Purification of recombinant ADHT (rLdADHT)

DLS particle size and zeta potential analysis

NaCl concentration

Standard

Calculation

Procedure

Reagent

Proline

Electrochemical Measurement

Single Cell Tes

Oligonucleotides and PCR products were end labeled using phage T4-polynucleotidekinase (PNK, New England Biolabs) with 32P-γ-ATP. The radiolabelling reactionmixture (50 μl) contained 1 X of buffer provided by the company, 10 units of T4-PNKand 50 μCi of32P-γ-ATP. The reaction mix was incubated for 1-hr at 37ºC and thereaction was stopped by adding 10 μl of 0.5 M EDTA. The labeled oligonucleotides andDNA fragments were purifiedeither by the Qiagen PCR purification or nucleotide removal kit.Labelling efficiency was checked by scintillation counting

Radiolabelling of oligonucleotides and PCR products

Thialysine or thiosine (S-Aminoethyl-L-cysteine)is a toxic analog of Lys. Strains were testedfor sensitivity/resistance to thialysine by streaking them on minimal A-glucose platessupplemented without and with100-200 μg/ml thialysine(Steffes et al., 1992)

Test for thialysine resistance

was washed three times with PBS to remove non-adherantC. glabratacellsand Lec-2 cells were lysed in 5% SDS. Lysates were transferred totubes containing scintillation fluidand radioactive counts obtained were considered as ‘output values’. Percentage adherence wasdetermined using following formula

Adherence of C. glabratacells toLec-2 epithelial cells wasmeasured as described previously(Cormack et al., 1999).Lec2cells were seeded ina 24-well tissue culture plate at a seeding density of 5X105cells per well and allowed to adhere for 12 h. After 12 h,medium supernatant was discarded by inverting the plate in a reservoir and cells were washed thrice with PBS. Lec2 cells were fixed in 3.7% para-formaldehyde for 15 minfollowed by 2 PBS washes. PBS containing antibiotics, penicillin and streptomycin,was added toeach well of the 24-well plate and Lec-2 cellswere stored at 4°C.For adherence measurement,strains were taken out either on YPD or CAA mediumandgrown at 30°C for 2 days. Single colony of a C. glabratastrain wasinoculated in 10 ml CAA medium ina 100 ml culture flaskand allowed to grow at 30°C for 16-20 h. 100 μlyeast culture wasreinoculated in fresh 5 ml CAA liquid medium in a 15 ml polypropylene tube. 200 μCi of S35(Met:Cys-65:25) INVIVO PROTWIN labelmix(JONAKI, India) was added to thetube and cultures were grown at 30°C for 16-20 h for radiolabeling of C. glabratacells. C. glabratacells from 1 ml culture were harvested and washed threetimes with PBS to remove residual S35(Met:Cys-65:25) labeling mix from medium supernatant. Next,cells were resuspended in 1 ml PBS. OD600was measured and cell suspensions of 0.5 OD600were prepared. PBS was aspirated out of the wells of 24-well plate containing fixed Lec-2 cells. 200 μl of S35(Met:Cys-65:25)-labeled C. glabratacell suspensions were added to each well. To determine the total amount of radioactivity present in labeled C. glabratacell suspension, 200 μl of S35(Met:Cys-65:25)-labeledC. glabratacell suspensions were transferred to a scintillation vial containing scintillation fluid. Radioactive counts present in this fraction were considered as ‘input values’. For measurement of yeast adherence to Lec-2 cells, plates were centrifuged at 1,000g for 5 min and incubated for 30 min at room temperature. Following incubation, each wel

Adherence assay

spectro-photometrically at 340 nm. For wild-type cells,mitochondrial aconitae activity was normalized to 100 % and for mutants the relative aconitase activity percentages were calculated

To determine aconitase activity, mitochondria were isolated as described by Meisinger et al. Briefly, YPD-grown C. glabratacells (500 OD600) were subjected to spheroplasting followed by homogenization (15 strokes) with glass Teflon homogenizer. To collect mitochondria, homogenate was centrifuged at 13200 g for 20 min in a refrigerated centrifuge set at 4°C. The mitochondrial pellet was resuspended in SEM buffer (250 mM sucrose, 1 mM EDTA, 10 mM Mops-KOH, pH 7.2) and stored at -80°C until further use. Mitochondrial aconitase activity was estimated by using method as described by Bulteau et al. Mitochondrial protein samples (5 μg) were prepared in KH2PO4buffer (25 mM, pH 7.2) containing 0.05 % Triton X-100. The samples were incubated with sodium citrate (1 mM), MnCl2(0.6 mM), NADP (0.2 mM) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (1 U/ml) for 20 min at room temperature. Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalysed reduction of NADP was recorded

Measurement of aconitase activity