. This is the first reported case of conjugative transfer of a naturally occurring plasmid between gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.

so rutschte er vom Dach herab, gerade in den großen Trog hinein und ertrank

The pUB origin of replication stems from Staphylococcus aureus and is known to be active in a wide range of low GC Gram-positive bacteria (Firmicutes)

The context words are assumed to be located symmetrically to the target words within a distance equal to the window size in both directions.

J(t)NEG=logQθ(D=1|the, quick)+log(Qθ(D=0|sheep, quick))

Algorithmically, these models are similar, except that CBOW predicts target words (e.g. 'mat') from source context words ('the cat sits on the'), while the skip-gram does the inverse and predicts source context-words from the target words. This inversion might seem like an arbitrary choice, but statistically it has the effect that CBOW smoothes over a lot of the distributional information (by treating an entire context as one observation)

arg maxvw;vcP(w;c)2Dlog11+evcvw

p(D= 1jw;c)the probability that(w;c)came from the data, and byp(D= 0jw;c) =1p(D= 1jw;c)the probability that(w;c)didnot.

Loosely speaking, we seek parameter values (thatis, vector representations for both words and con-texts) such that the dot productvwvcassociatedwith “good” word-context pairs is maximized.

In the skip-gram model, each wordw2Wisassociated with a vectorvw2Rdand similarlyeach contextc2Cis represented as a vectorvc2Rd, whereWis the words vocabulary,Cis the contexts vocabulary, anddis the embed-ding dimensionality.