.), intramuscu

      Diagrams of the presence of proteins versus time in various administration methods in mouse

    1. In this mouse model, the mRNA hit the hepatocytes and caused them to make plenty of luciferase, but not for long: at Day 1, the livers were lit up like a used car lot, but by Day 3, everything was gone. At that point, though, there was still some light coming from the sites of injection.

      Where does all the mRNA end up, according to this 2015 study on mice](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC4624045/)?

      Here we learn stuff not reorted in the paper.

  10. Nov 2021
    1. It remains unclear whether the reduction in the neutralization sensitivity of the N501Y.V2 strain to vaccine-induced antibodies is enough to seriously reduce vaccine efficacy. First, mRNA vaccines also induce virus-specific helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, both of which might be involved in protection against challenge. Also, the mRNA vaccines, in particular, induce such a strong NAb response that there could be enough “spare capacity” to deal with reductions in the sensitivity of the variant to NAbs. In other words, N501Y.V2 (and the related virus from Brazil) may be less sensitive to NAbs, but not to an extent that will cause widespread vaccine failure.

      Variants that show reduced sensitivity to NAbs don't necessarily mean mRNA vaccine failure

      New variants may emerge that show reduced sensitivity to NAbs.

      This may not result in vaccine failure because:

      1. The mRNA vaccines induce such a strong NAb response, there will be enough spare capacity to deal with the virus.
      2. The mRNA vaccines also induce other virus specific protection such as helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells, which may not be affected by the reduction in NAb sensitivity.
    1. The effect on asymptomatic infections was a welcome surprise, because it has been thought that most vaccines for respiratory illnesses, including influenza, are “leaky” — that is, they allow some degree of asymptomatic infection and are better at preventing symptomatic infection.

      Most vaccines for respiratory illnesses are leaky.

      The efficacy the mRNA vaccines showed in preventing asymptomatic transmission was therefore a welcome surprise.

  11. Oct 2021
    1. Tartof, S. Y., Slezak, J. M., Fischer, H., Hong, V., Ackerson, B. K., Ranasinghe, O. N., Frankland, T. B., Ogun, O. A., Zamparo, J. M., Gray, S., Valluri, S. R., Pan, K., Angulo, F. J., Jodar, L., & McLaughlin, J. M. (2021). Effectiveness of mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine up to 6 months in a large integrated health system in the USA: A retrospective cohort study. The Lancet, 398(10309), 1407–1416. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02183-8

    1. Following IM administration, the maximum concentration (Cmax) of the injection site muscle was 5,680 ng/mL, and the level declined with an estimated t1/2 of 18.8 hr

      Vaccine's halg-life was measured just below a day for mice muscles.

    2. The spleen and liver had a mean Cmax of 86.9 ng/mL

      Spleen & liver had x30 less mRNA concentration than Lymph nodes closest to the vaccine site, and x70 less the injected muscle.

    3. Proximal lymph nodes had the second highest concentration at 2,120 ng/mL (tmax of 8 hr with a relatively long t1/2 of 25.4 hr)

      Lymph-node mRNA half-life is a day.

    1. Barros-Martins, J., Hammerschmidt, S. I., Cossmann, A., Odak, I., Stankov, M. V., Morillas Ramos, G., Dopfer-Jablonka, A., Heidemann, A., Ritter, C., Friedrichsen, M., Schultze-Florey, C., Ravens, I., Willenzon, S., Bubke, A., Ristenpart, J., Janssen, A., Ssebyatika, G., Bernhardt, G., Münch, J., … Behrens, G. M. N. (2021). Immune responses against SARS-CoV-2 variants after heterologous and homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/BNT162b2 vaccination. Nature Medicine, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01449-9

  12. Sep 2021
    1. Published clinical data on the safety of mRNA-LNP vaccines are scarce, in comparison with siRNA, and are limited to local administration (ID and IM).

      Safety of mRNA vaccines.

    2. Although LNPs are promising delivery systems, safety issues need to be addressed to enable proper clinical development of LNP-formulated mRNA vaccines. LNPs’ potential toxicity could be complex and might manifest in systemic effects due to innate immune activation (induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine production), and/or in local, cellular toxicity due to accumulation of lipids in tissues (Hassett et al. 2019; Semple et al. 2010; Sabnis et al. 2018). Toxicity could potentially be abrogated, or reduced, by the administration of prophylactic anti-inflammatory steroids or other molecules and/or using biodegradable lipids (Hassett et al. 2019; Abrams et al. 2010; Tabernero et al. 2013; Tao et al. 2011). LNPs can also activate the complement system and might potentially elicit a hypersensitivity reaction known as complement activation-related pseudoallergy (CARPA) (Dezsi et al. 2014; Mohamed et al. 2019; Szebeni 2005, 2014), which can be alleviated using different strategies such as steroid and anti-allergic premedication (i.e., dexamethasone, acetaminophen, and antihistaminic drugs) or the use of low infusion rates during intravenous administration (Mohamed et al. 2019; Szebeni et al. 2018). Alternatively, co-delivery of regulatory cytokines (i.e., IL-10) using LNPs might be a viable strategy to reduce potential LNP-associated adverse events.

      Safety of mRNA Liquid Nanoparticles

  13. Aug 2021
    1. Hillus, David, Tatjana Schwarz, Pinkus Tober-Lau, Hana Hastor, Charlotte Thibeault, Stefanie Kasper, Elisa T. Helbig, et al. “Safety, Reactogenicity, and Immunogenicity of Homologous and Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunisation with ChAdOx1-NCoV19 and BNT162b2: A Prospective Cohort Study,” June 2, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.05.19.21257334.

    1. Tenbusch, M., Schumacher, S., Vogel, E., Priller, A., Held, J., Steininger, P., Beileke, S., Irrgang, P., Brockhoff, R., Salmanton-García, J., Tinnefeld, K., Mijocevic, H., Schober, K., Bogdan, C., Yazici, S., Knolle, P., Cornely, O. A., Überla, K., Protzer, U., … Wytopil, M. (2021). Heterologous prime–boost vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00420-5

  14. Jul 2021
    1. Collier, D. A., Ferreira, I. A. T. M., Kotagiri, P., Datir, R., Lim, E., Touizer, E., Meng, B., Abdullahi, A., Elmer, A., Kingston, N., Graves, B., Gresley, E. L., Caputo, D., Bergamaschi, L., Smith, K. G. C., Bradley, J. R., Ceron-Gutierrez, L., Cortes-Acevedo, P., Barcenas-Morales, G., … Gupta, R. K. (2021). Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2. Nature, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03739-1

  15. Jun 2021
  16. May 2021
    1. Eric Topol. (2021, May 1). Downgrading the concern on B.1.617, the poorly named ‘double mutant’—98% effectiveness of mRNA vaccine in an Israeli outbreak @CT_Bergstrom https://t.co/tGbuwPUmAL —Lab studies: Minimal immune evasion, expected full protection from vaccine @GuptaR_lab https://t.co/AIp24G0ROK https://t.co/AK20UWlDBD [Tweet]. @EricTopol. https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1388539223230140422

    1. Dr. Tom Frieden. (2021, April 30). Globally, the end of the pandemic isn’t near. More than a million lives depend on improving our response quickly. Don’t be blinded by the light at the end of the tunnel. There isn’t enough vaccine and the virus is gathering strength & speed. Global cooperation is crucial. 1/ [Tweet]. @DrTomFrieden. https://twitter.com/DrTomFrieden/status/1388172436999376899

  17. Apr 2021
  18. Feb 2021
    1. Andrew💙Croxford. (2020, December 3). NEW THREAD: possible development of anti-Syncytin responses after immunization with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-coding mRNA vaccines, based on a ‘homologous’ region shared between these proteins. [Tweet]. @andrew_croxford. https://twitter.com/andrew_croxford/status/1334593606196187136

  19. Jan 2021
    1. mRNA vaccines are a new type of vaccine to protect against infectious diseases. To trigger an immune response, many vaccines put a weakened or inactivated germ into our bodies. Not mRNA vaccines. Instead, they teach our cells how to make a protein—or even just a piece of a protein—that triggers an immune response inside our bodies. That immune response, which produces antibodies, is what protects us from getting infected if the real virus enters our bodies.
    1. the mRNA in the vaccine contains instructions to tell our body how to build a coronavirus spike protein. As soon as we do that, our immune system freaks out, as it’s supposed to, and creates antibodies to the spike protein. The mRNA is destroyed shortly after the injection, but the antibodies stick around. They can then recognize the real virus if we ever encounter it in the wild.
  20. Nov 2020
    1. transcriptionalleve

      This is the process of a complementary mRNA copy of a single gene on the DNA that is created in the nucleus. The mRNA is smaller than the DNA so it can carry the genetic code into the ribosome and into the cytoplasm that enables the protein creation.

    1. intracellular signaling

      This is an important mechanism that cells can respond to their environment and extracellular cues. Cells sense their environment and modify genes, mRNA splicing, protein expression and protein modifying to respond to these cues.

  21. Oct 2020
    1. messenger RNA (mRNA)

      This is a single strand on an RNA molecule that leaves the the nucleus of a cell in order to relocate to the cytoplasm. This is where the mRNA can help create the protein for the cell in a process known as protein synthesis. The mRNA takes in information passed into it by DNA and decode it for the ribosomes to make more protein for the cell to live on.

  22. Aug 2020
    1. Corbett, K. S., Edwards, D. K., Leist, S. R., Abiona, O. M., Boyoglu-Barnum, S., Gillespie, R. A., Himansu, S., Schäfer, A., Ziwawo, C. T., DiPiazza, A. T., Dinnon, K. H., Elbashir, S. M., Shaw, C. A., Woods, A., Fritch, E. J., Martinez, D. R., Bock, K. W., Minai, M., Nagata, B. M., … Graham, B. S. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. Nature, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2622-0

  23. Jul 2020