The downside ofthis approach is that a state vector must be transmittedwith every operation, where the size of the state vector isproportional to the number of users in a collaborative ses-sion.

COT has a simplified design, as only onetransformation function must be defined

The ideabehind COT is to save every received operation “as is” in adocument state and preprocess it afterwards given the op-eration context.

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Tại sao gọi là thép râu câu tường? Thép râu tường hay còn gọi là bát thép râu tường, thép râu neo tường hoặc thép râu câu tường, thép râu cột, chúng có hình dạng hình chữ "L", bê mặt dập gân và có các lỗ để bắt vào tường, cột. Thép râu tường thường được làm từ nguyên liệu tôn kẽm loại 1, có độ dày 0.5 mm hoặc 0.7 mm, chiều dài 240 mm và 300 mm.

The experts were asked to independently provide a comprehensive list of levers and leverage points for global sustainability, based on the potential for disproportionate effects to address and reverse the deterioration of nature while meeting societal needs. They were asked to consider actions by the full range of possible actors, and both top-down and bottom-up effects across various sectors. The collection of all responses became our initial set of levers and leverage points. Ensuing processes were then informed by five linked conceptualizations of transformative change identified by the experts (Chan et al., 2019): ● Complexity theory and leverage points of transformation (Levin et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2007; Meadows, 2009); ● Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social–ecological systems (Berkes, Colding, & Folke, 2003; Folke et al., 2010); ● A multi-level perspective for transformative change (Geels, 2002); ● System innovations and their dynamics (Smits, Kuhlmann, & Teubal, 2010; OECD, 2015) and ● Learning sustainability through ‘real-world experiments’ (Geels, Berkhout, & van Vuuren, 2016; Gross & Krohn, 2005; Hajer, 2011).