The three-point bend test provides values for the modulus of elasticity, and flexural stress and strain.

Modulus of elasticity is the ratio of the stress in a body to the corresponding strain.

Flexural stress is the maximum bending stress that can be applied to that material before it breaks.

Flexural Strain is the ratio of stress to strain in flexural deformation, or the tendency for a material to resist bending.

A class of biodegradable polymers which are characterized by anhydride bonds. In vivo, they degrade into non- toxic monomers that are metabolized and eliminated from the body.

A once a month, or every three month shot that contains a series of hormones designed to stop the body from releasing eggs, and thicken the cervix mucus, thus preventing pregnancy.

A flexible transparent ring of plastic placed in the vagina and releases estrogen and progestogen. This needs to be replaced once a month.

A daily pill that consists of progestin and estrogen to prevent pregnancy.

The opening from the stomach into the small intestine.

A once-a-week patch that adheres to the skin and releases the necessary hormones to prevent pregnancy.

Also called an IUD, this device is planted within the uterus in a t- shaped form to prevent pregnancy.

A small rod- like implant under the skin of the arm which releases the hormone progestin, to prevent pregnancy.

A drug or device used to prevent pregnancy.

Women who use daily contraceptives have a lack of commitment to taking their prescribed pill at the same time everyday.

Glossary: A polymer used for ultraviolet, cross linkable hydrogels

Calcium Chloride, is often used to recalcify (dding back calcium) blood to initiate blood clotting along with fibrinogen and thrombin.

A common hydrogel base material. Specifically, salt form of alginic acid, which is a substance that is commonly used to thicken solutions due to its ability to absorb water fast.

Form or structure of a thing.

A measure of size variation in colloids (liquid mixtures containing microscopically small, dispersed particles, e.g. milk, mayo)

To destroy the properties of a protein or other biological molecule (e.g. by heat, acidity) to disrupt its function.

Production of complex living and non-living products from bio-compatible materials and cells to address medical challenges.

A network of biological materials surrounding cells throughout the body for protection and support.

Tiny devices that mimic the functions of human physiological systems such as organs and tissues.

Occurring or existing at the same time.

Located in present-day Wyoming. Map of the Hanna Basin: https://www.wsgs.wyo.gov/docs/wsgs-web-hanna-basin-geologic-map.pdf

The term lithophile was coined by Goldschmidt to describe elements with affinity for silicates. The Greek word lithophile means rock-loving. These elements are primarily found in regions with higher concentrations of silicate, e.g., the mantle and crust. A few examples of lithophile elements are Li, Na, Mg, Al and Si.

The term ‘δ¹³C-δ¹⁸O’ denotes the isotopic signatures of carbon and oxygen elements. An isotopic signature is calculated from the ratio of stable isotopes (13-C/12-C or 18-O/16-O) and expressed in parts per thousand.

A kind of intrusive igneous rock that is formed deep inside the Earth’s interior. Kimberlite tends to move upwards via the upper mantle and lower and upper crusts, ultimately reaching the surface of the Earth. When the rocks move up, they carry diamonds inside them, thereby becoming an important source of diamonds.

A chemical element which constitutes less than 0.1% of a rock's composition.There is unique geochemical information stored in the variation of concentration of each trace element. Zn, Cd and Sr are a few examples of trace-elements.

Identified by mineral inclusions consistent with being exposed to high pressures found at depths of more than 400 kilometers.

Strontium-Neodymium-Hafnium-Lead

The area that separates the Earth's upper mantle from its lower mantle. The depth of this zone is usually between 410 to 660 kilometers beneath the Earth's surface.

Small quantities of gases or liquids that remain trapped inside minerals. These inclusions provide critical insights on the geological processes in the Earth's interior.

At depths of more than 410 kilometers underneath the Earth's surface.

Helium-Strontium-Lead

A part of the Earth’s interior that lies between the dense, extremely hot core and the thin outer layer, known as the crust. It is made up of a thick rocky shell that constitutes 84% of Earth’s volume.

Refers to a mass of material that experiences a common set of chemical interactions. Reservoirs, in most cases, have distinct boundaries (e.g., an ocean).

Chemical elements that have the same number of electrons and protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes. For example, both carbon-12 and carbon-14 have six electrons and six protons, but they have 12 and 14 neutrons, respectively. These isotopic differences change the atom's atomic mass and other chemical properties.

A potent angiogenic factor. Usually more regulated in tumors.

A cell whose genetic complement resulted from the combination of two different DNA strands (recombination)

Promotes the formation of blood vessels

A lattice structure is a structure made of crisscross patterns of stripping. A 3D Voronoi lattice is used to help make objects lighter, but stronger.

formation of small blood vessels

relating to pigs

Muscle tissue in the heart dies and is replaced with scar tissue. Leads to weakened blood flow and irregular heartbeats.

Electrical activity of the heart

Having a physical property that has different values when measured in different directions.

Needed for attachment of actin to Z-lines in skeletal muscle cells.

Human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

Carbohydrate-binding proteins that can be used for blood typing and used for biological recognition in cells.

CD-31 is a protein that is involved in angiogenesis activation.

A glycoprotein that can be a major protein component of blood plasma.

In Vivo: Performed or taking place in a living organism. Murine: Tests performed on rodents or mice. Subcutaneous: applied under the skin. Vascularization: Formation of blood vessels or process of becoming vascular.

In vivo murine subcutaneous vascularization: Means the printed disks were placed under the skin of living rodents into their blood vessels.

Migration of cells from their origin.

The development of new blood vessels.

Around a blood vessel.

The inside space of the blood vessel.

The arrangement of blood vessels in an organ or tissue.

Dextran is a polysaccharide glucan that is medically used to reduce blood viscosity.

Perfusion that moves through channels based on pulse.

The passage of blood or fluids through blood vessels or other channels in an organ or tissue.

The passage of blood or fluids through blood vessels or other channels in an organ or tissue.

An endoscopic overtube is a sleeve-like device designed for both upper and lower endoscopic procedures. During upper endoscopy it is designed to protect the hypopharynx from the trauma of repeated intubations, the airway from aspiration, and the esophagus during extraction of sharp foreign bodies.

The chemical breakdown of of a compound due to its reaction in the presence of water.

A branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs throughout the body.

A statistical analysis test used to counteract false positive results within multiple comparisons. It is used when several independent or dependent tests are being performed simultaneously.

A synthetic steroid hormone that has similar effects on the body to progesterone and is often used in contraceptive pills.

An elastic substance occurring naturally or synthetically.

A silicon based organic polymer.

A polymer often used to improve a products processing characteristics, and its compatibility with other materials. It can be used to increase biodegradability, or used with a polymeric to plasticize a product.

A copolymer which is widely accepted for biomedical applications due to its biocompatibility, biodegradation rate, approval for clinical use, potential modification properties, and export opportunities to cultures with unpopular use of animal- derived products.

in live being

Image of Carsioptychus coarctatus provided by HHMI Tangled Bank Studios shows a rendering of this ancient herbivorous mammal. https://durangoherald.com/articles/300859

This stage of the geologic timescale refers to the North American faunal stage. spanning from 66,000,000 to 63,300,000 years BP (Before Present).

Known only to exist in North America, these placental mammals are readily identified by their unique teeth.

This is an extinct clade of turtles that appeared during the Jurassic and disappeared in the Eocene.

The calcium compound that is the main inorganic component of tooth enamel and bones. It gives bones and teeth rigidity.

This is one of the largest volcanic areas on Earth. Its lava flows cover an area of about 500,00 square kilometers.

The Cretaceous land mammal stage dating from 70 Ma to 66 Ma.

Population sizes are stable and remain within a sustainable range. They are in balance.

This is a graphic way to represent the succession of layers over time.

This is one of the two groups angiosperms are traditionally divided into. A number of traits distinguish dicots from the other group, the monocotyledons (monocots). The seeds of dicots contain two embryonic seed leaves; monocots seeds contain one.

These are the living components of an ecosystem and includes the autotrophs, heterotrophs, and detritivores.

This occurs when biotic and/or abiotic change results in the biosphere or geosphere becoming unbalanced. It provides a way to explain the ecological and evolutionary changes observed in the fossil record.

This occurs when two or more species affect the evolution of each other.

This is an extinct species of hoofed, placental mammals. They are the largest known species of the genus.

These are single-celled, bottom dwelling organisms that live on or within the carbonate-rich sediment surface. https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/foraminiferaearths-microscopic-recordkeepers

https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fosrec/Wetmore.html

Fossils/imprints from the past, referred to as proxies, can be used to determine what the paleoclimate was like. Examples of proxies are coral, pollen, and tree rings. These are analyzed and correlated with current climate conditions.

This is a morphological trait used as an indicator of the rates of photosynthesis and respiration. It is a way to link light capture to growth and carbon gain.

Many examples of members of the same genus are present. The area is species-rich.

These are floodplain deposits made when the river broke through its natural flood banks. Heavier sediments are deposited closer to the river channel while lighter sediments, such as sand and silt, are deposited farther away from the channel.

This is the outer regions of the floodplain.

These were herbivorous mammals.

These turtles are related to modern snapping turtles and have a similar morphology. They had large heads and a long tail.

The saplings are located in their original place.

A skeleton that is all in one piece with the bones arranged in the correct order.

The physical traits of leaves, their morphology, is used to estimate the temperature.

A taxonomic species based only on its physical (morphological) differences from related species.

Flowering plants that have two seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the seed embryo.

Pollen produced by members of the walnut plant family.

Units of sediments deposited by rivers that have similar characteristics based on bedding and texture.

The interbedding of two distinctly different depositional environments.

The analysis of spores, pollen, and other particulate organic matter in sedimentary rock.

The Ma label is the abbreviation for mega annum and signifies time in millions of years.

Earth's north and south magnetic poles have reversed multiple times. Normal polarity occurs when the magnetic north points toward the geographic north pole. The reverse is the opposite. A record of the onset and duration of these reversals has been measured back to the Upper Jurassic.

This basin is located in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado.

Map: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/General-area-map-of-the-San-Juan-Basin-NM-Base-map-adapted-from-Esri-Streets-Data-and_fig1_266569834

This is an area where the underlying rocks are exposed.

These are plants that flower and fruit. They produce seeds enclosed within a female reproductive structure. It includes many non-woody plants, shrubs, and trees.

This is a clade that includes all living bird species and their ancestors, back to the common ancestor and all of the ancestor's descendants that did not evolve to form modern species.

Members of this group of mammals carry the developing fetus in the uterus where the placenta facilitates the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the mother and the fetus.

This is a grouping of organisms that includes a single common ancestor and all the species descending from that ancestor, both living and extinct.

The proliferation of species from a single ancestor and their diversification into ecologically different forms.

This refers to things related to the land as opposed to aquatic or marine.

These are cold-blooded dinosaurs, not related to birds.

This refers to a family of plants that have nodules on their roots that contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The bacteria transform atmospheric nitrogen gas into nitrogen compounds plants are able to use.

This term refers to large plant species.

The term means that the events occurred at the same time. The events are associated with each other.

The ka label is the abbreviation for kilo annum and signifies time in thousands of years.

This is how an organism fits into the ecosystem—the role it plays. It is how it interacts with other species in a biological community.

The number of different species represented in an ecological community. It is not a count of the number of members of each species, but of the diversity of species present.

The extinction of nearly three-quarters of all plant and animals species on Earth 66 million years ago.

Factors that cause an event or phenomenon to occur.

A term used when something that was confusing is made clear.

A sequence of beds of sedimentary rocks that can be followed over a large area.(https://www.biointeractive.org/classroom-resources/stratigraphic-principles)

test

A pattern of temperatures

The search for food in the environment.

A 24-hour cycle, more commonly referred to as a "day".

people can often miss large changes in their visual fields if they are focused or distracted on something else.

cues of what one should do with the objects.

a perspective slightly above looking down

i reaaalllly think i should be doing a glossary list.

Studying a subject at both the local and regional levels

A laboratory strain of mice useful for studying cancer and immunology.

The latin word ibidem means in the same place. To save space, some authors use ibid. to refer to a reference from the same journal as the previous one.

The process by which antigen-presenting cells uptake antigenic molecules from their surroundings, so that they may display them on their surface.

The process of exposing T cells to molecular signatures of disease through displaying them on the surface of antigen-presenting cells.

Outside of the living organism. In ex vivo experiments, cells originate in an organism, are extracted and modified, and then can be reintroduced.

Antigen presenting cells. Specialized immune cells which allow T cells to be exposed to the antigens present in the body. This allows T cells to become activated so they can target those pathogens or diseased cells.

Within a living organism (as opposed to in vitro, or in cells grown in the lab)

Refers to the collection of recyclables including glass, paper, and plastic, all in the same recycling bin.

Refers to the range of garbage materials that are discarded as unwanted and useless. Landfills are often used as solid waste management systems.

One metric ton is equal to 1,000 kilograms or 2,204.6 pounds. One black rhinoceros weights approximately one metric ton. Source: Wikimedia

Another laboratory strain of mice useful for studying cancer and immunology.

Unmodified; that is, wild-type 51BLim10 cells do not have the extra genes which introduce B7 or the extra modifications which silence it.

A second exposure to the same threat. The immune system is under certain conditions able to remember threats it has encountered before and react to them more quickly and effectively upon each subsequent exposure.

Relating to or originating from mice.

An antibody able to bind two of its targets at once.

The antigen-binding fragment of antibody, i.e the domain which binds specifically to the target of the antibody.

Two indicators of T cell activation. Once activated, T cells divide rapidly and produce a molecule called interleukin-2.

"In the glass," that is, experiments done in test tubes, not in organisms.

A related protein, usually with very similar sequence and structure.

A technique by which the genes in a cell are modified.

A family of binders to CD28. The two most important members are B7-1 and B7-2, mentioned below.

The target for T cell receptors is always a short peptide displayed on the surface of the cells. The protein responsible for displaying the peptides is called the major histocompatibility complex.

The receptor used by T cells to recognize specific antigens.

Molecules recognized by the immune system; signatures of disease.

Another receptor on the surface of T cells, with an opposite effect compared to CD28. Binding to CTLA-4 causes damping of T cell activation.

White blood cells central to adaptive immunity. T cells are able to recognize if cells are diseased and can kill them so they don't spread throughout the body.

To become fully activated, T cells need to receive a signal through the CD28 receptor on their surface.

The ability of the immune system to recognize diseased or foreign cells.

This is an imaging technique that uses seismic waves generated by earthquakes and explosions to create computer-generated, three-dimensional images of Earth's interior. More information on how this technique works can be found here : https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/downloads/optional/269

These are very fine-grained particles which gradually accumulate on the ocean floor over time. These deposits comprise of both inorganic (by products of volcanic activities) and organic (marine plants and animals) matters.

The mid-ocean ridge is one of the largest chain of volcanic mountains on Earth, with 90% of the mountains submerged underneath the ocean. A type of basaltic rock originating from volcanic eruptions in this region is known as mid-ocean ridge basalt.

Basalt is a type of igneous rocks which comprises 90% of all volcanic rocks. When these basalts are formed as a result of volcanic activities inside the ocean and away from the tectonic plate junctions, they are known as ocean island basalts.

A radiogenic isotope is formed by the process of radioactive decay. For instance, in this case, the stable isotope helium-4 is generated from the decay of a radioactive helium-4 nucleus.

A slab is a part of the tectonic plate which undergoes subduction. Subduction is a geological phenomenon occurring at the junction between two tectonic plates. This involves pushing one plate below the other, so much so that the sinking plate protrudes into the Earth’s mantle.

Ancient reservoir in Earth's interior, composed of trapped gases that have not been removed.

Commonly called "cold-blooded", this term describes an animal that regulates its body temperature using external energy sources. For example, this is the reason why many reptiles sunbathe.

A characterization technique used to study the structural and chemical properties of a material.

Hybridization is the combining or mixing up of atomic orbitals (an expected region of electron density around an atom) to form new hybrid orbitals that have geometries suitable to form bonds. Electrons can be found in s, p, d, and f orbitals. When an s orbital combines with three p orbitals, it results in four sp³ hybridized orbitals. Similarly, the combination of an s orbital with two p orbitals gives rise to three sp² hybrid orbitals.

Learn more about hybrid orbitals with these videos from Khan Academy.

The building block of graphite, which is used in pencil tips. Graphene is a one-atom-thick layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice (with atoms arranged at the corners of a hexagon). The thickness of graphene is a million times less than that of a single human hair. Graphene is the world's first 2D material and the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded for its discovery.

 Source: Wikimedia

A crystal is a 3D periodic array of atoms. Materials with regularly ordered arrays of components are termed crystalline materials.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are rolled up cylinders of graphene sheets with diameters in the nanoscale. Based on geometry, they are termed as either single-walled (formed by rolling a single sheet of graphene) or multiwalled (multiple sheets of graphene) carbon nanotubes.

In a crystal, the atoms are arranged in a regular repeated pattern in a 3D lattice. A lattice is defined as the set of points representing these atomic positions.

Fullerene is the zero-dimensional form of graphitic carbon. The carbon atoms in fullerenes are arranged in closed shells.

Optical microscopes are instruments which use visible light and a system of lenses to produce magnified images of small objects.

A covalent bond is formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms. In the case of graphene, each carbon atom forms covalent bonds with three neighboring atoms of hexagons in a plane, with atoms placed in corners of the hexagon. This type of in-plane bonding is called intralayer covalent bonding.

Quasicrystals are materials with perfect long-range order, but with no 3D translational periodicity of crystals.

A high-purity graphite material with a high degree of preferred crystallographic orientation.

A perfect crystal is an idealization and in real materials, atom arrangements do not follow perfect crystalline patterns. Crystal defects can be due to missing atoms, introduction of an impurity, broken crystal patterns along fault lines, or the joining of distinct crystal planes.

Wear is the progressive loss of materials from contacting surfaces relative in motion. The wear process results in the generation of debris—or particles—of various size, shape, color distributions, and chemical composition.

An imaging technique capable of generating high-resolution (nanometer-scale) images of a sample.

Refers to the components in a friction system. Here, the DLC-coated ball and the graphene-plus-nanodiamonds constitute the tribopair.

A nanomaterial structure with a spiral-wrapped geometry. Think of a scroll, or a roll of paper, on the nanoscale.

The CNO was injected into the peritoneum, the thin membrane that lines the walls of the abdominal cavity. It travels through the circulation system, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and affects its target cells.

A subregion of a part of the brain called the thalamus.

The PVT has been shown to have a broad range of function, including involvement in fear, learning, arousal, and feeding behaviors.

The axon is a long, thin part of the neuron that facilitates communication between neurons. Axons extend from the cell body of a neuron to other parts of the brain, allowing communication between different brain regions.

Materials made of long, repeating chains of molecules. The term polymer is often used to describe plastics, which are synthetically made, but natural polymers also exist.

As the most common plastic, polyethylene is used for everything from plastic bags to bulletproof vests. Polypropylene is commonly used in chip bags, microwave dishes, and bottle caps. Some fabric textiles and many water bottles are made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

Plastics are notoriously persistent pollutants. It is estimated that a PET plastic water bottle will take anywhere from 100-500 years to degrade.

An economic system where waste and pollution are designed out, keeping products and services in closed loops or cycles. The circular economy is an alternative to a traditional linear economy in which products and materials are made, used, and disposed of.

The process of inserting drug molecules through the nose.

Following a path similar to the Brownian motion of small particles in fluid, which is random movement due to continuous collisions with the surrounding molecules in the fluid.

Coughed out from the throat or lungs.

Trapping something inside another object, or a capsule.

Here, encapsulation refers to trapping drug molecules inside the nanoparticle.

The process of combining different atoms, ions, or molecules to form one large molecule or ion due to electrostatic and/or hydrophobic interactions.

Steroid hormones that are produced in the kidneys or synthetically in the laboratory and can be used to treat inflammations.

Refers to the particles' ability to stay dispersed in a fluid without separating from the solution (precipitation) or forming big clusters (aggregation) within a period of time.

The diameter of a sphere that has the same hydrodynamic friction with that of the nanoparticle.

A form of bonding that does not involve the bonding between pairs of atoms.

Repelled by water molecules.