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Ladyzhets, B. (2021, November 9). The U.S. Is Relying On Other Countries’ Data To Make Its Booster Shot Decisions. FiveThirtyEight. https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-u-s-is-relying-on-other-countries-data-to-make-its-booster-shot-decisions/

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Sadoff, J., Gars, M. L., Cardenas, V., Shukarev, G., Vaissiere, N., Heerwegh, D., Truyers, C., Groot, A. M. de, Scheper, G., Hendriks, J., Ruiz-Guinazu, J., Struyf, F., Hoof, J. V., Douoguih, M., & Schuitemaker, H. (2021). Durability of antibody responses elicited by a single dose of Ad26.COV2.S and substantial increase following late boosting (p. 2021.08.25.21262569). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.25.21262569

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Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Kirsebom, F., Gower, C., Ramsay, M., & Lopez Bernal, J. (2021). Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 booster vaccine against covid-19 related symptoms in England: Test negative case-control study [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.15.21266341

Dolgin, E. (2021). Omicron is supercharging the COVID vaccine booster debate. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-03592-2

London, U. C. (2021, December 13). Unwillingness to have booster vaccine most common in groups with highest infection rates. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2021-12-unwillingness-booster-vaccine-common-groups.html

Bar-On, Y. M., Goldberg, Y., Mandel, M., Bodenheimer, O., Freedman, L., Alroy-Preis, S., Ash, N., Huppert, A., & Milo, R. (2021). Protection Across Age Groups of BNT162b2 Vaccine Booster against Covid-19 (p. 2021.10.07.21264626). https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.10.07.21264626

Anthes, E. (2021, August 19). What to Know About Boosters if You Got the Johnson & Johnson Vaccine. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/08/19/health/coronavirus-johnson-vaccine-booster.html

Kozlov, M. (2021). Waning COVID super-immunity raises questions about Omicron. Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-03674-1

Zimmer, C. (2021, June 6). We’ll Probably Need Booster Shots for Covid-19. But When? And Which Ones? The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/06/science/covid-vaccine-boosters.html

Zimmer, C. (2021, September 21). An extra J. & J. shot substantially boosts protection against Covid, the company reports. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/21/health/johnson-and-johnson-shot.html

Gye, H. (2021, November 29). All adults to be offered booster jabs after 3 months, and over-12s to get second doses. Inews.Co.Uk. https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/covid-booster-jabs-to-be-offered-all-adults-after-3-months-and-over-12s-second-doses-1325151

Krause, P. R., Fleming, T. R., Peto, R., Longini, I. M., Figueroa, J. P., Sterne, J. A. C., Cravioto, A., Rees, H., Higgins, J. P. T., Boutron, I., Pan, H., Gruber, M. F., Arora, N., Kazi, F., Gaspar, R., Swaminathan, S., Ryan, M. J., & Henao-Restrepo, A.-M. (2021). Considerations in boosting COVID-19 vaccine immune responses. The Lancet, 4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02046-8

Sandra Ciesek. (2021, December 8). Unsere ersten Daten zur Neutralisation von Omicron versus Delta sind fertig: 2x Biontech, 2x Moderna, 1xAZ/1x Biontech nach 6 Monaten 0% Neutralisation bei Omicron, auch 3x Biontech 3 Monate nach Booster nur 25% NT versus 95% bei Delta. Bis zu 37fache Reduktion Delta vs. Omicron https://t.co/w0gHww26sg [Tweet]. @CiesekSandra. https://twitter.com/CiesekSandra/status/1468465347519041539

Prof. Shane Crotty. (2021, October 19). 1/ The regular vaccines give great booster responses against Delta and other variants This was first shown by Moderna, with “original recipe” vaccine booster, compare to Beta booster. Https://nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01527-y https://t.co/g7YDwGIURP [Tweet]. @profshanecrotty. https://twitter.com/profshanecrotty/status/1450489709050744833

Jørgensen, F. J., Nielsen, L. H., & Petersen, M. B. (2021). Willingness to Take the Booster Vaccine in a Nationally Representative Sample of Danes. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/wurz8

Khairy Jamaluddin 🇲🇾🌺. (2021, November 14). Real world data from Chile has shown significant increase in vaccine effectiveness after a booster for people who took Sinovac for their primary series. Biggest boost came with a Pfizer booster. Other countries are also combining SSP. Take the booster when offered. Https://t.co/N98K1eEvTR [Tweet]. @Khairykj. https://twitter.com/Khairykj/status/1459800517635305474

Lewis, T. (n.d.). Who Needs a COVID Booster Shot? Experts Answer Common Questions. Scientific American. Retrieved April 29, 2022, from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/who-needs-a-covid-booster-shot-experts-answer-common-questions/

Freja Kirsebom. (2022, January 28). Two important updates from our team this week: - Vaccine effectiveness (VE) against symptomatic disease after Omicron BA.2 shows that VE remains unchanged—VE against death after Omicron BA.1 shows VE is 95% at 2+ weeks after booster 1/7 Full report https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1050721/Vaccine-surveillance-report-week-4.pdf [Tweet]. @freja_kirsebom. https://twitter.com/freja_kirsebom/status/1486730977464369160

Ravi K Gupta [@ravgup33_ravi]. (2021, November 24). This one is worrying and I’ve not said that since delta. Please get vaccinated and boosted and mask up in public as the mutations in this virus likely result in high level escape from neutralising antibodies [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/ravgup33_ravi/status/1463626745651806208

ReconfigBehSci [@i]. (2021, December 7). @STWorg @CorneliaBetsch @PhilippMSchmid @philipplenz6 @stefanmherzog indeed... But it is still very welcome now, with German vaccination campaign stalling! [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1468169212116058118

ReconfigBehSci [@i]. (2021, November 27). @STWorg @PhilippMSchmid @CorneliaBetsch this clip got me too- for non-German speakers. She is asked whether she is ‘concerned’. Her response: Of course I’m concerned, I’m double vexed, I’m waiting for my booster vaccination, my husband died of Covid, I was in hospital, now I’m avoiding my grand children [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1464660287739596802

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘@STWorg @PhilippMSchmid @CorneliaBetsch and every now and then we have to watch a clip like this to be reminded what all of this is really about. This pain and suffering is happening in one of the richest countries in the world at a time in the pandemic when we know exactly what to do to avoid it’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 22 April 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1464662622440144896

The Guardian. ‘We Can Prevail over Omicron. We Just Need to Use the Tools We Have’, 1 December 2021, sec. Opinion. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/dec/01/we-can-prevail-over-omicron-use-tools-we-have.

James Ward on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved April 21, 2022, from https://twitter.com/JamesWard73/status/1470680953643319305

🇺🇦 Meaghan Kall [@kallmemeg]. (2021, December 23). VACCINES Speaking of boosters, it’s not great news I’m afraid. Updated vaccine effectiveness analysis shows mRNA boosters beginning to wane from one month (week 5-9) for Omicron, and as low as 30-50% effective from 10 weeks post-booster. This effect is not seen with Delta. Https://t.co/g0tLxH3vLR [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/kallmemeg/status/1474072056878804992

Paul Bieniasz [@PaulBieniasz]. (2021, December 12). It is time to discard the notion that two doses of mRNA means “fully vaccinated” It is time to discard the notion that prior SARS-CoV-2 infection means you don’t need to be vaccinated. [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/PaulBieniasz/status/1470041859053563906

Levine-Tiefenbrun, M., Yelin, I., Alapi, H., Katz, R., Herzel, E., Kuint, J., Chodick, G., Gazit, S., Patalon, T., & Kishony, R. (2021). Viral loads of Delta-variant SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections after vaccination and booster with BNT162b2. Nature Medicine, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01575-4

Carl T. Bergstrom. (2021, August 18). 1. There has been lots of talk about recent data from Israel that seem to suggest a decline in vaccine efficacy against severe disease due to Delta, waning protection, or both. This may have even been a motivation for Biden’s announcement that the US would be adopting boosters. [Tweet]. @CT_Bergstrom. https://twitter.com/CT_Bergstrom/status/1427767356600688646

Katherine J. Wu, Ph.D. (2021, December 29). I wrote (last week!) about the future of boosting—How many more shots will we need? Will they all contain the same ingredients? Ultimately, it depends on our immune systems, how the virus looks, and how much of the virus is around. 1/3 https://t.co/bJKYyriE9a [Tweet]. @KatherineJWu. https://twitter.com/KatherineJWu/status/1476249881073303552

Pan-Hammarström lab. (2022, January 7). Our new study: Heterogeneous vaccination strategy with inactivated vaccine + mRNA booster elicits strong B and T cell response against the WT and VOC including Omicron @VirusesImmunity https://t.co/aBiN9anMBL [Tweet]. @panhammarstrom. https://twitter.com/panhammarstrom/status/1479449892410044419

Helen Branswell 🇺🇦 on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved April 1, 2022, from https://twitter.com/HelenBranswell/status/1478835175580741633

Israel said delaying rollout of 4th COVID shots amid signs Omicron less severe | The Times of Israel. (n.d.). Retrieved 29 March 2022, from https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-said-to-delay-rollout-of-4th-covid-shots-amid-signs-omicron-less-severe/amp/

Trevor Bedford on Twitter. (n.d.). Twitter. Retrieved 29 March 2022, from https://twitter.com/trvrb/status/1466076761427304453

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: ‘RT @PeterHotez: I’m trying to reconcile Pfizer’s optimistic statements about 3rd dose protection against omicron https://t.co/mIWDowkDW6 v…’ / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved 29 March 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1468568425308078088

Böhm, Robert, Cornelia Betsch, Yana Litovsky, Philipp Sprengholz, Noel Brewer, Gretchen Chapman, Julie Leask, et al. ‘Crowdsourcing Interventions to Promote Uptake of COVID-19 Booster Vaccines’. PsyArXiv, 10 February 2022. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/n5b6x.

Wu, K. J. (2021, December 1). What J&J Can Still Teach Us. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/12/vaccine-durability-annual-covid-boosters/620863/

Wu, K. J. (2021, December 29). Our Relationship With COVID Vaccines Is Just Getting Started. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/12/how-many-covid-19-booster-shots/621132/

Mahase, E. (2022). Covid-19: Sanofi and GSK to seek regulatory authorisation for protein based vaccine. BMJ, 376, o526. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o526

Sanofi: Press Releases, Wednesday, February 23, 2022. (n.d.). Https://Www.Sanofi.Com/En/Media-Room/Press-Releases/2022/2022-02-23-11-15-00-2390091. Retrieved 25 February 2022, from https://www.sanofi.com/media-room/press-releases/2022/2022-02-23 11-15-00 2390091

Freja Kirsebom. (2022, January 7). Today we publish our latest analysis where we stratify by age to investigate vaccine effectiveness (VE) against Omicron in adults aged 65 years and older in England. Https://t.co/y73uto6kll 1/14 [Tweet]. @freja_kirsebom. https://twitter.com/freja_kirsebom/status/1479528228079509516

Bill Hanage. (2022, January 7). So a brief thread on the state of the pandemic in the Boston area. It is quite plausible that about 10% of the population is currently infected, more in some age groups than others. A lot of omicron. What next? 1/n https://t.co/aXgc5GYk0V [Tweet]. @BillHanage. https://twitter.com/BillHanage/status/1479574053807697920

Lyngse, F. P., Mortensen, L. H., Denwood, M. J., Christiansen, L. E., Møller, C. H., Skov, R. L., Spiess, K., Fomsgaard, A., Lassaunière, M. M., Rasmussen, M., Stegger, M., Nielsen, C., Sieber, R. N., Cohen, A. S., Møller, F. T., Overvad, M., Mølbak, K., Krause, T. G., & Kirkeby, C. T. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOC Transmission in Danish Households (p. 2021.12.27.21268278). medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.27.21268278

Eric Feigl-Ding. (2022, January 13). WATCH📺—Despite 97.5% of all adults in England🏴󠁧󠁢󠁥󠁮󠁧󠁿 with antibodies to #COVID19 (via vax/infection)–hospitalizations still surging. Why? Because variants like #Omicron are adapting. Need multivalent vax, plus ➡️N95 & ventilation are agnostic to variants—Key! Https://t.co/gDNRJIWojX [Tweet]. @DrEricDing. https://twitter.com/DrEricDing/status/1481732793482813443

Eric Topol. (2022, January 18). It seems the people who write the vaccines w/ a booster aren’t working against Omicron are completely out of touch with the data I’d consider ~90% effectiveness vs hospitalization pretty, pretty damn good https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1046853/technical-briefing-34-14-january-2022.pdf Especially compared with 44% without a booster https://t.co/y8ixbmG8uH [Tweet]. @EricTopol. https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1483543711623512065

News ·, A. M. · C. (2022, January 15). Canadian COVID-19 vaccine study seized on by anti-vaxxers—Highlighting dangers of early research in pandemic | CBC News. CBC. https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/covid-19-vaccine-study-omicron-anti-vaxxers-1.6315890

APPG on Coronavirus. (2022, January 18). 🗣Dr.Claire Steves continued: “Looking in the national core studies, from cohort studies across the UK we’ve looked at 10 different longitudinal studies. Our best estimates are that about 5% of middle aged people are experiencing long term.. 27/ #APPGCoronavirus #LongCovid [Tweet]. @AppgCoronavirus. https://twitter.com/AppgCoronavirus/status/1483453895061999618

Mahase, E. (2022). Covid-19: What do we know about omicron sublineages? BMJ, 376, o358. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o358

American Medical Association (AMA). (2021, December 6). Peter Hotez, MD, PhD, on the omicron variant and Delta winter surge | COVID-19 Update for Dec. 6, 20. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnfpC1_N2Mg

Peña-Hernández, M. A., Klein, J., Malik, A. A., Coppi, A., Kalinich, C., Vogels, C. B. F., Silva, J., Initiative, Y. S.-C.-2 G. S., Peaper, D. R., Landry, M.-L., Wilen, C., Grubaugh, N. D., Schulz, W., Omer, S. B., & Iwasaki, A. (2022). Comparison of infectious SARS-CoV-2 from the nasopharynx of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals (p. 2021.12.28.21268460). medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.12.28.21268460

Willett, J. D. S. (n.d.). Omicron: Vaccines remain the best defence against this COVID-19 variant and others. The Conversation. Retrieved February 8, 2022, from http://theconversation.com/omicron-vaccines-remain-the-best-defence-against-this-covid-19-variant-and-others-174195

Campbell, D., & Davis, N. (2022, January 14). Covid booster jabs in England to be thrown away as demand falls. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2022/jan/14/covid-booster-jabs-in-england-to-be-thrown-away-as-demand-falls

PaedsHaemDoc. (2022, January 9). Had the misfortune (via @fatemperor) to come across Dr Paul Alexander -apparently credentialed yet in single blog post demonstrates perfectly either a disconnect from rational thought or deliberate misinformation spreading of the #masspsychosis of the anti-Vax crew let’s examine https://t.co/Ctd49cb1qK [Tweet]. @dr_barrett. https://twitter.com/dr_barrett/status/1479986071832248322

Barnes, O., & Alabi, L. O. (2022, January 27). UK coronavirus cases tick up 10%, symptom tracker app shows. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/f9833324-7986-48c4-a96c-153049ed9b5a

Seth Trueger. (2022, February 4). “Many drivers are complaining they have to use brakes despite wearing their seatbelts at all times” https://t.co/gXWiiaJrN9 [Tweet]. @MDaware. https://twitter.com/MDaware/status/1489491410990546950

Mahase, E. (2022). Omicron sub-lineage BA.2 may have “substantial growth advantage,” UKHSA reports. BMJ, 376, o263. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o263

Mazar, A., Tomaino, G., Carmon, Z., & Wood, W. (2022). Distance to Vaccine Sites is Associated with Lower COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake. PsyArXiv. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/mux5s

Prof. Akiko Iwasaki. (2022, January 27). Vaccines that reduce infection & disease are needed to combat the pandemic. Here, @tianyangmao @BenIsraelow et al. Describe our new mucosal booster strategy, Prime and Spike, to induce such immunity via nasal delivery of unadjuvanted spike vaccine 🧵 (1/) https://biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.24.477597v1 https://t.co/bcB5MFph9F [Tweet]. @VirusesImmunity. https://twitter.com/VirusesImmunity/status/1486510697332842498

Vanshylla, K., Tober-Lau, P., Gruell, H., Muenn, F., Eggeling, R., Pfeifer, N., Le, N. H., Landgraf, I., Kurth, F., Sander, L. E., & Klein, F. (2022). Durability of Omicron-neutralizing serum activity following mRNA booster immunization in elderly individuals (p. 2022.02.02.22270302). medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.02.02.22270302

COVID: Reinfection risk from Omicron 16 times higher than Delta, ONS data indicates. (n.d.). Sky News. Retrieved February 4, 2022, from https://news.sky.com/story/reinfection-risk-from-omicron-16-times-higher-than-delta-ons-data-indicates-12519881

Mahan Ghafari, ماهان غفاری. (2022, February 1). After the daily covid-19 cases in Iran dropped to record-low numbers last month, it is now back in full swing due to omicron! Map on the left (mostly coloured in blue) shows the situation in late december and the one on the right is from 2 days ago (many in amber or red). 1/ https://t.co/vgpwuiymbl [Tweet]. @Mahan_Ghafari. https://twitter.com/Mahan_Ghafari/status/1488481042847698946

Eric Topol. (2022, January 28). New and noteworthy data for vaccine effectiveness vs hospitalization, posted @CDCgov https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#covidnet-hospitalizations-vaccination For age 65+, last week December, per 100,000 people Unvaccinated 239.7 2-dose vaccinated 26.8 3-dose (booster vaccinated) 4.8 That’s 98% reduction, 3-dose vs unvaccinated https://t.co/sSh8LPhAdm [Tweet]. @EricTopol. https://twitter.com/EricTopol/status/1486920474797826051

Queensland schools to resume with mask mandate, as 13 more COVID-19 deaths recorded. (2022, January 30). ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-01-30/qld-coronavirus-covid19-13-deaths/100783416

ScienceUpFirst, LaScienced’Abord. (2022, February 1). Got Omicron? You are not alone! See our thread on what we know so far 👇 🧵 [1/11] #ScienceUpFirst https://t.co/7Hi3lHo5LS [Tweet]. @ScienceUpFirst. https://twitter.com/ScienceUpFirst/status/1488601396421316613

Tayag, Y. (2022, January 31). What causes long Covid? Scientists are zeroing in on the answer. Vox. https://www.vox.com/22906853/omicron-long-covid-vaccinated-symptoms-cause

ReconfigBehSci on Twitter: “RT @AliHMokdad: Vaccine effectiveness against BA.1 and BA.2. After 2 doses it was 9% (7-10%) and 13% (-26-40%) respectively for BA.1 and BA…” / Twitter. (n.d.). Retrieved January 30, 2022, from https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1487123660771106821

Pajon, R., Doria-Rose, N. A., Shen, X., Schmidt, S. D., O’Dell, S., McDanal, C., Feng, W., Tong, J., Eaton, A., Maglinao, M., Tang, H., Manning, K. E., Edara, V.-V., Lai, L., Ellis, M., Moore, K. M., Floyd, K., Foster, S. L., Posavad, C. M., … Montefiori, D. C. (2022). SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Neutralization after mRNA-1273 Booster Vaccination. New England Journal of Medicine, 0(0), null. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2119912

Early data indicate vaccines still protect against Omicron’s sister variant, BA.2. (2022, January 28). STAT. https://www.statnews.com/2022/01/28/early-data-indicate-vaccines-still-protect-against-omicrons-sister-variant-ba-2/

Taylor, L. (2022). Covid-19: CoronaVac immunity is strongest after boosting with a different vaccine. BMJ, 376, o210. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.o210

Reuters. (2022, January 25). Israel mulls offering 4th COVID vaccine dose to all adults. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/israel-mulls-offering-4th-covid-vaccine-dose-all-adults-2022-01-25/