r is the correlation coefficition for an association between two factors. It can take values between -1 and 1. An correlation coefficient equal to -1 indicates a perfectly inverse linear correlation, meaning that one variable decreases in it value in response to the increase of the other linearly. In contrast, an r equal to 1 indicates a perfect linear positive correlation. An r of zero signs the nonexistencephalitis of association.

P is the probability that a null hypothesis is true. The null hypothesis in this case is that the total number of cases reported from each province shows no signification linear correlation with the total number of travellers from Wuhan.

The Montreal Protocol is an international agreement to phase out the use and production of substances that deplete the ozone layer.

Read more here: https://www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection/international-actions-montreal-protocol-substances-deplete-ozone-layer

El Niño refers to a climate pattern that pushes warm water into the Pacific Ocean.

This warming of the Pacific Ocean impacts global weather patterns.

Read more here: https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/ninonina.html

Overturning circulation refers to the ocean currents that carry heat and nutrients to different regions of the ocean.

This system of currents also helps the ocean absorb carbon from the atmosphere.

Read more here: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/oceans/amoc

The prefix "geo" means Earth.

Thus, geophysical refers to physics occurring on and near the Earth.

The troposphere is one of the five major layers of the Earth's atmosphere.

It is the layer closest to the surface of the Earth.

A sonde is an instrument that measures and transmits information about a remote location.

An ozonesonde is a device that is carried by a balloon into the atmosphere. As it travels, it transmits ozone concentration information back to a station on the ground.

Balloon ozone data is measured by instruments carried into the atmosphere by balloons.

Greenhouse gases are gases which confine heat to the atmosphere.

Forcings refers to factors that drive changes in the climate.

Light absorption occurs when light transfers energy to an object.

Here, the sunlight's energy is transferred to ozone in the form of heat.

Radiation refers to energy that travels at the speed of light.

Here, it refers to a form of heat transfer that causes atmospheric temperature changes.

The polar cap is the region of the poles that is covered in ice.

Something that is anomalous differs from what is normal or typical.

Climatology is the study of climate science.

High latitudes are approximately 60 degrees of the equator and higher. This includes the polar regions.

OCS is carbonyl sulfide with a molecular structure consisting of an oxygen (O), carbon (C), and sulfur (S) atom.

Modal is related to the mode in statistics, which identifies the most frequently occurring values in a dataset.

Here, it refers to models where the modes have a fixed width.

The CCMI project develops models that describe how atmospheric chemistry and climate interact with each other.

The primary focus of the project is understanding atmospheric ozone.

The CCMI project develops models that describe how atmospheric chemistry and climate interact with each other.

The primary focus of the project is understanding atmospheric ozone.

A field is a property of a physical system that can be measured.

Here, it refers to properties of the atmosphere.

TOMS and OMI are instruments used to measure the total ozone in the atmosphere.

The TOMS data set has provided a record of total atmospheric ozone since 1978. OMI was launched in 2004 to continue the collection of ozone data.

Both data sets are merged to obtain a more complete record of the ozone layer over time.

Suborbital refers to a path that is less than one full revolution around a body.

Here, it refers to data obtained by instruments that travel less than a full revolution around the Earth.

The SBUV is an instrument that measures the amount of ozone in the atmosphere.

The instrument, mounted on a weather satellite, measures the sunlight reflected back from the Earth.

Since ozone is known to reflect light at a particular wavelength, the amount of light reflected at this wavelength indicates how much ozone is present in the atmosphere.

Aerosols are solid particles or liquid droplets that are suspended in a gas.

Here, the particles are suspended in air.

Meteorological variability refers to changes in atmospheric weather conditions.

Heterogeneous chemistry is a chemical process that involves different phases of matter.

Here, it refers to gaseous chlorine and bromine reacting on the surface of condensed phase cloud particles.

Polar stratospheric clouds form under extremely cold winter conditions in the Arctic and Antarctic.

They support the destructive halogen chemistry responsible for ozone depletion.

A confounding factor impacts both variables of interest and makes it more difficult to determine the cause and effect relationship between them.

A monotonic quantity is either always increasing or always decreasing.

Polar ozone refers to the ozone layer over the Arctic and Antarctic regions.

Lidar stands for "light detection and ranging" and is a technique for measuring the distance to an object. It involves shining a laser on the object and measuring the time it takes for the light to be reflected back.

Dynamical variability refers to naturally occurring changes in the climate from year-to-year.

Halogen-induced changes become more apparent when naturally occurring changes are removed from the analysis.

Anthropogenic means it was caused by human activity.

In this context, humans released chemicals into the atmosphere, and these chemicals produced the hole in the ozone layer.

Interannual events take place in different years.

Here, it refers to variations that occur from year-to-year.

The low-latitudes are approximately between 0 degrees (equator) and 30 degrees.

The stratosphere is one of the five major layers of the Earth's atmosphere.

It is the second closest to the surface of the Earth, and it contains the ozone layer.

Ozone is a gaseous molecule composed of 3 oxygen atoms with the chemical formula, O3.

Here, the authors are referring to the layer of ozone in the Earth's atmosphere that filters harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

Halogens are a group of elements that includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, and tennessine.

Halocarbons are chemicals that contain bonds between carbon and halogen atoms.

Halogens are a group of elements that includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, astatine, and tennessine.

Halocarbons are highly reactive in the Earth's atmoshpere and lead to ozone depletion.

Latitude is the coordinate that specifies the north-south location on the surface of the Earth and ranges from 0 degrees at the equator to 90 degrees at the North and South Poles.

Mid(or middle)-latitudes are approximately between 30 degrees to 60 degrees.

The integrated column is a way to quantify how much of a particular gas is found in the Earth's atmosphere.

For a vertical path, or column, that extends through the atmoshpere, the number of gas molecules is measured at each point along the path. Then, the sum total is calculated for the entire path.

In this case, it is used to measure the amount of ozone in the atmoshpere.

To deplete is to reduce the amount of something.

Here, the amount of ozone in the Earth's atmosphere has been reduced.

Coronaviruses are a family of viruses. This name comes from the solar corona-like characterisitc appearance of these viruses under the electron microscope.

Agents are the causes of diseases and injuries, but they are nor the sole deteminer for the occurance of a disease. The rest two factors are the host (the human who can get the disease) and the environment that brings the agents and the host together.

Outbreaks are the occurance of more-than-expected number of cases.

The first number in the parentheses is the mean for the number of reported cases, and the range after the semicolon is the 95%CI.

The confidence interval is a range that is likely to contain the true population parameter with a confidence level specified by the percentage.

In this case, there is 95% probability that the confidence interval of 2.54-3.29 contains the mean time of delayed arrival.

A cordon sanitaire is a movement restriction of people into or out of a specific region. This measure is taken for stopping the rapid spreading of some infections disease.

An epidemic is the appearance of a disease in a large number of people within a short period of time.

Pubic intervenions are everyday actions that the public can take to stop the spreading of a infectious disease. An indicated by the name in the parentheses, taking medication of vaccination are not counted as public health interventions.

Etiology is the medical study on the cuases of a disease. An etiological agent refers to the origin identified.

A pathogen is any samll organism that cause diseases.

[To be paraphrased] Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.

Geocoding is a process to transform commonly text-based descriptions of locations (e.g., addresses) to coordinates on the Earth's surface. Geocoding allows further mapping and spatial analysis using various software. In a geocoded repository, all data are attributes to spatial coordinates.

The speed at which mutations occur to a genome.

Refers to a branch of statistics based on Bayes' theorem. This theorem is used to update the probability or likelihood of a hypothesis or proposed explanation as more information is available. This method allows for inference or the ability to draw conclusions about a larger group based on a smaller sample.

A disease is endemic when it is found regularly in a population.

The full set of genes or heritable genetic material like DNA or RNA present in an organism.

When a disease that is typically found in animals crosses over into a human population.

A vaccine is a substance that causes the body to recognize and stop a disease-causing agent via a type of protein called antibodies. Antibodies combine with proteins on the surface of invading pathogens and alert the immune system. A live-attenuated vaccine uses a weakened for of a virus to cause this immune response.

I like this definition of 'components'.

Capable of growing into a plant

A species' fundamental niche encompasses all of the possible roles it has in its environment, whereas the realized niche are the actual roles that a species plays in its environment, taking into account competition, predation, and other interactions with neighboring species.

The video below further explains this.

A recording of a bird's native calls are played to lure the species into an area.

A weighted network assigns some form of quantitative value to each connection between two partners (an example is shown below). In this case, the value assigned was the frequency of interaction.

The authors measured the overall dissimilarity between different locations by two factors:

species turnover- when two locations do not share similar interaction patterns because they are inhabited by different species,

and linkage turnover- when species found in both locations develop different interactions specific to their site

A niche is an organism's role in its ecosystem, describing how it utilizes the resources and interacts with living and nonliving factors of its environment.

Niche broadening is when a species expands its roles in its habitat to enhance its chances of survival.

A species that interacts with a wide number of species in ecological networks

The distribution of a seed by being eaten by an animal and later excreted in its feces.

A group of living organisms that has recently moved into a new ecosystem

An order of magnitude is a comparison of size used when the item being compared is 10 times larger or smaller than the item it is being compared to. The difference between 1 and 10 is an order of magnitude, as is the difference between 10 and 100. The difference between 1 and 100 is 2 orders of magnitude, and the difference between 1 and 1000 is 3 orders of magnitude.

A MT (metric ton) is a unit of weight equal to 1000 kilograms (2205 pounds).

Population density is a measurement of how many people live in a particular area. It is often expressed as people per square mile or kilometer. A city is a location with a high population density, while a desert is a location with a low population density.

Flux is a measurement of the amount of an object that passes from one place to another. Here, flux is the total amount of litter that traveled from land to ocean in one year.

equal amounts of enantiomers (mirror images) of a chiral (asymmetric) compound

cytochrome are proteins that contain heme as the prosthetic group

Is a method of engineering proteins towards a defined goal or purpose. Process of directed evolution: Directed evolution mimics 'real' evolution and is accelerated in the laboratory by focusing on individual genes expressed in fast‐growing microorganisms such as E.Coli. Enzyme chosen (known as wild type) must show at least a minimal desired reactivity. Mutations are introduced at strategic locations in the wild type protein. Then, the library of mutant proteins is screened for the mutated enzymes with enhanced reactivity. The improved enzymes are used as parents for the next round of mutation and screening. Additional beneficial mutations are introduced if needed. This can continue for several cycles until a desired and beneficial evolution of the enzyme is attained.

types of heme proteins

excess of one enantiomer over the other in a mixture of enantiomers

dominant strain in a natural population in contrast to lab mutant forms

The number of moles of substrate that a catalyst can convert into the desired product before becoming inactive

a microbial growth medium

A very large class of proteins that contain heme as the prosthetic group. Examples of heme proteins are hemoglobin, myoglobin and cytochrome c.

Is the preference shown by an enzyme when exposed to a competitive attack on two or more substrates or two or more positions in the same substrate.

Is the ability of a protein's binding site to bind to only specific ligands. The fewer ligands a protein can bind to, greater its specificity.

solvents that contain halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine. For example, methylene chloride, CH2Cl2, is a halogenated solvent.

elements that have the same number of electrons in the outermost shell (also known as valence shell) and have similar electronic properties. For example, carbon and silicon have the four valence electrons.

gram negative, rod shaped bacterium

The Latin word ibidem means "in the same place". To save space, some authors use ibid. to refer to a reference from the same journal as the previous one.

Antigen-presenting cells. Specialized immune cells which allow T cells to be exposed to the antigens present in the body. This allows T cells to become activated so they can target those pathogens or diseased cells.

Within a living organism (as opposed to in vitro, or in cells grown in the lab).

Unmodified: that is, wild-type, 51BLim10 cells do not have the extra genes which introduce B7 or the extra modifications which silence it.

The antigen-binding fragment of antibody, i.e., the domain which binds specifically to the target of the antibody.

Latin for "in the glass." That is, experiments done in test tubes, petri dishes, flasks, or beakers, not in organisms.

This is a cell or plastic that contains pigment.

A sensor that provides simultaneous measurements in three (x, y, and z) orthogonal directions. It analyzes vibrations caused by movement to infer orientation and acceleration of the device.

Quasi-static indicates that the acceleration effect on load measuring devices is insignificant, because it is moving extremely slowly.

A term describing the viscoelastic quality of a polymer. Materials that are elastomeric have weak intermolecular forces, low Young's modulus, and high failure strain.

Chemically engineered materials have been integrated into the electronics that allow the device to self-repair even after multiple breaks.

This device utilizes a material called polyimine that repairs itself through bond exchange reactions.

The ability to rearrange it's elements.

In this case, the device can be reconfigured to serve different purposes.

A device used to study and characterize materials. A sinusoidal stress is applied to the material and the strain is measured. It is most effectively used to measure the viscoelastic behavior of polymers.

Describes an ideally elastic material which the stress-strain relationship is derived from a strain energy density function. The stress does not vary linearly with strain, so it's flexibility is very high.

A measurement of the deformation in a material in a perpendicular direction to the applied force.

The process of converting a polymer into a monomer or monomers.

This process is triggered by an increase in thermal energy in the system that cannot be used (entropy).

In essence, this is a measurement of how stiff a material is.

It can be equated as E = stress / strain.

A measure of how much a material can be elongated (strained) before it fails (breaks).

A measure of ~4% means it can be stretched to be about 4% longer before it breaks.

A method of numerically solving differential equations for mathematical modeling.

The problem is broken into smaller, finite elements that can be expressed as algebraic equations. These equations can then be assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem.

A twisting force that tends to cause rocation

The mucus layer that is present on the lining of the organs in the GI tract

Less toxic metal that does not contain lead or cadmium. Instead, Field's metal contains indium.

https://socratic.org/questions/what-are-the-layers-of-the-gastrointestinal-tract-what-are-their-functions

https://fineartamerica.com/featured/3-stomach-wall-asklepios-medical-atlas.html

This is a set of things working together but existing and functioning independently.

This is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or added to test if a reaction occurs.

Something that relates to heat

This is the measurement of a material's ability to conduct heat.

This is an approximate representation of the distribution of numerical data

the emission of light during a chemical reaction which does not produce significant quantities of heat.

This is the characterization of something under constant change, activity, or progress.

Investigation of the spectral make-up of surface-reflected radiation with respect to its angularly dependent intensity and the composition of the incident primary radiation.

This is a separation of disconnection between ideas, objects, etc.

Tying with a rope or chain to restrict movement of that which is being connected to. This often refers to two things being connect to one another.

An act or the power of moving from place to place.

made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.

This is something that carries characteristics of exhibiting vigorous strength and health.

Allowing light, but not detailed shapes, to pass through; semitransparent.

This is a blend of recycled polymers and wood byproducts that exhibits the best characteristics of both the polymers and wood.

a measure of elasticity, equal to the ratio of the stress acting on a substance to the strain produced.

Essentially modifying and tweaking the colors and temperatures of the fluids based on the electromagnetic spectrum.

This is a object that produces electricity by a difference of temperatures. This can also be described as an object that involves the relation between temperature and electrical condition

This is something that is of or containing water, that is typically used as a solvent or medium. A substance could be dissolved in water, making it an aqueous solution.

is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water.

a tube with a nozzle and piston or bulb for sucking in and ejecting liquid in a thin stream, used for cleaning wounds or body cavities, or fitted with a hollow needle for injecting or withdrawing fluids.

This refers to being four-footed, where all four feet are used for walking and running. This can be seen in animals such as a dog or cat.

This is the modification of the wetting properties of a surface, typically hydrophobic, with an applied electric field.

Uses for electrowetting include applications on lenses, electronic displays, and separating oil-water mixtures.

Is a versatile principle that can be used for high speed actuation of liquid interfaces.

This is the ability to be extended or stretched.

Is a channel with a hydraulic (contains liquid) diameter below 1 mm.

This is something that is operated by or contains air or gas under pressure.

An example of this would be container holding pressurized air or gas.

the action of causing a machine or device to operate.

This comes from the electromagnetic spectrum, the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends, of visible light, which ranges from approximately 400nm to 700nm.

A solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. One common semiconductor are silicon chips used in electronics.

Organisms that have a segmented body and jointed appendages, a usually chitinous exoskeleton molted at intervals, and a brain connected to a spinal cord.

Is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun.

This is the layers of feathers that cover a bird and the pattern, color, and arrangement of the feathers.

These are iridescent chromatophores, and chromatophores are cells that produce color, of which many types are pigment-containing cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods.

This is a polymer, either natural or synthetic, that has elastic properties.

An example of this would be rubbers.

This is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part. The reason for why this part my be missing may be a result of many different reasons, but these devices are utilized with the intention to restore the normal functions of the missing body part.

Is the image of a person, animal, object or scene represented as a solid shape of a single colour, usually black, with its edges matching the outline of the subject.

To render invisible or unreadable, as by erasing or marking over

A form of light that is slightly above our visible light spectrum. Since it is not within our visible light spectrum, it is invisible to the naked eye, but it still provides useful applications in nature and everyday life such as remote controls for your television.

This is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or disguising them as something else.

A group or system that deals with the behavior, manipulation, and precise control of fluids that are constrained to a small scale. This often deals with objects that are measured to be in the tens to hundreds of micrometers.

A set of things working together that uses two or more steps to create a product. This is also chemically created to imitate an existing and natural set.

Materials belonging to this category include things made up by smaller units called monomers. However, this category contains many monomers arranged in a way that keeps the overall object flexible and non rigid.

This is the emission of light from an object that is not a result of heat, but a form of cold-body radiation.

The property of a material to be compatible with living tissue. Materials that trigger a toxic or immune response when exposed to the body are NOT biocompatible.

One of the most common methods of spectroscopy. The sample is exposed to infrared light and data is collected to determine how much light is absorbed or released by the sample.

To convert the raw data into an actual spectrum, a Fourier transform must be performed.

Thermoset: applying heat to harden or cure the material. This creates the matrix encapsulating the device.

Thanks to the healing ability of the polyimine and the liquid nature of the eutectic LM circuitry, bonds can be reformed and reshaped throughout the device.

Upon thermosetting, dynamic covalent bonds are formed between the atoms that can readily assemble and disassemble. This gives the polyimines their unique healing ability.

An electrocardiogram sensor records the pathway of electrical impulses throughout the heart. This data can be used to monitor the heart's condition and response to physical exertion.

A reaction that converts an -imine compound into smaller monomers/oligomers. The researchers discovered this reaction to be useful for separating the chip components and LM from the matrix by solubilizing the these monomers/oligomers in methanol.

Eutectic: a mixture of substances that melts and solidifies totally at the same temperature, which is lower than the melting points of the individual constituents.

Eutectic LM: A mixture of liquid metals.

ReconfigBehSci. (2021, February 8). RT @lakens: @BrianNosek @SLLancaster @siminevazire @hardsci Very cool—And it already has a list of glossaries to build on https://t.co/c9… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1359042653539741696

in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism

https://images-na.ssl-images-amazon.com/images/I/61NWKipSclL._AC_SX450_.jpg

Non-fermentable semi-synthetic dietary fibre, based on cellulose.

Cone shaped structure.

Biomaterial with a high molecular weight.

The ratio of the average mass of one molecule of an element to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon.

A protective tube used during endoscopy.

A procedure used to look inside the body and examine the interior of a hollow organ or body cavity.

Experimentation done on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions.

The inner lining of organs and body cavities such as the stomach.

A thin, clear, acidic fluid secreted by the stomach glands.

The state of being thick and semifluid in consistency.

A deviation from a regular pattern, path, or level of operation.

A twisting force that causes rotation.

Oral subchronic toxicity refers to adverse effects occurring after repeated administration of a test sample.

Involuntary movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles, primarily in the digestive tract but occasionally in other hollow tubes of the body, that occur in progressive wavelike contractions

Acute oral toxicity refers to adverse effects following oral administration of a single dose of a substance.

An object which has only one unstable point of balance.

Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of a drug product and that, when used in the production of a drug, becomes a functional ingredient in the drug product

The open space within a tube-shaped body part

An early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process.

The action of causing a machine or device to operate.

Second most common marine grade stainless steel.

Connections between cells that prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between membranes of touching cells

An enzyme (a biological catalyst) which breaks down proteins and peptides

Biodegradable polyester with a low melting point of around 60°C.

The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body

millimeter scale pillars

Situated or applied under the skin

Plasma is a yellowish liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells of whole blood in suspension. It is the liquid part of the blood that carries cells and proteins throughout the body.

A hormone produced in the pancreas which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.

A simulation software to create accurate models

In a living organism