A set of instructions that tells a computer how to carry out a task or solve a problem.

A common form of mica. https://geology.com/minerals/biotite.shtml

The tuff is situated on top of the Footprint Tuff, therefore it was more recently formed.

Palaeontology sites in Ethiopia. Lucy, the well-known early hominin fossil, was found near Hadar.

By grouping the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs, scientists have informally created a time period that runs from about 2.5 to 1.5 million years ago. This is when Australopithecus expanded into East Africa. https://www.grossmont.edu/people/bonnie-yoshida-levine/online-lectures/plio-pleistocene.aspx

A statistical calculation to determine the accuracy of predictions made using the regression line.

A form of linear regression used to determine the best fit line.

A survey technique used to determine the location of points. Distances along the sides of a triangle are measured and angles computed. By constructing a series of adjacent triangles, distances between points can be accurately determined.

A method of taxonomic analysis involving the external measurement of the form of an object, organism, or landform.

Generally considered or reputed to be.

Means "in the broad sense."

Represents a time unit of one million years. 1.0 Ma means one million years before the present.

A way to statistically summarize the relationship between two quantitative variables.

A family that includes horses, zebras, and other related mammals.

A family that includes the modern-day giraffe. Giraffids share a common ancestor with bovids.

These are antelopes such as Kirk's dik-dik.

The branch of science that studies fossilized footprints, animal burrows, and other traces of the existence of an animal and its behavior.

Here, undulating indicates that the upper edge of the soil layer has a continuous up and down shape. It is not flat.

Particles that are of the same kind.

Desiccation polygons are areas bordered by cracks in the mud found in sedimentary rocks and mud flats. Disarticulation suggests that the polygons separated from the mud and formed individual clods of earth or rock.

Describes the surface of a rock or mineral that is made up of crystals too small to be seen with without magnification.

A mineral involved in the formation of many igneous and metamorphic rocks.

A large-scale photograph made up of many smaller photographs.

A water-worn trench.

Existing or occurring in the same period of time.

A mammal of the cattle family.

That is, a fault line running east to west.

The side of a cliff or a steep slope. It can form as a result of faulting or erosion.

A raised flat land area with sides that slope.

Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers. An analysis of a stratigraphic sequence would be looking at the types of sedimentary deposits, their age, and distribution from one area to another.

A soft, porous rock that is formed from volcanic ash and or cinders. Over time it is compacted into solid rock.

The single specimen that is used by the author of an article to describe and name a new species. It could also refer to two or more specimens described by the author when a single holotype is not identified.

Formed when preexisting rocks are subjected to intense heat and pressure. This results in the original rocks changing both physically and chemically. Common examples are marble, slate, and schist.

In this case, a series of fossil footprints made by hominids or other animals.

Animals that typically have more than one mate.

Refers to differences in appearance and size between males and females of the same species. Modern humans show a low level of difference in size and appearance. Differences between the sexes is much more pronounced in early hominins and in primates such as gorillas and orangutans.

A period during Earth's history that occurred between 23 million and 5.3 million years ago.

A land surface resulting from erosion that occurred during ancient times.

A country located south of the equator in East Africa. (See the map of Africa in Figure 1 for the location of Tanzania and Laetoli.)

Malaria is a flu-like disease caused by a parasite. The parasite infects and kills blood cells while also releasing toxins. If left untreated, this infection can result in organ failure and death. It is transmitted by certain species of mosquitoes.<br>

Mosquito larvae live in the water and feast on microorganisms. They go through four growth spurts before becoming a pupa.

The pupal stage is the time at which the mosquito transforms from a water-inhabiting larvae to a wing-bearing adult. Much like butterfly metamorphosis, the mosquito is encased in a hard but thin shell-like structure.

This is a denotation for a nucleotide change. This is ribonucleotide 1 changed from an A to a C.

A technique to deliver nucleic acids to eukaryotic cells through membranes. There are many ways to do this, but two common ones are through chemicals or electricity.

A collective sample. In this case, mRNA samples from multiple female mosquito embryos of the same age were combined before being sequenced. The same was done across different time points and for male mosquitoes. Because mosquitoes are small organisms, there is not enough cells/RNA to perform a quality sequencing reaction. Thus, several or maybe even hundreds of organisms must be combined in order to have enough material. When looking at sequencing data from "pools", you are actually observing the "average", but since these are laboratory raised mosquitoes, it is assumed that they are genetically identical. So the "average" is likely true for all organisms in the population.

Changes in the mosquito genome have made them no longer susceptible or at least not as sensitive to insecticides. Much the same as bacteria developing genetic resistance to antibiotics.

In an abnormal place. In this case, nucleic acids are injected into mosquito larvae leading to expression of a gene that is not normally there.

The female egg cell is a rather large cell compared to the fertilizing male sperm cell. This large egg cell has more mRNA in the cytoplasm (as well as things like mitochondria) than the sperm cell. When the zygote is formed, there is a large maternal contribution of cytoplasmic goodies.

A process by which the expression of genes on the autosomes (all the other chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes) and sex chromosomes (in both sexes) are balanced through either inactivation of chromosomes or increased gene expression from a chromosome.

A particular version of an expressed gene (mRNA), may or may not have all of the exons encoded by the gene.

An organism that has some amount of genetic material from another unrelated organism.

Exposure to radioactive compounds.

Referring to chromosomes.

Having three sets of chromosomes. Most animals are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, one from mom, one from dad.

Reduced expression of a gene, not complete removal.

Having two different sex chromosomes. In humans, males are the heterogametic sex.

Having two of the same sex chromosomes. In humans, females are the homogametic sex.

Order of butterflies and moths.

Increased expression of genes.

Any change in DNA that results in a non-functional protein. Many different types of mutations can accomplish this, nonsense mutation and large deletions are the first thing that come to mind. They can render a protein non-functional by it being completely absent. Even missense mutations that change a single amino acid can render a protein non-functional if it hits a functional domain, even if the protein itself is present.

A visualization of the number and kinds of chromosomes present in an organism. This term is used loosely here, as XY males were determined through PCR, not the traditional means of visualizing chromosomes under a microscope.

A mobile DNA sequence that contains a gene. In genetic engineering, these sequences can be moved between plasmids or other useful vectors through restriction or recombination sites.

A protein derived from jellyfish that emits a neon green light when excited by UV or blue light.

A continuous circular molecule of DNA. Originally derived from bacteria, plasmids have proven to be a useful delivery system of DNA in molecular biology.

Injecting two or more things (in this case nucleic acids) at once.

This level of structure in a protein is when the amino acid chain begins to have three-dimensional shape. Side chains of the amino acids fold and interact through chemical forces like hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions and hydrophobic interactions. The most common secondary structures are helices, sheets, loops and turns.

This type of secondary structure in an amino acid chain is comprised of two alpha helices connected by a loop. This type of structure is indicative of the protein's ability to bind DNA as a transcription factor.

A stop codon (UAA, UAG or UGA (RNA)) that occurs earlier in the sequence than intended, usually due to a change in the DNA. This results in a truncated (not full length) protein.

Start codon (ATG (DNA) AUG (RNA))

Selection against deleterious traits (negative selection).

A stretch of DNA sequence that has the ability to be translated into protein (exons only). An ORF usually begins with a start codon (ATG) and ends with a stop codon (TAA, TAG or TGA).

Changes in DNA that end up coding for a different amino acid in the protein product.

Changes in DNA that ends up coding for the same amino acid in the protein product.

Similar to PCR, RT-PCR is a method that first converts mRNA in to DNA by use of a RT polymerase (enzymes like this are used in viruses like HIV). Once the RNA is in DNA form, the traditional PCR method can be used to amplify transcripts of interest.

in vivo inside of a living organism. In this case an experiment that was done in a cell line (in vitro) and worked, was then done in a living organism to see if it would also work in the context of the whole animal.

A population of cells derived from a single cell isolated from an organism. Thus, all cells in the culture are genetically identical. Often different cell lines have unique experimental qualities to them. In this case, this line lacks the Y chromosome, which may have been genetically engineered or may have occurred by chance.

mRNA molecules that were made in a tube (in vitro outside of a living organism).

A control that helps to ensure that the same amount of RNA is added from each sample, so that if lower or higher levels of RNA are seen in different samples you can ensure it's due to biological differences and not just human loading error.

There is a maternal to zygotic transition (MZT) in the zygote after blastoderm formation but before gastrulation. During this process maternally deposited RNAs from the egg are degraded and the new genome of the zygote is activated and begins transcription and translation of genes. The zygote is now on its own, without the support of good old mom.

Similar genes in different species that derived from a common ancestor.

A single layer of cells (about 4,000) that surround the outside of the zygote. In the fruit fly, this happens about 3 hours after fertilization.

The process of laying eggs in a fly.

A section of genomic DNA sequence. As genome sequences are assembled computationally, scientists first call long sections of sequence a scaffold. They can experimentally determine where this section comes from (in this case the Y chromosome) but know that it is not all the sequences on the Y chromosome. In the mosquito, the Y chromosome is approximately 150 kilobases (kb), but this scaffold only represents 1/3 of the sequence (48 kb).

A small segment of DNA sequence, approximately 100 bp in length. Before being sequenced, DNA (in this case RNA is converted back to DNA before sequencing) is chopped up into small fragments. Each of those small fragments are "read" before being computationally aligned to a reference genome sequence to determine where it comes from in the genome.

The entirety of a cell, organ, organism's gene expression profile. Just like genomics (looking at the whole genome, instead of one gene at a time), transcriptomics looks at all of the transcripts (mRNAs) at once instead of one molecule at a time.

In most animal species, biological males and females have different outward appearances in addition to the different reproductive organs. Birds are some of the most obvious examples. Male peacocks have long and brightly colored tail feathers while female are a dull brown/green.

DNA sequences on the X chromosome that "signal" the presence of the X chromosome

If you think of genetic and signaling pathways like a river, the genes at the very beginning of the pathway are the originating headwaters, or upstream. Whereas genes involved at the end of the pathway are downstream. What is upstream or downstream of you is relative to where you are in the pathway.

Not all sex determination pathways are like humans using the X and Y chromosomes. Over the course of evolution, organisms have developed different ways of genetically indicating male and female.

This is a genetic signal that is at the beginning of the sex determination pathway.

Solids are 3D objects, such as cubes, spheres, or pyramid structures.

Inert mass (m) is conceptually different from heavy mass (M). Heavy mass is a value that determines the strength of gravitational attraction, whereas inert mass (or inertial mass) is a value that indicates how resistant a thing is to a change of motion.

Modern physicists use the term "gravitational mass" instead of "heavy mass."

Physical laws are mathematical expressions that generalize physical phenomena. Physical laws explain and predict experimental results. Conservation of energy (ΔE=0) is one example of a physical law.

This kind of motion is impossible because it would require an infinite energy source, which violates the first law of thermodynamics (the Law of Conservation of Energy: The total energy of an isolated system is constant).

Kinematics is a branch of mechanics concerned with the geometry of motion.

(Einstein clarifies what he means by "kinematics" throughout the paper. When Einstein says kinematics, he specifically refers to the physics that treats space and time as separable entities.)

An inertia system of coordinates is a coordinate system that we can approximate to be stationary.

For instance, we can describe the displacement of a baseball (the object of interest) relative to the baseball field (an inertia system of the baseball). Since both the baseball and the field are subject to the same rotational motion of Earth, the movement of the baseball can be described relative to the seemingly stationary field.*

Einstein gives us a way to determine if a system of coordinates is an inertia system:

A system of coordinates moving in the same direction and at the same rate as a system of inertia is itself a system of inertia.

*For the purposes of this example, we have ignored the (negligible) effect of Earth's rotation. An observer on the surface of Earth must be accelerating to follow a circular path, and the entire system is subject to the non-inertial effects of gravity.

Systems of coordinates indicate the location of a point in space in reference to some other point. In doing so, systems of coordinates form a mathematical map of physical space.

In Einstein's example, the system of coordinates for the railway train is the ground.

Einstein says the analytic method is used to form theories of principle, whereas the synthetic method is used to form constructive theories. We can understand the methods as contrasts.

The synthetic method supposes premises that help explain natural phenomena, while the analytic method reduces all natural phenomena to their common denominator. The synthetic method is a bottom-up approach, whereas the analytic method is a top-down approach.

Another way to think about the difference is that the analytical approach starts with observations, whereas the synthetic method starts with hypotheses.

(For those who are philosophy-inclined, Immanuel Kant discusses this distinction between the analytic and the synthetic.)

The kinetic theory of gases describes the motion of atoms in the gas phase and makes a number of assumptions such as:

1. The gas molecules have negligible volume compared to their container.
2. The molecules are constantly moving.
3. All collisions are perfectly elastic.

Euclidian geometry presumes a uniform and constant arrangement of space. However, Einstein proposed (and others demonstrated) that space is "warped" around objects depending on their mass. The larger the mass, the greater the degree of warping.

Because time is connected to space, it is also warped around massive objects.

Einstein's theory of relativity is a two-part theory. Together, the two parts explain the motion of subatomic particles and gargantuan masses and address some of the shortcomings of earlier theories of motion.

The theory is well known for combining the concepts of space and time, revealing that they are inseparable.

The analytical method begins with empirical observations, from which principles and formula are inferred (which can be applied to other cases).

Empirical methods involve observation and experience, rather than logical deduction alone.

A value that indicates how resistant a thing is to a change of motion.

Modern physicists use the term "inertial mass" instead of "inert mass."

Modern physicists call "inert" and "heavy" masses "inertial" and "gravitational," respectively.

Weathering is when pieces of plastic are mechanically broken up into smaller pieces. This is a problem because marine organisms can eat the smaller pieces but are unable to digest them. See the annotation for reference 16 for more information.

Ice covers the Arctic Ocean. Over the course of a year, ice increases during fall and winter and melts during spring and summer. All of the ice does not melt entirely during the spring and summer; some of the ice persists from one year to the next.

Waste management infrastructure is the collection of processes and facilities that properly dispose of wastes and reduce pollution. A major goal of waste management is often to reduce the amount of waste deposited in landfills by reuse or recycling.

Market sector is an economics term that describes a part of the economy made up of multiple industries. Examples of market sectors include energy, health care, consumer goods, media, utilities, etc.

Suspended particles in air. Dust, soot, and water droplets are some examples of aerosols.

After a chemical is emitted it undergoes reactions in the atmosphere. The products of the initial chemical reaction then undergo additional reactions in the atmosphere. Multigenerational aging accounts for the reactions that occur after the initial reaction.

The primary reactant in the atmosphere that oxidizes hydrocarbons.

The chemical make-up of an emission before any additional chemical reactions take place.

Able to tell the difference between similar chemicals.

Studies designed to determine how various compounds are emitted into the atmosphere.

Evaporate more quickly into the gas phase.

From human activities.

Hydrocarbon liquid environments that dissolve chemicals responsible for the functioning of a product.

Comes from products derived from oil and natural gas.

A way to keep track of where all of the atoms and molecules are formed and where they end up.

Substances used by people that give off gas-phase molecules.

Molecules that exit the tailpipe of a vehicle while driving.

Protein responsible for converting light to a chemical signal that allows us to see.

A causal relationship means that the data suggests that one variable has a direct influence on another.

Climate models are created using complex mathematical representations of the interactions between the atmosphere, oceans, land surface, ice, and the sun. Such models are tested against real world data and once they can realistically reproduce past climate conditions, then they are used to simulate future conditions.

Different models might use different mathematical equations in their calculations, some of which may have large uncertainties involved for certain environmental interactions. As our understanding of the environment improves, the models also improve in their predictive capabilities but because of the complexity of the global Earth environment there is still more to discover about the world around us.

For more about the reliability of climate models, visit Skeptical Science: https://www.skepticalscience.com/climate-models.htm

The atmosphere is not all uniform. There are layers of the atmosphere which differ in gas concentrations, temperatures, and density.

The troposphere is the lowest layer and extends from sea level up to about 6.2 miles (10 km) into the atmosphere. This region is where weather occurs and the layer above is known as the stratosphere.

Image from the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research.

Vertical wind shear is a change in wind speed or direction with change in altitude. So if wind moves rapidly upwards or downwards, it would be a vertical shear.

Strong vertical wind shear tends to inhibit cyclone development, but may also extend the lifetimes of individual thunderstorms.

In order to be called a hurricane (or a typhoon or tropical cyclone) the storm system must reach sustained winds of 74 miles (119 km) per hour or higher.

Meteorologists use the generic term 'tropical cyclone' to describe a rotating, organized system of clouds and thunderstorms that originates over tropical or subtropical waters. These large scale air masses tend to spiral around an atmospheric region of low pressure.

Different places around the world will call these storm systems by different terms: hurricane, typhoon, or tropical cyclone.

For more information visit: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html

According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) hurricane "storms are given short, distinctive names to avoid confusion and streamline communications."

The US began using female names for hurricanes in 1953 and started including male names in 1978.

For more information visit NOAA's website: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/storm-names.html

Some research groups make their data and testing materials widely available for others to use.

A feature from the American Psychological Association lists several advantages for doing this, including making science widely accessible and being able to reproduce previous results.

However, participants who have already seen test materials in a different study might not give answers that reflect what they truly think, which may affect the study's results.

Experimental ethics investigates philosophical questions with experiments.

Amazon Mechanical Turk is a website that lets users earn money for doing small tasks. It has become increasingly popular for researchers, who use it to reach a wide audience online. A large and diverse set of data can be collected in a short period of time.

When a ring is cleaved, a set of atoms that were bonded together in a closed shape, like the hexagon in part B of the above figure, experience a bond breaking that opens up the closed shape.

We often think of appendages as being arms or leg in animals, but in bacteria they are thin tubes that emerge from the cell wall. Bacterial appendages help bacteria move and attach themselves to surfaces.

Bead-loading is a technique for quickly and efficiently loading large numbers of macromolecules (such as DNA and RNA) onto the cells of tissues.

A type of cell that lacks the p16 gene (which normally suppresses growth), allowing it to continue to grow and divide indefinitely while there are resources.

Antibodies "against" the FLAG-tag (SM).

A specific sequence of amino acids that can be added to proteins to "tag" them. Antibodies have been developed that have high affinity for the tag, so it is a popular choice in this kind of visualization experiment.

A circular, double stranded piece of DNA that is often used as an intermediary to insert genes into a genome.

Dyes that will not degrade when exposed to light.

The process by which RNA molecules are synthesized with information from DNA.

The process by which an amino acid chain (and eventual protein) is created using information from mRNA.

The main protein that is involved in translating mRNA into proteins.

A complex of mRNA and multiple ribosomes formed during translation.

Randomly.

The rate at which a new protein is synthesized (or "elongated").

An epitope is the part of a molecule that an antibody recognizes and binds to (usually as part of an immune response).

Epitope tagging takes advantage of this by creating special versions of proteins that have specific epitopes on them. The proteins can then be detected using antibodies that bind to the specific epitope.

A method that tracks the synthesis of new proteins by using fluorescent molecules to track the movement of molecules in the cell.

In a living organism.

A type of RNA that transmits information from DNA (where genetic information is stored) to the ribosome (where proteins are created from genetic information).

a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced.

the process of producing cellular energy involving oxygen.

the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth.

an embankment built to prevent the overflow of a river.

a passage for surplus water to run over or around an obstruction (such as a dam)

refers to variations in the state and characteristics of a water body which are regularly repeated in time and space and which pass through phases, e.g. seasonal. (DJ)

soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.

the process involved in carbon capture and the long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide

one of the most serious weeds in Florida. It grows in or near shallow waters forming monocultures where it can quickly displace native vegetation.

common symptom or name of disease, especially of woody plants, characterized by progressive death of twigs, branches, shoots, or roots, starting at the tips.

wetland that is dominated by herbaceous rather than woody plant species. Marshes can often be found at the edges of lakes and streams, where they form a transition between the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. They are often dominated by grasses, rushes or reeds.

period of time during which a wetland ( land that is mostly covered by water) is covered by water.

Any movement of carbon between these reservoirs is called a flux. Which means transfer of carbon from one pool to another.

sometimes also called stocks or reservoirs because they act as storage houses for large amounts of carbon.

An affinity for neural tissue.

Here, it refers to the fact that Zika virus specifically targets neural cells.

Underdevelopment of the brain that causes a child's head to smaller than normal.

Newborn children, up to four weeks old.

The acknowledgements section of scientific papers provides several pieces of information. This section identifies the funding sources that supported the work, as well as individuals who contributed to the research that didn't reach the level of being added as an author. This section also often provides details about the source of materials, data, information, and sometimes even ideas that are included in the paper. Here, the acknowledgements include links to the climate projections and reconstructions.

A biome marked by seasonal changes that typically sees tree growth in the summer, and a shedding of leaves in the winter.

This Pathway has the global emission peak between 2010–2020, and decrease substantially after that, with a reduction in the total concentration starting after 2050. This RCP results in a projection near the 2°C target.

Models of atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations that were developed to provide researchers with a common set of pathways and their data for modeling and research. These pathways were used in the IPCC report published in 2014, in advance of the 2015 Paris Conference. The numbers refer to the increase in radiative forcing values The numbers refer to the increase in radiative forcing values (W/m²—a measure of how much more solar energy Earth is retaining because of the greenhouse effect) that would be expected in 2100 compared to pre-industrial levels.

For this figure, the years are not using the formal B.P. definition where "present" is 1950. In this case, "present" is 2000–2010.

The formal term Before Present (B.P.) refers to years before 1950, which was set as the dividing point during the early years of radiocarbon dating. When the term is not capitalized, that may mean it is being used informally and has a different time frame for the "present," such as the year when the paper is published or the most recent year of the reported data.

Were the authors using the term formally or informally? Given what you now know, what does the "present" mean in this description?

Some climate variables and characteristics, such as temperature, leave no direct evidence of their values and variations in the historical record before humans began to observe and record them. However, researchers can use analysis and modeling of related data that are available, such as pollen cores, to build reconstructions of these characteristics and variables, and fill in gaps. In this case, a model uses pollen core data to reconstruct information about climate and the types of plant ecosystems in the Mediterranean Basin over the past 10,000 years.

The Industrial Revolution led to a large increase in the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere as a result of human activities, so this is a common dividing point for looking at climate change. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change sets this dividing line at the year 1750 for their reports.

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty with the objective of "stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system." In other words, to limit human-produced greenhouse gases in order to stabilize Earth's global climate.

The treaty is a framework for negotiating future international treaties for action on those goals. It entered into force in 1994 after it was ratified by enough countries.

In regards to conservation, it is the process of protecting endangered plant species that is outside of its natural habitat.

Increasing in aridity, usually reducing the number of life forms able to survive there.

Landscape characterized by sinkholes and caves, formed by the dissolution of soluble rock like limestone, dolomite or gypsum.

Whereby land rights are formally recognized for people living on or near the forest, so that they may benefit from its use (or of harvesting of some natural forest products).

A term coined by Liu and colleagues that argues for an unconventional introduction approach, in which orchid populations planted in natural forests are sustainably harvested.

Plants that grow in or on rocks.

Creating new life using man-made methods.

Natural resources gathered from the biosphere. Examples: forests, animals, and marine organisms.

Sedimentary rocks (limestone landscapes) are formed from pre-existing rocks or pieces of once-living organisms. They form when deposits accumulate forming distinctive layers.

A rare and endangered saprophytic orchid commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine for hypertension, relieving headaches, and convulsions.

Self-sustaining, reproductive.

"Hotspot" is widely used in reference to regions of especially high biodiversity in plants and/or animals.

An actual list of all the species found in a park or area; commonly provided in reserves.

A species not native to the area.

The worth of the orchid in this habitat, with regards to supporting other life forms, pollinators, water cycling, microhabitat creation, etc.

Growing on another plant or structure, as opposed to rooted in the ground.

These developed countries have fewer species of native orchids.

Fauna refers to animal life, whereas Flora refers to plant life.

Over use of a species for food, medicine, and other commercial purposes.

A region's plants and their traditional uses.

A branch of agriculture concerned with growing plants that can be eaten, used for medicinal purposes, or ornamental purposes.

Plants native to, and sometimes only found in this area.

Genus of orchid.