- Last 7 days
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geometric models
Geometric modeling is a branch of applied mathematics and computational geometry that studies methods and algorithms for the mathematical description of shapes
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torque
a twisting force that tends to cause rotation
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misfire
fail to discharge medication appropriately
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Field’s metal
Less toxic metal that does not contain lead or cadmium. Instead, Field's metal contains indium.
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0.1- to 2-mm-thick intestinal walls
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stomach’s 4- to 6-mm-thick wall
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broader
covering a large number and wide scope of subjects or areas
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efficacy
the ability to produce a desired or intended result.
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approximating
Estimating
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drug-loaded millipost
a small needle that is filled with medication
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autonomous systems
This is a set of things working together but existing and functioning independently.
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reagent
This is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or added to test if a reaction occurs.
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thermal
Something that relates to heat
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thermal conductivity
This is the measurement of a material's ability to conduct heat.
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histograms
This is an approximate representation of the distribution of numerical data
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- Feb 2021
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chemiluminescence
the emission of light during a chemical reaction which does not produce significant quantities of heat.
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Dynamic
This is the characterization of something under constant change, activity, or progress.
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reflectance spectroscopy
Investigation of the spectral make-up of surface-reflected radiation with respect to its angularly dependent intensity and the composition of the incident primary radiation.
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disjuncture
This is a separation of disconnection between ideas, objects, etc.
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tether
Tying with a rope or chain to restrict movement of that which is being connected to. This often refers to two things being connect to one another.
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locomotion
An act or the power of moving from place to place.
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symmetrical
made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis.
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robust
This is something that carries characteristics of exhibiting vigorous strength and health.
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translucency
Allowing light, but not detailed shapes, to pass through; semitransparent.
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Ecoflex
This is a blend of recycled polymers and wood byproducts that exhibits the best characteristics of both the polymers and wood.
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Young’s modulus
a measure of elasticity, equal to the ratio of the stress acting on a substance to the strain produced.
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spectral tailoring
Essentially modifying and tweaking the colors and temperatures of the fluids based on the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Thermoelectrics
This is a object that produces electricity by a difference of temperatures. This can also be described as an object that involves the relation between temperature and electrical condition
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aqueous
This is something that is of or containing water, that is typically used as a solvent or medium. A substance could be dissolved in water, making it an aqueous solution.
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pigment
is a colored material that is completely or nearly insoluble in water.
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syringe
a tube with a nozzle and piston or bulb for sucking in and ejecting liquid in a thin stream, used for cleaning wounds or body cavities, or fitted with a hollow needle for injecting or withdrawing fluids.
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quadrupedal
This refers to being four-footed, where all four feet are used for walking and running. This can be seen in animals such as a dog or cat.
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electrowetting
This is the modification of the wetting properties of a surface, typically hydrophobic, with an applied electric field.
Uses for electrowetting include applications on lenses, electronic displays, and separating oil-water mixtures.
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electrofluidics
Is a versatile principle that can be used for high speed actuation of liquid interfaces.
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extensible
This is the ability to be extended or stretched.
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microchannels
Is a channel with a hydraulic (contains liquid) diameter below 1 mm.
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pneumatic
This is something that is operated by or contains air or gas under pressure.
An example of this would be container holding pressurized air or gas.
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actuation
the action of causing a machine or device to operate.
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spectral
This comes from the electromagnetic spectrum, the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends, of visible light, which ranges from approximately 400nm to 700nm.
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Semiconductor
A solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. One common semiconductor are silicon chips used in electronics.
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arthropods
Organisms that have a segmented body and jointed appendages, a usually chitinous exoskeleton molted at intervals, and a brain connected to a spinal cord.
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ultraviolet (UV)
Is a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelength from 10nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays. UV radiation is present in sunlight, and constitutes about 10% of the total electromagnetic radiation output from the Sun.
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plumage
This is the layers of feathers that cover a bird and the pattern, color, and arrangement of the feathers.
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iridophores
These are iridescent chromatophores, and chromatophores are cells that produce color, of which many types are pigment-containing cells, or groups of cells, found in a wide range of animals including amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans and cephalopods.
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elastomers
This is a polymer, either natural or synthetic, that has elastic properties.
An example of this would be rubbers.
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prosthetics
This is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part. The reason for why this part my be missing may be a result of many different reasons, but these devices are utilized with the intention to restore the normal functions of the missing body part.
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silhouette
Is the image of a person, animal, object or scene represented as a solid shape of a single colour, usually black, with its edges matching the outline of the subject.
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obliterative
To render invisible or unreadable, as by erasing or marking over
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infrared
A form of light that is slightly above our visible light spectrum. Since it is not within our visible light spectrum, it is invisible to the naked eye, but it still provides useful applications in nature and everyday life such as remote controls for your television.
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camouflage
This is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or disguising them as something else.
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microfluidic networks
A group or system that deals with the behavior, manipulation, and precise control of fluids that are constrained to a small scale. This often deals with objects that are measured to be in the tens to hundreds of micrometers.
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Synthetic systems
A set of things working together that uses two or more steps to create a product. This is also chemically created to imitate an existing and natural set.
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soft polymers
Materials belonging to this category include things made up by smaller units called monomers. However, this category contains many monomers arranged in a way that keeps the overall object flexible and non rigid.
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luminescence
This is the emission of light from an object that is not a result of heat, but a form of cold-body radiation.
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bioluminescence
This is the production and emission of light by a living organism.
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gastric mucosa
Stomach tissue walls
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biologic dosage forms
Denotes a drug's method of entry or delivery into a biological system (the body)
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in vitro
in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism
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kinematic
The features or properties of motion in an object without reference to the forces that cause the motion
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MATLAB
MATLAB is a "matrix laboratory" software used for calculations and programming
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minimization
To reduce something
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low curvature
Gradual bend
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high-curvature
Sharp bend
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weeble-wobble toy
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hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
Non-fermentable semi-synthetic dietary fibre, based on cellulose.
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polymers
Substance consisting of very large molecules composed of many repeating subunits.
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biodegradable
Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter.
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conical structure
Cone shaped structure.
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poly(ethylene) oxide
Biomaterial with a high molecular weight.
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molecular weight
The ratio of the average mass of one molecule of an element to one twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon.
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overtube
A protective tube used during endoscopy.
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endoscopy
A procedure used to look inside the body and examine the interior of a hollow organ or body cavity.
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in vivo
Process performed within a living organism.
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ex vivo
Experimentation done on tissue from an organism in an external environment with minimal alteration of natural conditions.
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mucosal
The inner lining of organs and body cavities such as the stomach.
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gastric juice
A thin, clear, acidic fluid secreted by the stomach glands.
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viscosities
The state of being thick and semifluid in consistency.
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excursions
A deviation from a regular pattern, path, or level of operation.
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torque
A twisting force that causes rotation.
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ellipsoid
A deformed sphere.
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subchronic
Oral subchronic toxicity refers to adverse effects occurring after repeated administration of a test sample.
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peristaltic motion
Involuntary movements of the longitudinal and circular muscles, primarily in the digestive tract but occasionally in other hollow tubes of the body, that occur in progressive wavelike contractions
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acute
Acute oral toxicity refers to adverse effects following oral administration of a single dose of a substance.
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mono-monostatic body
An object which has only one unstable point of balance.
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nondegradable
Will not break down within the body
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osmotic
The ability for a liquid to diffuse (pass through) a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
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obstruction
Blockage
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active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)
Any substance or mixture of substances intended to be used in the manufacture of a drug product and that, when used in the production of a drug, becomes a functional ingredient in the drug product
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small form factor
Intended to minimize the volume and footprint of a device while still maintaining all necessary components
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lumen
The open space within a tube-shaped body part
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prototyping
An early sample, model, or release of a product built to test a concept or process.
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actuation
The action of causing a machine or device to operate.
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endoscopic
Uses an endoscope to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike many other medical imaging techniques, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ
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in vitro
Process that is taking place in a test tube, culture dish, or elsewhere outside a living organism.
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hypothesized
Put (something) forward as a proposed explanation for a phenomenon
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gastric emptying
Food emptying from the stomach and entering the small intestine
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Carr-Locke needles
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glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
An cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes an important metabolic reaction.
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gastroenterologists
A physician who studies the function of the GI tract
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lysozyme
An enzyme that catalyzes the destruction of the cell walls of certain bacteria.
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Raman spectroscopy
A technique used to determine vibrational modes of molecules, to provide information of the chemical structure
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316L stainless steel
Second most common marine grade stainless steel.
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fluidity
The ability of a substance to flow easily
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regenerates
Regrow
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nanoparticles
A particle of matter that is between 1 and 100 nanometres in diameter
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permeation enhancers
Substances which promote the absorption of drug through the skin temporarily by enhancing the skin permeability over time
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Preclinical
A stage of research that begins before human trials can begin
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cellular tight junctions
Connections between cells that prevent the passage of molecules and ions through the space between membranes of touching cells
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protease
An enzyme (a biological catalyst) which breaks down proteins and peptides
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pH
A value showing how acidic or how basic something is
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diabetes mellitus
A disease often called sugar diabetes because the condition makes it difficult to convert food to energy. This leads to high sugar levels in the blood
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polycaprolactone
Biodegradable polyester with a low melting point of around 60°C.
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purification
the removal of contaminants from something
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variability
Difference
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bioavailability
The ability of a drug or other substance to be absorbed and used by the body
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oral
Through the mouth
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fasted state
Empty stomach
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milliposts
millimeter scale pillars
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subcutaneous
Situated or applied under the skin
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plasma
Plasma is a yellowish liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells of whole blood in suspension. It is the liquid part of the blood that carries cells and proteins throughout the body.
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insulin
A hormone produced in the pancreas which regulates the amount of sugar in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.
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COMSOL
A simulation software to create accurate models
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in vivo
In a living organism
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perforation
A hole made by puncturing or piercing
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mucosa
The moist, inner lining of some organs and body cavities
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gastric
Relating to the stomach
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pharmaceutical
Relating to medicinal drugs, or their preparation, use, or sale
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GI fluid
Fluid that aids digestion
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sucrose
A common sugar
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isomalt
A sugar substitute
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pharmacokinetics
The movement of drugs within the body
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gastrostomy
A surgical operation for making an opening in the stomach
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laparotomy
A surgical incision into the abdominal cavity, for diagnosis or in preparation for surgery
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Subcutaneously
Under the skin
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pneumoperitoneum
Pneumoperitoneum is the presence of air or a gas in the abdominal cavity. It is usually detected using an x-ray or a CT scan.
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gastric cavity
Cavity that houses the stomach and gut
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submucosa
The layer of connective tissue that lays under the mucous membrane
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micro–computed tomography (micro-CT)
3D imaging technique using x-rays to see the inside of an object by viewing it slice by slice
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ultimate strength
Maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before it breaks
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Young’s modulus
Measure of the ability of a material to withstand changes in length when under tension; how easily the material is bent or stretched
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Dissolution
The process of a solute dissolving in a solvent to form a solution
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Histology
The study of the microscopic structures of tissues
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desiccated
Having all the moisture removed; dried out
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autonomously
Acting independently; the ability to act without instruction
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reorient
To find the correct position in reference to the surroundings
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systemic
Widespread
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permeation
becoming widely spread
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parenteral
Occuring or administered elsewhere in the body other than the mouth
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gastrointestinal (GI) tract
The GI tract is a series of hollow organs that form a long tube from the mouth to the anus. The organs within the tract include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anus.
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Biomacromolecules
Biomacromolecules are the building blocks of life. The different macromolecules are: Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acids. Each of these macromolecules are responsible for different biological functions within the body and the cells
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FEA
A method of numerically solving differential equations for mathematical modeling.
The problem is broken into smaller, finite elements that can be expressed as algebraic equations. These equations can can then be assembled into a larger system of equations that models the entire problem.
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Young’s modulus
In essence, this is a measurement of how stiff a material is.
It can be equated as E = stress / strain.
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biocompatibility
The property of a material to be compatible with living tissue. Materials that trigger a toxic or immune response when exposed to the body are NOT biocompatible.
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FTIR
One of the most common methods of spectroscopy. The sample is exposed to infrared light and data is collected to determine how much light is absorbed or released by the sample.
To convert the raw data into an actual spectrum, a Fourier transform must be performed.
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thermoset polyimine matrix
Thermoset: applying heat to harden or cure the material. This creates the matrix encapsulating the device.
Thanks to the healing ability of the polyimine and the liquid nature of the eutectic LM circuitry, bonds can be reformed and reshaped throughout the device.
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dynamic covalent
Upon thermosetting, dynamic covalent bonds are formed between the atoms that can readily assemble and disassemble. This gives the polyimines their unique healing ability.
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ECG sensor
An electrocardiogram sensor records the pathway of electrical impulses throughout the heart. This data can be used to monitor the heart's condition and response to physical exertion.
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transimination
A reaction that converts an -imine compound into smaller monomers/oligomers. The researchers discovered this reaction to be useful for separating the chip components and LM from the matrix by solubilizing the these monomers/oligomers in methanol.
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self-healability
Chemically engineered materials have been integrated into the electronics that allow the device to self-repair even after multiple breaks.
This device utilizes a material called polyimine that repairs itself through bond exchange reactions.
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eutectic LM
Eutectic: a mixture of substances that melts and solidifies totally at the same temperature, which is lower than the melting points of the individual constituents.
Eutectic LM: A mixture of liquid metals.
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twitter.com twitter.com
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ReconfigBehSci. (2021, February 8). RT @lakens: @BrianNosek @SLLancaster @siminevazire @hardsci Very cool—And it already has a list of glossaries to build on https://t.co/c9… [Tweet]. @SciBeh. https://twitter.com/SciBeh/status/1359042653539741696
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watermark.silverchair.com watermark.silverchair.com
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Cross-contamination
the process by which bacteria or other microorganisms are unintentionally transferred from one substance or object to another, with harmful effect.
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- Dec 2020
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docs.microsoft.com docs.microsoft.com
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Use display as a general term for any visual output device, including the built-in display on a computing device and an external monitor or projector.
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- Oct 2020
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docs.arc42.org docs.arc42.org
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es.wiktionary.org es.wiktionary.org
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Definición de inflamación
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es.wiktionary.org es.wiktionary.org
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Definición etimológica
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- Sep 2020
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www.dcc.ac.uk www.dcc.ac.uk
- Jul 2020
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www.scienceintheclassroom.org www.scienceintheclassroom.org
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Introgressive hybridization
Movement of genes from one species into the gene pool of another species by the repeated crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents.
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missense mutation
Where a single nucleotide base is changed, which results in a different amino acid.
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Body copy, body text, or sometimes just plain body or text refers to themain block of text that you read, as opposed to headlines, subheads, titles,etc. Body text is usually set between 9- and 12-point type with 20 percentadded space between the lines.
body copy, body text
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mantle
A part of Earth’s interior that lies between the dense, extremely hot core and the thin outer layer, known as the crust. It is made up of a thick, rocky shell that constitutes 84% of Earth’s volume. In geologic time, it behaves as a viscous fluid.
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continental plume–related basalts
Both ocean island basalts and continental plume-related basalts come from deep within the mantle. OIBs intruded into oceanic (basaltic) crust, whereas continental plumes intrude into continental crust (for example, Deccan traps in India).
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coesite
This is a high-pressure and high-temperature polymorph (version) of quartz.
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www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
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anterior
This is an anatomical term which refers to the front of the body, or near the head.
In the case of planaria, it refers to the head.
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posterior
This is anatomical term which refers to the back of the body, or near the hind end of the body.
In the case of planaria, it refers to the the hind end.
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“Janus heads”
Janus was a Roman god and doorkeeper to the heavens. Relevant here, Janus was usually depicted with two heads, one facing the past and the other towards the future.
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protrusions
Here, protrusions refer to bulges of cells.
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periphery
Refers to the outer edge.
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signaling pathways
A series of linked chemical pathways in which one chemical in the series activates another chemical in the pathway, which ultimately leads to a specific cell function.
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β-catenin antagonist adenomatous polyposis coli
Adenomatous polyposis coli, or APC, is gene that plays many roles, including acting as a tumor suppressor. APC has also been found to play a role in cell division and directing cells where to go once division takes place. In order to do its job, APC directs β-catenin in the Wnt signaling pathway.
Read more in the Journal of Cell Science. The PDF is also available in the "Related content" tab.
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RNA interference (RNAi)
A mechanism used by both plant and animal cells to silence a gene using a double-stranded DNA molecule. DNA is converted into the smaller RNAi molecules used to turn genes off. Scientists are now able to use this natural process to turn off genes they are studying so they can learn more about their function.
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Schmidtea mediterranea
This is an image depicting this common planarian.
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secondary challenge
A second exposure to the same threat. The immune system is, under certain conditions, able to remember threats it has encountered before and react to them more quickly and effectively upon each subsequent exposure.
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Fab fragments
The antigen-binding fragment of antibody, i.e. the domain which binds specifically to the target of the antibody.
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In vitro
Latin for "in the glass." That is, experiments done in test tubes, not in organisms.
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T cells
White blood cells central to adaptive immunity. T cells are able to recognize when cells are diseased and can kill them so they don't spread throughout the body.
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channelrhodopsins
This family of proteins is employed to activate neurons by driving cations (including sodium, calcium, hydrogen, and potassium) into the cell and causing the membrane potential to become more positive, leading to depolarization.
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halorhodopsins
Halorhodopsins and bacteriorhodopsins typically inactivate neurons by driving chloride ions into the cell or hydrogen ions out of the cell and causing the membrane potential to become more negative, leading to hyperpolarization.
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cation
A positive ion like hydrogen (H+), sodium (Na+), or potassium (K+).
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Cannula
A tube inserted into the body to facilitate the delivery of fluids or materials to a specific region.
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basal ganglia (BG)
A group of nuclei located at the base of the forebrain that is responsible for motor control and cognition.
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globus pallidus pars interna (GPi)
Major component of the basal ganglia that targets the substantia nigra.
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contralateral
Opposite the lesion.
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substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc)
A subregion of the midbrain responsible for motor control.
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neurodegenerative
Progressive loss of function of neurons, usually a result of neuron death.
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Error bars
A graphical representation (usually lines through a point on the graph that run parallel to one of the axes) showing the amount of uncertainty there is in the location of that point. All scientific data collection includes uncertainty; error bars allow researchers to show how confident they are in their results. Large error bars mean there is a lot of uncertainty (lower confidence), whereas smaller error bars mean there is less uncertainty.
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β
A statistical term, the Greek letter beta, refers to the probability that you can accept the null hypothesis (which states that values affirmation has no effect) when in fact the null hypothesis is wrong.
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racial achievement gap
The difference in performance (for example, on standardized tests) between minority students and white students.
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standardized test
Any form of an exam that requires all people taking the test to answer the same questions and is scored the same way in all cases, so that comparisons can be made between all people who take the test. These are typically multiple choice tests taken by large populations of students (for example: all 8th grade students in the United States).
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psychological threat
Any outside force (real or perceived) that challenges a person's values, beliefs, or sense of self.
Stereotype (or identity) threat is a subset of psychological threat in which a person feels they will be judged according to common prejudices about some aspect of their identity (for example: race, ethnicity, or gender).
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