*ey concluded that 20% of acorn flour had a positiveimpact on bread volume and physical properties of thecrumb. Also, it was found that supplementation of breadwith debittered acorn flour not only strengthened doughstructure but also enriched bread with proteins, minerals,and dietary fiber, which makes acorn flour an interestingingredient for the development of gluten-free bread

. *is studyshowed that the addition of 45% acorn flour exhibited higherbiscuit antioxidant activity and reduced peroxide value incomparison to other formulations. Likewise, it was reportedthat acorn flour contributed to higher growth (an average of367%) of the antioxidant activity of the biscuits as well asimproved sensory acceptance [60].

Previously, a diet with a high content of MUFA hasbeen proved to decrease cardiovascular morbidity andmortality [50]. In addition, plant oils rich in PUFA (espe-cially linolenic acid and c-linolenic acid) may help to reg-ulate the blood plasma triglyceride levels in patients withdyslipidemia, lower the blood pressure, and protect againstcoronary heart disease

e results of large observationalstudies suggest that the inclusion of acorns in animal feedingaffects positively the nutritional value of meat and meatproducts. Recently, the effect of consumption of acornduring suckling and fattening of lambs on growth, meatquality, and fatty acid profile was conducted by Mekki et al.[44]. *e findings indicated that acorn may be replacedbarely without any impact on growth performance. Lambsfed on acorns have also an increased α-linolenic acid con-centration, which may result in lowering n − 6 : n − 3 ratio. Inaddition, it was reported that meat products from Iberianpigs fed extensively on acorns during the fattening phasehave greater quality compared to those fed with mixed diets.[3]. Posteriorly, Rey et al. [45] observed that diets based onacorns provide a source of c-tocopherol for pigs raisedextensively. In a recent study, Alipanahi et al. [46] reportedthat the inclusion of acorn (100 g/kg DM) in diets containingextruded soybean seed did not affect performance, ruminalfermentation, and plasma metabolites in lactating goats.Besides, it contributes to improving the nutritional value ofmilk fat for human consumption. *e influence of acornintake on blood profile and longissimus muscle (MLD)composition of the Slavonian pig was also investigated bySalajpal et al. [9]. *e results indicated that triglyceride andtotal cholesterol levels were lower in the blood comparedwith the intake of a corn-based diet. *e intake of acornresulted in 11% (0.22 mmol/l) lower total cholesterol con-centration and 48% lower (0.20 mmol/l) triglycerides con-centration. Tejerana et al. [32] showed that acorns and grassare natural sources of antioxidants and fatty acids in the‘‘montanera” feeding of Iberian pig, which are importantfrom the point of view of consumer health. *ere was also astudy showing the protective effect of acorns with oleic acidin preventing ulcerative colitis in an animal study

e level of phenolic contents (expressed in gallicacid equivalent) ranged between 195.6 and 322.06 mg GAE/kg oil while flavonoid contents (expressed in catechinequivalent) ranged between 122.99 and 131.6 mg CE/kg ofoil. *e total phenolic compound contents in different va-rieties of acorn oil ranged between 84 and 109 mg/kg [2].*ese compounds contribute to increasing the oxidativestability of the acorn oil.

Tocopherols and Phenolic Compounds. Tocopherols arelipid-soluble phenolic compounds that naturally exist inoilseeds in four different forms (α-, β-, c-, and δ-tocoph-erols). *ese compounds are valued for their capacity toprotect humans from the oxidative damage mediated byactive oxygen and nitrogen species and prevent lipids andlipid-containing foodstuffs from oxidation during storage[41]. Furthermore, Tocopherols have been shown to play apivotal role in preventing hormone-dependent breast cancerprogression, colon carcinogenesis, lung tumorigenesis, andprostate cancer cell growth [18

induced antiproliferative effects on the growth of CHO-K1and human melanoma oncogenic cell lines [39]. Addi-tionally, docosanol displayed antiviral activity on the herpessimplex virus (HSV-1) by interfering with early intracellularevents surrounding viral entry into target cells

Phytosterol consumption isimportant for consumers to decrease cholesterol levels in theblood [19]. In addition, it displayed anticancer properties invivo on prostate, lung, stomach, ovarian, colon, and breastcancer [

Phytosterols and Aliphatic Alcohols. Plant sterols andplant stanols, known commonly as phytosterols, are animportant group of natural compounds, biologically activein the prevention of several diseases

Based on these findings, it can be concluded that acornoil is a healthy source of important fatty acids which canbe used for the dietary purpose and cosmetic uses. Inaddition, the difference in their percentages may be usefulas a biochemical fingerprint to differentiate between acornspecies.

Stearic acid is a long-chain saturated fattyacid which is known to be neutral in its effect in the cho-lesterol concentrations in human

Numerous studiesshowed that these fatty acids, especially α-linolenic acid, canhave a role in promoting blood lipid profile and treating thesymptoms of dermatitis.

As described previously, oleic acid(OA) is the main monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)present in acorn oil. Several studies have revealed thebeneficial propriety, particularly in preventing diabetesmellitus T2DM and decreasing cardiovascular disease risk,besides contributing to improving hemostasis, platelet ag-gregation, and fibrinolysis