Mynheer is a way to address a Dutchman or an Afrikaner in a friendly or respectful manner.

Axiom is a generally accepted proposition; a well-established or universally accepted principle.

Materialism is a preference for material values at the detriment of moral or other values.

Mundungus is a lexical object that is a variation or modification of another.

In Greek mythology Perseus is the son of Poseidon, God of the sea.

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O41512/copy-of-the-sn-mark/

Bidet, refers to a petite horse.[

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/18755?redirectedFrom=bidet#eid

Opera comique is a genre of opera.

https://www.vam.ac.uk/articles/opera-an-introduction

A ruffle is a clothing.

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O315926/pair-of-sleeve-unknown/

A single battle episode that has been settled upon as a way of resolving a legal conflict.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/58242?rskey=08x2lH&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid

A Small pamphlet is a small work or text written by hand.

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1194231/pamphlet-unknown/

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/136613?rskey=4MNKCp&result=1#eid

A Franciscan is associated with the Franciscan order (order of monks) which is a religious society in the Catholic church.

http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/objects/244194/james-craig-annan-a-franciscan-venice-american-negative-1894-print-1904/

A wine made in France.

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O95432/bottle-ticket-drinkwater-sandylands/

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/24966?redirectedFrom=burgundy#eid

According to the OED "apocrypha" is a writing statement included in the Old Testament that is not considered authentic since they aren't genuine and have no authorship. The second link shows a picture of what it looks like.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/9256?rskey=Rno2cY&result=1#eid

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O311581/statuette-unknown/

Montreuil is located in northern France. The place Yorick visits after buying his chaise.

http://www.getty.edu/vow/TGNServlet?english=Y&find=+Montreuil&place=&page=1&nation=

The word tis is a short form for it is. The word has been used throughout the text in place of “it is.”

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/tis

The object is usually a two or four wheeled carriage that Yorick bought to aid his journey to Montreuil.

![]https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1258058/a-post-chaise-on-the-drawing-john-jackson/?carousel-image=1

According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, a cabal is a small group of people that are secretly planning to seize political power. The term is used in the text to signify the struggle for power and dominance in Europe.

https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/cabal?q=cabals

or Tunic The Oxford Learner’s Dictionary defines the word tunic as a long piece of cloth that extends to the knees usually worn in ancient Rome and Greece. The fact that a character is depicted in the text as wearing a tunic, the author was able to convey the time setting of the story.

https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/tunic?q=tunic

According to the Oxford Learner’s Dictionary, the word quoth means said. In the reading, the word was used in place of said, particularly on the first page.

https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/quoth?q=quoth

According to the OED "cuckoldom" in this line refers to "The state or position of a cuckold." In other words the act of adultery in it's usual intent

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/45508?redirectedFrom=cuckoldom#eid

Gallantry is used as an adjective in this context, it is describing the devotion to the female sex, to be polite or courteous bearing or attention to ladies https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/76249?redirectedFrom=gallantry#eid

"Guinea" is gold British coin which produced in Great Britain between 1663 and 1814. This coin contained approximately one-quarter of an ounce of gold.

https://www.royalmint.com/our-coins/ranges/guinea/

black gloves used as an accessory for men and women back then.

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O135229/pair-of-mittens-unknown/

"Spleen" a verb meaning deep anger.

According to the OED, the concept of materialism is related to matter or the material world. It could refer to sense 1 or sense 2 but it's likelier to be sense 1 because of date. Since its a philosophical “theory or belief that nothing exists except matter and its movements and modifications; (more narrowly) the theory or belief that mental phenomena are nothing more than, or are wholly caused by, the operation of material or physical agencies.” Sense 2 describes “An emphasis on or preference for that which is material, at the expense of spiritual or other values; (now) esp. the tendency to treat material possessions and physical comfort as more important or desirable than spiritual values; a way of life based on material interests.”

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/114925?redirectedFrom=materialism#eid

http://www.getty.edu/vow/TGNFullDisplay?find=Mont+Cenis&place=&nation=&prev_page=1&english=Y&subjectid=7017223 More commonly known in French as "Mont Cenis" this is a pass from France to Italy located in the Alps.

According to the Victoria & Albert Museum, in the 18th century a shirt was a piece of underwear made out of linen. they were usually bought in bulk if the owner could afford it so that a clean one could be worn daily. The image here shows a man's shirt from the mid 18th century. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O13939/shirt-unknown/

The third largest river in Italy that goes through the capital city of Rome

Image is a late 19th century painting of the Tiber River by John Collingham Moore

This is an 18th Century map of Europe.

A Turk, person from the country of Turkey, would be a transient in-between the continents of Europe and Asia. In this context, Turks is used negatively as "an other."

An allusion to Sancho Panca, the donkey-riding squire to the absurd self-proclaimed knight, Don Quixote. Painting from 1840 by John Gilbert

(Idiom) to be in agreement (Oxford English Dictionary).

Used in this context as a noun "bon mot" is of French adaptation and it translates to "witty remark." Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/21235?redirectedFrom=bon+mot#eid16782556

A portmanteau, typically made of hard leather, is a sizeable traveling suitcase that opens into two equal parts. the image included here shows a black handbag from the 19th century held by the Victoria and Albert Museum. Note: A portmanteau would look similar but much larger in size. Link:https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/148217?rskey=RkcM5N&result=1#eid Link: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O352856/handbag/?carousel-image=1

Used in this context as a noun, " Grissett" is of French origin and refers to a Young Frenchwoman from the working class. Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/81605?redirectedFrom=grisette#eid

Used in this context a noun, "pasquinade" is of Italian adoption and refers to a public satirical writing meant to ridicule someone. Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/138421?rskey=rNNPFs&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid

Spatterdashes, also known as spats, are extended gaiter or legging, worn over boots or pants to keep them clean, especially when riding. Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/185847?redirectedFrom=Spatterdashes#eid The image included here shows a pair of 19th-century lilac-colored spatterdashes made from silk and leather. These particular spatterdashes are held by the Victoria and Albert Museum. Link: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1248775/pair-of-spats/

A postilion used in the context of a noun here refers to a person who rides the leading horse or group of horses to guide them, especially when there is no coachman ( the person who drives the carriage). link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/148549?redirectedFrom=postilion#eid

Used in this context as a Noun, a "Periwig" is an overly styled wig worn formerly as a fashionable headdress by both women and men and retained by judges and lawyers as part of their professional attire. Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/141111?rskey=9jjTVP&result=1#eid

The image included here shows a painting of a costume design by William John Charles Pitcher for an Ancestor in Ruddigore. The figure in the painting can be seen wearing a 17th century light brown periwig. Link: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1454766/ruddigore-costume-design-wilhelm/

Image by Pam Fray

For educational purposes only

Chaise means a carriage, typically for one or two people, with two wheels and usually accomodating one horse (Dictionary.com). As Sterne continues his story though, it would seem that his post-chaise was probably four-whelled and accomodated more than one horse.

Contrary to the modern derogatory definition, the word had a 17th-19th century meaning that ranged from neutral to positive connotation when describing a woman informally.

An educational journey that men of wealthy means would undertake across the major cities of Europe in order to become more cultured and civilized.

Yorrick is on his own Grand Tour that is far different than this classical ideal.

Desobligeant: A carriage or chaise, an 18th century form of travel, for hire or owned by the wealthy of the time period.

This "Travelling Chariot" from 1790-1791 was made by John Hatchett of London, England for James, 3rd Duke of Montrose (1755-1836)

meaning; someone who have power, influence and authority .

Member of a royal family which no longer held a thrones of France and Naples.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/22092?redirectedFrom=Bourbon+#eid

Amiens is a city situated north of the capital, Paris. Amiens is home to the Notre Dame cathedral

([Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names] (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7010588)).

St. Cecilia is a patron saint of music and musicians (Britannica).

(Idiom) to be equalled with, to be in tune with (something or someone); sharing a mind and direction (Merriam-Webster).

Nampont is a small town situated northwestern of the capital, Paris. Nampont is a town in Somme by Pas-de-Calais

(Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names).

A satirization of a real author; an allusion to Tobias Smollett, who published Travels Through France and Italy in 1766. SMELLFUNGUS has now come to mean a traveller who finds fault in every aspect of his or her travels (Merriam-Webster).

It's weird to see someone talk about themselves being smote or their own heart smiting them. Smote is the past tense of smite, which means to strike firmly. The word smite is often used in a religious context but not here.<br> https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/182641?rskey=XugDeL&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid

A remise is an old term for a place you may store horses or carriages. https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/162204?rskey=TzwrMe&result=2&isAdvanced=false#eid

Cape near the southern tip of Africa. Often considered very dangerous waters. Was popular for Dutch shipping.

http://www.getty.edu/vow/TGNFullDisplay?find=Cape+of+good+hope&place=&nation=&prev_page=1&english=Y&subjectid=7016540

This passage demonstrates the use of a handkerchief as a symbol of a bond/relationship between the two characters, handkerchiefs are bonded together through threading. Typically, handkerchiefs were used as a fashion accessory and given as gifts. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O357734/handkerchief-unknown/

A livre is an old French currency. He is saying that each bottle of his burgundy costs 2 Livres. https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/109369?redirectedFrom=livre#eid

A tonsure is a bald spot that some monks would have due to shaving the tops of their heads. It seems that he has figured out that he's looking at a monk based off of this. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O7676/panel/

Amiens is a city in France that is known for it's gothic architecture and design http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7010588

This phrase describes the clothing, this is important as it sets the stage for how characters during this time period dressed. Most breeches were made from silk and typically had an abstract pattern. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1140154/breeches-unknown/

This term is used as a noun to describe a man, brother, and boy who is a family relative. This term is unique as it looks similar to the word breath instead of a term related to a male figure. https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/23798?rskey=4NXk3L&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid

MADAME,

I am penetrated by the keenest pain, and at the same time reduced to despair by this unexpected return of the Corporal making our interview tonight the most impossible thing in the world.

But long live the joy! and all of mine will be thinking of you.

Love is nothing without feeling.

And the feeling is even less without love.

They say we should never be in despair.

It is also said that the Corporal stands guard Wednesday; then it will be my turn.

Each one has their turn.

In the meantime — Long live love! and long live the trifle!

I am MADAME, With all the most respectful and tender feelings, all yours, JAQUES ROQUE

Parterre is a garden with nicely decorated flower beds. A Parterre is built at level. They are commonly found in Castles.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/138205?redirectedFrom=+parterre%2C+#eid

Quoth means Said in modern day English.

"Said" (used only in first and third person singular before the subject).

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/156911?redirectedFrom=quoth&

Auberge = Inn (French Translation)

An Auberge is an Inn in France. An Inn meaning a place where travelers can stay.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/12984?redirectedFrom=auberge&

Montriul is a Commune in France. It is located about 7 kilometers east from Paris.

Montriul is one of the places in which A Sentimental Journey took place in.

http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7624576

Colloquy essentially is a formal conversation. A colloquy can take place in a small gathering or in a big conference.

In the text, it is written " Now a colloquy of five mi|nutes", meaning a short formal conversation.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/36444?rskey=QnCIte&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid

The "Dover stage" is a stage-coach going to Dover. This is how Yorick got to the boat that takes him to Calais. Here is an image by William Hogarth showing a stage-coach in the mid-eighteenth century. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1157910/the-stage-coach-print-hogarth-william/

Calais is the major port of entry to France from England. It is located on the north coast of France just across the English Channel. Link to place in the Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names (http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7009002)

Used in this context as a noun, "précieuse" is of French adoption and refers to a woman who is overly affected or delicate in her mannerisms (OED, n.A). Link: www.oed.com/view/Entry/149616

A snuff-box is a small, decorative box fashionable in the eighteenth-century as a device for holding powdered tobbacco, or snuff. The image included here shows a snuff box wrought in tortiseshell and inlaid with gold, held by the Victoria and Albert Museum. Link: Link to image 

"fauxbourg" is a French term which means suburbs

In another word "soliloquy" according to the OED and in the use of its context means to think out loud by yourself in disregards to anyone who could be listening.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/184288?rskey=iDiMoU&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid

The word jester refers to a historical entertainer. Yorick was mistaken for a jester.

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?q=JESTER&page=1

He later travelled to Versailles after escaping a looming prison sentence at Bastille.

http://www.getty.edu/vow/TGNServlet?english=Y&find=Versailles&place=&page=1&nation=

The hamlet is a tragedy story that was authored by Shakespeare and Yorick noticed it when he was applying for his passport.

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?q=hamlet&page=1

According to the OED the word "pertinacity" means the quality or state of being persistent.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/141597?redirectedFrom=pertinacity#eid

"Polonius" was a character in William Shakespeare's Hamlet. This character "Polonius" gave an advice to his son laertes.

pen, ink and paper was tool for writing and drawing in 18th century.

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1242684/book-of-etchings-from-papers-print-elizabeth-upton/

https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O15498/pen-box-and/

it is a character name. meaning: a person nickname who borne as a servant or soldier. it also means flower.

https://www.ancestry.com/name-origin?surname=lafleur#:~:text=French%3A%20ornamental%20surname%20borne%20by,'%20%2B%20the%20definite%20article%20la.

"Ribband" or riband is a word for a ribbon or a strip of fabric. It was used back in the 18th century it usually goes around hats or to hold purses closed. According to the OED this is the definition of the word. https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/165460?rskey=RfmAvK&result=1#eid

A historical province of central France

The region is now the department of Allier

A portion of a legal document that makes a claim or statement.

The Bastille was a castle built in Paris, France during the 14th century that was used as a jail during the 17th and 18th centuries.

It was famously stormed during the French Revolution

Used in this context as a noun. "Voiturin" is of French Origin and is defined as a Hired person who drives a carriage.

Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/224375?redirectedFrom=Voiturin#eid

Used in this context as a noun, "cataracts" are the mythological flood gates of heaven that hold the rain described in the Old Testament.

Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/28766?rskey=02Ds2r&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid

Used in this context here as a noun, "consanguinity" is of French Origin and its defined as the fact of sharing an ancestor. Link:https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/39456?redirectedFrom=consanguinity#eid

Used in this context as a noun "esprit" is of french adaptation and its defined as a lively and witty person. Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/64440?redirectedFrom=esprit#eid

Used in this context as a noun, "coquette" is of French Origin and it is defined as a young woman who has a habit of flirting with men to play with their emotions with no intention of following with the feelings she raises in them. Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/41329?rskey=Tsxchs&result=2&isAdvanced=false#eid

Used in this context as a noun, "Fiacre" has French Origin and it is defined as small horse-drawn carriage. Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/69716?redirectedFrom=fiacre#eid

Used in this context as a noun, "Notary" is a lawyer or a legal authority who overlooks the signing of documents. Link: https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/128522?rskey=uVS5ts&result=1&isAdvanced=false#eid

Used in this context as a noun, a Harquebuss is a "matchlock gun invented in the 15th century which was portable but heavy and was usually fired from a support. link:https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/84347?redirectedFrom=Harquebuss#eid

Pictured here is a 19th century photograph of multiple Harquebusses, this piece of photography is currently being displayed in the Victoria and Albert Museum. Link: https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1074897/photograph-franck/

Image by ToucanWings | Wikimedia Commons

For educational purposes only

Besides Paris (and quite literally situated to the west of Paris), Versailles is one of the most notable cities in France (Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names).

Image by the National Gallery of Art, Index of American Design

Although the pictured flagon is from the early 20th century, this is the fashion in which the flagon referenced in the text would've looked like. Typically used to store wine; could have been made of pottery or metal (Oxford English Dictionary).

For educational purposes only

A person from the north-west region of Italy, which is known for its close proximity to the Alps

Location Link: http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7003120

A person who believes that God's existence is determined through logic and exploration of the world.

This term is used as a noun to describe a wife or widow of a nobleman. In terms of a women holding the rank of "nobleman" in her own right. https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/113968?redirectedFrom=marchioness#eid

This term used in the story is defined as "obsolete." It is describing the power required to turn the scepter into iron https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/32912?redirectedFrom=chymic#eid

French form of opera which spoken dialogue alternates with self-contained musical numbers.

https://www.britannica.com/art/opera-comique

A city in Northwest France. It is somewhat close to Normandy beach. http://www.getty.edu/vow/TGNFullDisplay?find=MOULINES&place=&nation=&prev_page=1&english=Y&subjectid=7619478

Quai means dock, platform, or street in French. The Quai de Conti is a street in Paris located beside the Seine River. On the street, there is a row of shops where Yorick visits a bookstore.

Image by Guilhem Vellut | (Flickr).

For educational purposes only

Moulines is an inhabited area in France, it is considered a commune location. The distance from Moulines and Paris is approximately 157 miles away apart from one another.

http://vocab.getty.edu/page/tgn/7619479

Old palace in France, that was located in Paris in 1639. There was many times that the palace was raided, trashed and looted during French revolutions. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O1029337/paris-incendi%C3%A9-print-unknown/

European Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). (AllAboutBirds.org).

Image by Dan Vickers | Macauley Library | The Cornell Lab of Ornithology | Cornell University

For educational purposes only

A place is northwest France. It is the capital of Brittany, an area in Northwest France. http://www.getty.edu/vow/TGNFullDisplay?find=RENNES&place=&nation=&prev_page=1&english=Y&subjectid=7008263

A patè is a paste that is usually made from multiple ingredients that have been mashed up together. Typically it included proteins such as meat or fish. https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/138713?rskey=KuE6Li&result=3&isAdvanced=false#eid

The actual word is "sabot," is a considered a wooden shoe. Again, this is important as knowing the clothing the characters are wearing allows the reader to get a good visual idea regarding the characters. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O355185/sabot/ https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/169372?redirectedFrom=sabots#eid

Fille de chambre is another word for a chambermaid or a woman's personal maid. They usually would help make the beds or take care of the lady in her chambers. https://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O127451/plaque-dodin-charles-nicholas/

Moulines is a city situated west of the capital, Paris. It is in the Normandy region (Getty Thesaurus of Geographic Names).

An exclusive circle or society of people; likened to an elite club (Oxford English Dictionary).

Noblelle referred as Noblesse today is French for Noblewoman. In the text, the phrase it is in is: C'eſt deroger à nobleſſe, which means: It is derogating from noblewoman.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/127493?redirectedFrom=noblesse#eid

The Quai de Conti, or more commonly “Quai Conti”, is a quay located along the Seine, in Paris. It is located in the 6th arrondissement, a subdivision of a French department.

https://www.google.com/search?q=Quai+de+Conti&rlz=1C1CHBD_enUS758US758&oq=Quai+de+Conti&aqs=chrome..69i57&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

The Façade of the Louvre, in English: Louvre Colonnade, is a Building in Paris. The Façade of the Louvre is a façade of the Palais du Louvre in Paris and it is a great example of Classical French architecture.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre_Colonnade#:~:text=The%20Louvre%20Colonnade%20is%20the,mostly%20between%201667%20and%201674.

Patillerie, referred today as Patisserie, is a French word meaning pastry making. In the context of the text, it means he loved do did the French pastries.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/138840?redirectedFrom=patisserie#eid

Livre is a French word, meaning a coin or currency. It is commonly referred to the British Pound as well.

https://www-oed-com.proxymu.wrlc.org/view/Entry/109369?redirectedFrom=livre#eid