The leper and his separation; the plague and its segmentations. Thefirst is marked; the second analysed .and distributed.

This enclosed, segmented space, observed at every point, inwhich the individuals are inserted in a fixed place, in which theslightest movements are supervised, in which all events are recorded,in which an uninterrupted work of writing links the centre andperiphery, in which power is exercised without division, accordingto a continuous hierarchical figure, in which each individual is con-stantly located, examined and distributed among the living beings,the sick and the dead - all this constitutes a compact model of thedisciplinary mechanism

This surveillance is based on a system of permanent registration:reports from the syndics to the intendants, from the intendants tothe magistrates or mayor. At the beginning of the 'lock up', the roleof each of the inhabitants present in the town is laid down, one byone; this document bears 'the name, age, sex of everyone, notwith-standing his condition': a copy is sent to the intendant of the quarter,another to the office of the town hall, another to enable the syndicto make his daily roll call

If there is a politics-war series that passes through strategy,there is an army-politics series that passes through tactics. It isstrategy that makes it possible to understand warfare as a way ofconducting politics between states; it is tactics that makes it possibleto understand the army as a principle for maintaining the absence ofwarfare in civil society

actics

four characteristics: it is cellular (by theplay of spatial distribution), it is organic (by the coding of activities),it is genetic (by the accumulation of time), it is combinatory (by thecomposition of forces)

each must be adjusted to the time of the others in such a way that themaximum quantity of forces may be extracted from each and com-bined with the optimum result

The individual body becomes an element that may be placed,moved, articulated on others.

thespecial productive power of the combined working-day is, underall circumstances, the social productive power of labour, or theproductive power of social labour. This power is due to cooperationitself' (Marx, Capital,vol. 1, 311-12). On several occasions, Marxstresses the analogy between the problems of the division of labourand those of military tactics.

Draw up series of series; lay down for each individual,according to his level, his seniority, his rank, the exercises that aresuited to him; common exercises have a differing role and eac

inalize these temporal segments, decide on how longeach will last and conclude it with an examination,

rganize these threads according to ananalytical plan - successions of elements as simple as possible,combining according to increasing complexit

Divide duration into successive or parallel segments, each ofwhich must end at a specific time.

The disciplines,which analyse space, break up and rearrange activities, must also beunderstood as machinery for adding up and capitalizing time

The body, required to be docile in its minutest opera-tions, opposes and shows the conditions of functioning proper to anorganism. Disciplinary power has as its correlative an individualitythat is not only analytical and 'cellular', but also natural and'organic'.

The regulation imposed by power is at the same time the law ofconstruction of the operation. Thus disciplinary power appears tohave the function not so much of deduction as of synthesis, not somuch of exploitation of the product as of coercive link with theapparatus of production

A disciplined body is theprerequisite of an efficient gesture

Good handwriting, for example, presupposesa gymnastics - a whole routine whose rigorous code invests the bodyin its entirety, from the points of the feet to the tip of the indexfinge

Theact is broken down into its elements; the position of the body, limbs,articulations is defined; to each movement are assigned a direction,an aptitude, a duration; their order of succession is prescribed

obligatory rhythm, imposed froll\ the outside; it is a 'programme';it assures the elaboration of the act itself; it controls its developmentand its stages from the inside

Time measured andpaid must also be a time without impurities or defect

But an attempt is also made to assure the quality of the time used:constant supervision, the pressure of supervisors, the elimination o(anything that might disturb or distract; it is a question of constitut-ing a totally useful time:

Guibert systematically implemented the chronometric measurementof shooting that had been suggested earlier by Vauban. In the ele-mentary schools, the division of time became increasingly minute;activities were governed in detail by orders that had to be obeyedimmediately: 'At the last stroke of the hour, a pupil will ring thebell, and at the first sound of the bell all the pupils will kneel, withtheir arms crossed and their eyes lowered. When the prayer has beensaid, the teache1 will strike the signal once to indicate that the pupilsshould get up, a second time as a sign that they should salute Christ,and a third that they should sit down' (La Salle, Conduite ... , 27-8).

The time-tahle is an old inheritance

The first of the great operations of discipline is, there-fore, the constitution of 'tahleaux vivants', which transform theconfused, useless or dangerous multitudes into ordered multiplici-ties.

In organizing 'cells', 'places' and 'ranks', the disciplines createcomplex spaces that are at once architectural, functional and hier-archica

It made theeducational space function like a learning machine, but also as amachine for supervising, hierarchizing, rewarding.

By assigning individual places it made possible thesupervision of each individual and the simultaneous work of all. Itorganized a new economy of the time of apprenticeship

Discipline is an art of rank,a technique for the transformation of arrangements. It individualizesbodies by a location that does not give them a fixed position, butdistributes them and circulates them in a network of relations

The unit is, therefore, neither theterritory (unit of domination), nor the place (unit of residence), butthe rank: the place one occupies in a classification,the point at whicha line and a column intersect,

Thus, spread out in a per-fectly legible way over the whole series of individual bodies, thework force may be analysed in individual units. At the emergenceof large-scale industry, one finds, beneath the division of the pro-duction process, the individualizing fragmentation of labour power;the distributions of the disciplinary space often assured both

By walking up and down the centralaisle of the workshop, it was possible to carry out a supervision thatwas both general and individual: to observe the worker's presenceand application, and the quality of his work; to compare workerswith one another, to classify them according to skill and speed;to follow the successive stages of the production process. All theseserializations formed a permanent grid: confusion was eliminated2

Gradually, an administrative and political space was articulated upona therapeutic space; it tended to individualize bodies, diseases,symptoms, lives and deaths; it constituted a real table of juxtaposedand carefully distinct singularities. Out of discipline, a medicallyuseful space was born

But

iscipline organizes an analytical space

It does thisfirst of all on the principle of elementary location or partitioning.Each individual has his own place; and each place its individual.Avoid distributions in groups; break up collective dispositions;analyse confused, massive or transient pluralities. Disciplinary spacetends to be divided into as many sections as there are bodies orelements to be distributed. One must eliminate the effects of impre-cise distributions, the uncontrolled disappearance of individuals,their diffuse circulation, their unusable and dangerous coagulation;it was a tactic of anti-desertion, anti-vagabondage, anti-concentra-tion.

The aim is to derive the maximum advantages and toneutralize the inconveniences (thefts, interruptions of work, dis-turbances and 'cabals'), as the forces of production become moreconcentrated; to protect materials and tools and to master the labourforce: 'The order and inspection that must be maintained require

In the first instance, discipline proceeds from the distribution of in-dividuals in space

meticulous observation of detail, and at the same time apolitical awareness of these small things, for the control and use ofmen, emerge through the classical age bearing with them a wholeset of techniques, a whole corpus of methods and knowledge,descriptions, plans and data

he meticulousness ofthe regulations, the fussiness of the inspections, the supervision ofthe smallest fragment oflife and of the body will soon provide, in thecontext of the school, the barracks, the hospital or the workshop,a laicized content, an economic or technical rationality for thismystical calculus of the infinitesimal and the infinite

They

They were at work in secondary education at a very earlydate, later in primary schools; they slowly invested the space of thehospital; and, in a few decades, they restructured the militaryorganization.

let us saythat disciplinary coercion establishes in the body the con-stricting link between an increased aptitude and an increaseddomination

If economic exploit-ation separates the force and the product of labour,

A'political anatomy', which was also a 'mechanics of power', wasbeing born; it defined how one may have a hold over others' bodies,not only so that they may do what one wishes, but so that they mayoperate as one wishes, with the techniques, the speed and the effi-ciency that one determines

hey were different, too, from 'service', which was aconstant, total, massive, non-analytical, unlimited relation ofdomination, established in the form of the individual will of themaster, his 'caprice'. They were different from vassalage, which wasa highly coded, but distant relation of submission, which bore lesson the operations of the body than on the products of labour andthe ritual marks of allegiance. Again, they were different fromasceticism and from 'disciplines' of a monastic type, whose functionwas to obtain renunciations rather than increases of utility andwhich, although they involved obedience to others, had as theirprincipal aim an increase of the mastery of each individual over hisown body.

Lastly, there is themodality: it implies an uninterrupted, constant coercion, super-vising the processes of the activity rather than its result and it isexercised according to a codification that partitions as closely aspossible time, space, movement

movements, gestures, attitudes,rapidity: an infinitesimal power over the active body

The celebrated automata, on the other hand, were notonly a way of illustrating an organism, they were also politicalpuppets, small-scale models of power

The classical age discovered the body as object and target ofpower.

What was at issue was not whether the prison environmentwas too harsh or too aseptic, too primitive or too efficient, but itsvery materiality as an instrument and vector of power; it is thiswhole technology of power over the body that the technology ofthe 'soul' - that of the educationalists, psychologists and psychia-trists - fails either to conceal or to compensate, for the simple reasonthat it is one of its tools.

Were theyrevolts whose aims were merely material? Or contradictory revolts:against the obsolete, but also against comfort; against the warders,but also against the psychiatrists

A 'soul' inhabits himand brings him to existence, which is itself a factor in the masterythat power exercises over the body. The soul is the effect andinstrument of a political anatomy; the soul is the prison of the bod

The man described forus, whom we are invited to free, is already in himself the effect of asubjection much more profound than himsel

Rather than seeing this soul as the reactivated remnants of an ideo-logy, one would see it as the present correlative of a certain tech-nology of power over the body. It would be wrong to say that thesoul is an illusion, or an ideological effect. On the contrary, it exists,it has a reality, it is produced permanently around, on, within thebody by the functioning of a power that is exercised on thosepunished

At the opposite pole one might imagine placing thebody of the condemned man; he, too, has his legal status; he givesrise to his own ceremonial and he calls forth a whole theoreticaldiscourse, not in order to ground the 'surplus power' possessed bythe person of the sovereign, but in order to code the 'lack of power'with which those subjected to punishment are marked.

One would be concerned with the 'body politic', as a set ofmaterial elements and techniques that serve as weapons, relays,communication routes and supports for the power and knowledgerelations that invest human bodies and subjugate them by turningthem into objects of knowledge.

that power and knowledge directly imply oneanother; that there is no power relation without the correlativeconstitution of a field of knowledge, nor any knowledge that doesnot presuppose and constitute at the same time power relations.

Lastly, they are not univocal; theydefine innumerable points of confrontation, focuses of instability,each of which has its own risks of conflict, of struggles, and of anat least temporary inversion of the power relations.

elations between the state and its citizens or on the frontierbetween classes and that they do not merely reproduce, at the levelof individuals, bodies, gestures and behaviour, the general form ofthe law or government; that, although there is continuity

Now, the study of this micro-physics presupposes that the powerexercised on the body is conceived not as a property, but as astrategy, that its effects of domination are attributed not to 'appro-priation', but to dispositions, manoeuvres, tactics, techniques,functionings; that one should decipher in it a network of relations,constantly in tension, in activity, rather than a privilege that onemight possess; that one should take as its model a perpetual battlerather than a contract regulating a transaction or the conquest of aterritory. In short this power is exercised rather than possessed;it is not the 'privilege', acquired or preservecl, of the dominantclass, but the overall effect of its strategic positions

What the apparatuses and institu-tions operate is, in a sense, a micro-physics of power, whose fieldof validity is situated in a sense between these great functioningsand the bodies themselves with their materiality and their forces

make use neither of weapons nor of terror and yetremain of a physical order

This political investment of the body is bound up,in accordance with complex reciprocal relations, with its economic

But can one write such a history against the back-ground of a history of bodies, when such systems of punishmentclaim to have only the secret souls of criminals as their objective?

unitive mechanisms serve to provide an additional labour force -and to constitute a body of'civil' slaves in addition to those providedby war or trading; with feudalism, at .a time when money and pro-duction were still at an.early stage of development, we find a suddenincrease in corporal punishment

a means of reducing crime and that, in this role

direction

s not the effect of a transformationof the way in which the body itself is invested by power relations

see whether thereis not some common matrix or ,whether they do not both derivefrom a single process of 'epistemologico-juridical' formation; inshort, make the technology of power the very principle both of thehumanization of the penal system and of the knowledge of ma

Regard punishment as a political tactic

As a consequence, regardpunishment as a complex social function

a genealogy of the present scientifico-legal complex from which the power to punish derives its bases,justifications and rules, from which it extends its effects and by whichit masks its exorbitant singularity.

Today, criminal justice functions andjustifies itself only by this perpetual reference to something otherthan itself, by this unceasing reinscription in non-juridical systems.Its fate is to be redefined by knowledge.

implementation of sentences, and their adjustment to individuals,creates a proliferation of the authorities of judicial decision-makingand extends its powers of decision well beyond the sentence

'Has theact been established and is it punishable?' But also: 'What is this act,what is this act of violence or this murder? To what level or to whatfield of reality does it belong? Is it a phantasy, a psychotic reaction, adelusional episode, a perverse action?' It is no longer simply: 'Whocommitted it?' But: 'How can we assign the causal process thatproduced it? Where did it originate in the author himself? Instinct,unconscious, environment, heredity?' It is no longer simply: 'Whatlaw punishes this offence?' But: 'What would be the most appropriatemeasures to take? How do we see the future development of theoffender? What would be the best way of rehabilitating him?

and is in fact expansionist

Psychiatricexpertise, but also in a more general way criminal anthropology andthe repetitive discourse of criminology, find one of their precisefunctions here: by solemnly inscribing offences in the field of objectssusceptible of scientific knowledge, they provide the mechanismsof legal punishment with a justifiable hold not only on offences, buton individuals; not only on what they do, but also on what they are,will be, may be.

The criminal'ssoul is not referred to in the trial merely to explain his crime andas a factor in the juridical apportioning of responsibility; if it isbrought before the court, with such pomp and circumstance, suchconcern to understand and such 'scientific' application, it is becauseit too, as well as the crime itself, is to be judged and to share in thepunishment.

hut judgement is also passed on the passions, instincts,anomalies, infirmities, maladjustments, effects of environment orheredity; acts of aggression are punished, so also, through them, isaggressivity; rape, but at the same time perversions; murders, butalso drives and desires

n a sense the substanceof which the punishable element is made, rather than its formaldefinition

but something quite different, which is not juridically codifiable:the knowledge of the criminal, one's estimation of him, what isknown about the relations between him, his past and his crime, andwhat might be expected of him in the future.

ut these displacements are perhaps not the most important fact:the division between the permitted and the forbidden has preserveda certain constancy from one century to another.

t seems to be containedin the question itself: since it is no longer the body, it must be thesoul. The expiation that once rained down upon the body must bereplaced by a punishment that acts in depth on the heart, thethoughts, the will, the inclinations. Mably formulated the principleonce and for all: 'Punishment, if I may so put it, should strike thesoul rather than the body' (Mably, 326)

In fact, these changes are accompanied by a dis-placement in the very object of the punitive operation. Is there adiminution of intensity? Perhaps. There is certainly a change ofobjective

It isdifficult to dissociate punishment from additional physical pain.What would a non-corporal punishment be?There remains, therefore, a trace of 'torture' in the modernmechanisms of criminal justice - a trace that has not been entirelyovercome, but which is enveloped, increasingly, by the non-corporalnature of the penal system

he guillotine, first used in March 1792, was the perfect vehicle forthese principles. Death was reduced to a visible, but instantaneousevent

Every man condemned todeath will have his head cut off' - bears this triple signification: anequal death for all

Today a doctor must watch over those condemned to death,right up to the last moment - thus juxtaposing himself as the agentof welfare, as the alleviator of pain, with the official whose task it isto end lif

From being an art of unbearable sensations punish-ment has become an economy of suspended rights.

The body nowserves as an instrument or intermediary: if one intervenes upon itto imprison it, or to make it work, it is in order to deprive theindividual of a liberty that is regarded both as a right and as property

Thissense of shame is constantly growing: the psychologists and theminor civil servants of moral orthopaedics proliferate on the woundit leaves.

operates a theoretical disavowal: do not imagine that the sentencesthat we judges pass are activated by a desire to punish; they areintended to correct, reclaim, 'cure'; a technique of improvementrepresses, in the penalty, the strict expiation of evil-doing, andrelieves the magistrates of the demeaning task of punishing.

Those who carry out the penalty tend tobecome an autonomous sector; justice is relieved of responsibilityfor it by a bureaucratic concealment of the penalty itself

it is the conviction itself that marks theoffender with the unequivocally negative sign: the publicity hasshifted to the trial, and to the sentence; the execution itself is like anadditional shame that justice is ashamed to impose on the con-demned man; so it keeps its distance from the ac

to invert the shame inflicted on thevictim into pity or glory, it often turned the legal violence of theexecutioner into sham

Punishment, then, will tend to become the most hidden part ofthe penal process

The public execution is now seen asa hearth in which violence bursts again into flame

And yet the. fact remains that a few decades saw the disappearance of the tor-tured, dismembered, amputated body, symbolically branded on faceor shoulder, exposed alive or dead to public view. The body as themajor target of penal repression disappeared

We have, then, a public execution and a time-table

ghty years later, Leon Faucher drew up his rules 'for the Houseof young prisoners in Paris'

In fa c t th e re is a s e n s e in which the c a te g o ry ofim po stor, p re v io u s ly referre d co, c a n be d e fin e d a s a p erso nwho m a k e s it im p o s s ib le for h i s a u d i e n c e to be ta c tf u l abo u to b s e rv e d m is r e p r e s e n t a ti o n

In t e l l i n g an untruth, the perform er i s e n jo in e d to reta ina sha dow of j e s t in h i s v o ic e so th a t, should he be caughcout, he c a n d is a v o w an y claim to s e r i o u s n e s s and s a y th a t hew as only joking. In m is r e p r e s e n t in g h is p h y s ic a l a p p e a r a n c e ,th e performer is e n jo in e d to u s e a method w hich a l lo w s of anin n o c e n t e x c u s e .

s e c r e t a r y is being told by theman who i s p re su m a b ly not th e re to te ll her

o re x a m p le , it w a s s u g g e s t e d th a t ta c tf u l o u t s i d e r s in a p h y s ic a lp o s it io n to o v e r h e a r a n i n te r a c t io n m ay o ffe r a s h o w o fi n a t t e n t i o n . In o rd e r to a s s i s t in th is ta c tf u l w ith d ra w a l, th ep a r t i c i p a n t s who feel i t i s p h y s i c a l l y p o s s i b l e for them to beo v e rh e a rd may omit from th e ir c o n v e r s a ti o n and a c t i v i t y anythin gt h a t would ta x t h i s ta c tf u l r e s o lv e of the o u t s i d e r s , and att h e s a m e tim e i n c lu d e e n o u g h s e m i- c o n f id e n t ia l f a c t s to sho wt h a t th e y do not d i s t r u s t th e sh o w of w ith d raw a l p r e s e n te d byt h e o u t s i d e r s

And th en, in turn, it b e c o m e s p o s s i b l e for theperform ers to le a rn th a t the a u d i e n c e k now s th a t the perform ersknow t h e y are being p r o te c te d . Now w hen s u c h s t a t e s ofin fo rm a tio n e x i s t , a moment in th e p erfo rm an ce may com ew h en th e s e p a r a t e n e s s of th e t e a m s w ill b reak down a n d bem o m e n ta rily r e p l a c e d by a com munion of g l a n c e s through w hiche a c h team o p e n ly a d m its to the o th e r i t s s t a t e of inform ation.A t s u c h m o m e n ts th e w hole d r am a tu rg ica l s tr u c t u r e of s o c i a li n t e r a c t i o n i s s u d d e n ly an d p o ig n a n tly la id bare, an d th e lin es e p a r a t i n g th e t e a m s m om entarily d i s a p p e a r s . Whether t h i sc l o s e v ie w of th in g s b rin g s sh a m e or la u g h te r , th e teams» arel ik e ly to d raw r a p id l y b ack in to th e ir a p p o in te d c h a r a c t e r s

th e a u d i e n c e may ta c tfu lly' n o t s e e ’ th e s lip or r e a d ily a c c e p t th e e x c u s e t h a t is o fferedfor it.

T h e g a m e s in tro d u c e dby t h e n u r s e s w e r e on a very c h i l d i s h l e v e l ; many o f che pac iencs felts i l l y p l a y i n g them a n d w ere g l a d when the pa rty w as over a n d theyc o u l d go b ack to a c t i v i t i e s of t h e i r own c h o o s i n g

And when o u t s i d e r s find th e y are a b o u t toe n t e r s u c h a r eg io n , th e y o fte n give t h o s e a lre a d y p r e s e n tsom e w arning, in th e form o f a m e s s a g e , or a knock, or a co u g h ,so t h a t t h e in tru sio n c a n be put off if n e c e s s a r y o r the s e t t i n gh u rrie dly pu t in order and proper e x p r e s s i o n s fixed on t h ef a c e s o f t h o s e p r e s e n t. 1 T h i s kin d o f t a c t c a n bec om e n ic e lye l a b o r a te d . T h u s, in p r e s e n tin g o n e s e l f to a s tr a n g e r by m e a n so f a l e t t e r o f in tro d u c tio n , it i s thought proper to c o n v e y th ele t t e r to th e a d d r e s s e e before a c tu a lly com ing into h i s im m e d ia tep r e s e n c e ; th e a d d r e s s e e then h a s tim e to d e c id e w hat kind ofg r e e tin g th e ind iv id u al i s to r e c e i v e , and tim e to a s s e m b l et h e e x p r e s s i v e m anner a p p r o p r ia te to s u c h a g re e tin g

nt h i s s e c t i o n I w ant to s t r e s s th e f a c t t h a t m o s t o f t h e s ed e f e n s i v e t e c h n i q u e s o f i m p r e s s io n m a n ag e m en t h a v e a c o u n t e rp a rt in t h e ta c tfu l t e n d e n c y o f th e a u d i e n c e and o u t s i d e r s toa c t in a p r o te c tiv e way in o rd e r to help th e p erform ers s a v et h e ir own show .

In a d d itio n , it will be u s e fu l i f th e m em bersof th e te am e x e r c i s e f o re s ig h t and d e s i g n in d e term in in g ina d v a n c e how b e s t to s t a g e a show .

I refer to the fact that w hile theperformer is o s t e n s i b l y im m ersed a n d g iv e n o v er to th e a c tiv i tyhe i s perform ing, and i s a p p a r e n tly e n g r o s s e d in h i s a c t i o n sin a s p o n ta n e o u s , u n c a l c u l a t i n g way, h e m ust n one th e l e s sb e a f f e c tiv e ly d i s s o c i a t e d from h i s p r e s e n ta t io n in a way th a tl e a v e s him free to c o p e with d ram a tu rg ica l c o n t in g e n c ie s a sth e y a r i s e .

but c l e r k scan fre q u e n tly be found who not o n ly a p p e a r to t a k e the r o leo f th e c u s to m e r in g iv in g b u y in g - a d v i c e but a c t u a l l y do so

. It i s a p p a re n t t h a t ifa te a m i s to s u s t a i n the lin e it h a s ta k e n , t h e te a m - m a te sm ust a c t a s i f they h a v e a c c e p t e d c e r ta in moral o b lig a tio n s

Defensive Attributes and Practices

He know ing lyl o w e r s h is d e f e n c e s in th e ir p r e s e n c e , throw ing h im s e lf, a swe s a y , on th e ir m ercy. By s u c h an a c t th e i n d iv i d u a l m a k e sa p le a to the a u d i e n c e to t r e a t t h e m s e l v e s a s part of h is teamo r to a llo w him to tr e a t h im s e lf a s part k>( th e ir te a m

o c o n fro n ts th e perform erswith f a c t s or e x p r e s s i v e a c t s w hich e a c h team know s w ill beu n a c c e p t a b l

im m ed ia te

H ow everth e :? a re s i t u a t i o n s , often c a l l e d ' s c e n e s , ' in w hich a nin d iv id u a l a c t s in s u c h a way a s to d e s tro y or s e r i o u s l y th r e a te nth e p o lite a p p e a r a n c e of c o n s e n s u s , and w hile he may not a c tsi.~:.;ly in o rd er to c r e a t e suci? d i s s o n a n c e , he a c t s wich th ekno w led g e th a t th is kind c f d i s s o n a n c e is lik e ly to r e s u lt .T n e c o m m o n - s e n s e p h rase , ' c r e a t i n g a s c e n e , ’ is a p t b e c a u s e ,in iiifect, a new s c e n e is c r e a te d by s u c h d is r u p tio n s . T h ep r e v io u s and e x p e c t e d in te r p la y betw een th e te a m s i s s u d d e n lyforced a s i d e and a new drama forcibly t a k e s i t s p l a c e

T h e p a s t rife an d c u r r e n t round o f a c t i v i t y o f a givenperform er ty p ic a lly c o n t a in at l e a s t a fe w f a c t s w hich, ifin tro d u c e d d urin g th e perfo rm ance, would d i s c r e d i t or a t l e a s tw eaken the c l a im s a b o u t s e l f th a t the perform er w a s atte m p tin g

Q u e s t io n sa r e r a is e d about the con d itio n of sign equ ip m en t; s ta n d s , lin e s,an d p o s it io n s are te n ta t iv e l y brought forth and ' c l e a r e d ' byth e a s s e m b le d m e m b ersh ip ; the m erits and d em erits of a v a ila b lefront re g io n s are a n a ly z e d ; th e s i z e and c h a r a c te r of p o s s i b l ea u d i e n c e s for the perform an ce a r e c o n s id e r e d ; p a s t perform anced is r u p tio n s and likely d is r u p tio n s are ta lk e d a b o u t; new s aboutth e te a m s of o n e ’s c o l le a g u è s i s tra n s m itte d ; th e receptiongiven on e’s l a s t perform ance i s mulled o v er in what are some-tim e s c a lle d ' p o s t m o r te m s ;’ wounds a r e lic k e d and moralei s s tren g th en e d for th e next perform ance

In c o n v e r s a tio n a l c i r c l e s of five or six, b a s ic a lig nm ents a s betw een one con ju gal pair and another, or betweenh o s t s and g u e s t s , or betw een men and women, may be light-h e a rte d ly s e t a s i d e , and th e p a r ti c ip a n ts will s ta n d rea dy toshift and r e sh ift team a lig n m e n ts with l i t t l e provocation,jo k in g ly joining th eir p r e v io u s a u d ie n c e a g a i n s t th e ir prev io u s

Attem pts are made to e s t a b l i s h a s p e c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p with th ed octor. P a t i e n t s often a t t e m p t to c u l t i v a t e th e i l l u s i o n of a s e c r e tu n d e r s t a n d i n g with the d o c t o r by, for e x a m p le , try in g t o c a t c h h i s ey e

A lso, such rela xatio n ofd i s t a n c e p rovides one m eans by which a fe e lin g of sp o n ta n e ityand involvemenc can be g e n e ra te d in th e in te ractio n . In anyc a s e , in te ra c tio n between two te am s often i n v o lv e s th e takingo f very sm all lib e r tie s , if only a s a m e an s of t e s tin g the groundto s e e if u n e x p e c te d a d v a n ta g e might not be taken of th eo p p osing sid

In te re s tin g lyen ough, th e re are o c c a s i o n s when it s e r v e s t h e w ider g o a lso f th e h ighe r te am to low er b arriers and admit the low er teamto g r e a te r intim acy and e q u a lity with it.

In all of t h e s e c a s e s involving fra te rn iz a tio n between opposings p e c i a l i s t s , th e point i s not th a t the s e c r e t s of the te am s willbe d i s c l o s e d or their in t e r e s t s made to suffer (although t h i smay o c c u r a n d may appear to occur) but rather th at th e imp r e s s io n of opp ositio n that is fo ste re d betw een th e te a m s maybe d is c r e d ite d .

A s p e c i a l i s t onone team may find that he h a s a great deal in common withh i s o p p o s ite number on the oth e r te am and that to g e th e r theyta lk a la n g u a g e which te n d s to align them to g e th e r on a sin g leteam in o p p o sitio n to all the rem aining p a r ti c ip a n ts .

By em ploying double-talk the subo rd in a te c a n i n it ia t e lin e s of ac tio n without giving openrecognition to the e x p r e s s iv e im plica tion of such in itia tio nand w ithout putting into jeopardy th e s t a t u s d iffe re n c e betweenh im s e lf and h i s su p e ro r d in a te .

T h u s whentwo p e rso n s in c o n v e r s a tio n are a tte m p tin g to d isc o v e r howca re fu l they a re going to have to be about s ta tin g th e ir truep o litic a l o pinion s, one of them ca n halt h is gradual d is c lo s u r eo f how far left or how far right he is ju s t a t the point wheret h e o th e r h a s come to th e f u rth e s t extrem e o f his a c tu a l b eliefs

hen in d iv id u a ls a r e unfam iliar with e a c h o th e r’s o p in io n sand s t a t u s e s , a feeling-out p r o c e s s o c c u r s w hereby o n ein d ividual adm its h is v ie w s or s t a t u s e s to another a l i t t l e ata tim e

h is u nofficial com munication may beca rrie d on by innuendo, mim icked a c c e n t s , w ell-placed jo k e s,s ig n ific a n t p a u s e s , v e ile d h in ts , purposeful kidding, e x p r e s s iv eov erto n e s, and many other sig n p r a c tic e s . R u le s regardingth is laxity a re quite s tr ic t. T he com m unicator h a s the right todeny th a t h e ' m e a n t a n y t h i n g 1 by h i s ac tio n , sh o u ld h isr e c ip ie n t s a c c u s e him to his f a c e of h av ing co n v e y ed som ethingu n a c c e p ta b le , and th e r e c ip ie n t s have th e right to a c t a s ifnothing, or only som ething in n o c u o u s, h a s been conveyed.In many kinds of s o c ia l in te r a c tio n , unofficial com municationp rovides a way in which o n e team can ex ten d a defin ite but noncom prom ising in v itatio n to th e other, r e q u e s tin g that s o c ia ld is t a n c e and formality be i n c r e a s e d or d e c r e a s e d , or th a t bothte am s sh ift the in te ra c tio n to one involving the perform anceof a new s e t of r o le s

P e r s o n s who are adm itted to t h is s e c r e t communication a r e p la c e d in a c o l lu s iv e r e la tio n s h ip to one an otherv is - a - v is th e rem ainder of th e p a r tic ip a n ts. By acknow ledgingto one an other that th e y are kee p in g r ele v an t s e c r e t s from theo th e rs p rese n t, th ey ac k n o w led g e to one an other that the showof candour they m aintain, and the show o f being only t h ec h a r a c t e r s they o ffic ia lly project, i s merely a show

By m ocking thethe a u d ie n c e or t e a s i n g a team -m ate, th e performer ca n shownot only th a t he i s not bound by th e o ffic ia l in te r a c tio n buta l s o th a t h e h a s th is in te r a c tio n s o much u n d er control thathe can toy wirh it at will

So, too, em p loyeeswill often grim ace a t their b o s s , or g e s t i c u l a t e a sile n t c u r s e ,performing t h e s e a c t s of contem pt or insub ord ination at ana n g l e s u c h th a t th o s e to whom t h e s e a c t s are directed c a n n o ts e e them. P e r h a p s th e most timid form of th is kind of c o llu s io ni s found in th e pra c tic e of ' d o o d l i n g 1 or of ‘ going a w a y ’ toim aginary p l e a s a n t p la c e s , w hile still m aintaining som e showof performing the part of lis te n e r

e r i s i v e c o l l u s i o n

As p rev io u sly su g g e s te d , evento i t s own members, a team may be a s e c r e t s o c ie ty

P e r h a p s one o f the n o t e s in th e pi anoforte harmonyi s the very no te that the sing er s h o u ld be s in gin g , and so he m a k e st h i s n o te pred o m inate. When t h i s a c t u a l n o te i s n o t writcen in thepiano fo rte p a r t , he must ad d it in the tr e b l e c l e f , where it will p ip eloud a n d c l e a r foe the s i n g e r to hear.

T y p ic ally , t h e s e sta g in g c u e scome from, or to, the direc to r of the perform ance, and it greatlys im p lifie s h is t a s k of managing im p re ssio n s to h a v e suc h asu b te rra n ean lan g u ag e a v a ila b le .

As previouslysu g g e ste d , b a c k s ta g e derogation of the audien ce s e r v e s tomaintain the morale of th e team. And when the a u d ie n c e isp r e s e n t, c o n s id e r a t e treatm ent of them is n e c e s s a r y , not forth e ir sa k e , or for th e ir s a k e merely, but so that c o n tin u a n c eof peaceful and orderly in te r a c tio n will be a s s u re d

m ilarly, the team may ra c e in to b a c k s ta g e r e la x a tio n themoment th e a u d ie n c e h a s departed. By m eans o f th is purposelyrapid sw itc h into or out of th eir act, the team in a s e n s e canco n tam in ate and pro fa n ize the a u d ie n c e b y b a c k s ta g e conduct,o r rebel a g a in s t th e oblig a tio n of m aintain ing a show beforethe a u d ien c e, or make extrem ely c le a r the d iffe re n c e betw eenteam and a u d ie n c e , and do all of t h e s e th in g s without quitebeing c a u g h t out by th e au d ien c

members o f th e team may refer to a s p e c t s of their routine in ac y n i c a l or purely te c h n ic a l way, giving forceful e v id e n c e tot h e m s e lv e s that they do not take the sa m e view of th eir a c tiv itya s the view they m aintain for th e ir a u d ie n c e .

Sometimes membersof the a u d ie n c e are referred to not even by a s lig h tin g namehut by a code ti t l e which a s s i m i l a t e s them fully to an a b s tr a c tca te g o ry . T h u s d o c to rs in the a b s e n c e of a p a tie n t may referto him a s ‘ the c a r d i a c ’ or ' t h e s t r e p ; ’ barb ers privately referto th e ir c u s to m e r s a s ' h e a d s of h a i r

not yet arrived, the perform erswill so m e tim e s play out a sa tir e on their inte raction with theau d ien c e

h e y very regularly d erogatethe a u d ie n c e in a way th a t i s in c o n s i s t e n t with the ( ac e-to -fac etreatm ent th a t i s given to the au d ien c e. In s e r v ic e tra d e s ,for example, c u s to m e r s who are tr e a te d r e sp e c tf u lly duringthe perform ance a re often ridiculed, g o s s i p e d abo ut, c a r ic a tu r e d ,c u rse d , an d c r it ic iz e d when the performers are b a c k s t a g e ;here, too, p la n s may be worked out for ' s e l l i n g ’ them, orem ploying ' a n g l e s ’ a g a i n s t them, o r pac ify in g t h e m .

O f the many t y p e s o f com municationin which the perform er e n g a g e s and which con v e y inform ationin c o m p atib le with the im pre ssio n o ffic ia lly m aintained duringin te r a c tio n , four t y p e s will be c o n s id e r e d : treatm ent o f thea b s e n t, s ta g in g ta lk , team c o llu s io n , and tem porary r ea lignm e nts

It may be r e p e a te dth a t no claim i s made th a t s u r re p tit io u s c o m m u n ic a tio n s areany more a r e fle c tio n of the re a l r e a lity than a re the o fficialco m m unication s with which they are i n c o n s i s t e n t ; the pointi s th a t th e perform er i s ty p ic a lly involved in both, and th isdual inv olvem ent must b e carefu lly m anaged l e s t o ffic ia lp r o je c tio n s be d i s c r e d ite d .

' w e a k 1

T h u s m others arein som e r e s p e c t s a c o lle a g u e grouping, and y e t ordinarily them is d e e d s of one, or her c o n f e s s io n s , do not seem to affectc l o s e l y the r e s p e c t th a t is a c co rd ed the other members. Onth e other hand, th e re are c o lle a g u e g ro u p in g s o f a morec o rp o ra te c h a r a c te r , w hose members are so c l o s e l y identifiedin the e y e s o f oth e r people th a t to so m e d eg re e the goodre puta tion of one p r a c titio n e r d e p e n d s on the good conduct ofth e o th e rs

R e n e g a d e s often take a moral sta n d , s a y in g that it isb e tte r to be tr u e to the id e a ls of the role th a n to the performerswho f a ls e ly p re se n t th e m s e lv e s in it. A d iffe ren t mode ofd isa ffe c tio n o c c u r s when a c o lle a g u e " g o e s n a t i v e ’ or becom esa b a c k slid e r, making no attem pt to m aintain th e kind of frontwhich h is auth o rized s t a t u s m a k es or le a d s h is c o l le a g u e sand th e au d ien c e to e x p e c t of him. Such d e v i a n ts a re s a id to' l e t down the s i d e . ’

o u d o n ’t cell on us and we won’t te ll on you

hid e from one an other c e r ta in th in g sth a t they hid from the a u d ien c e.

C o l le a g u e s may be defined a s p e rs o n s who p r e s e n t thes a m e routine to th e sam e kind of a u d ie n c e but who do notp a r ti c ip a te to g e th er, a s te am -m a tes do, at the sa m e tim e andp la c e before the sam e p a r tic u la r a u d ie n c e . C o lle a g u e s , >as it i ss a id , s h a re a community of face. In having to put on th e samekind of perform ance, they com e to know ea ch o th e r’s d if f i c u lt ie sand p o in ts of v i e w ; w hate v er th e ir to n g u e s, they com e to sp e akth e sa m e s o c ia l la n g u a g e .

C o n fid a n ts arep e r s o n s to whom th e performer c o n f e s s e s his s in s , freely,d e ta ilin g th e s e n s e in which t h e im pression given during aperform ance w a s merely an im p re ssio n . T y p ic a lly c o n f id a n tsare lo c a te d o u ts i d e and p a r tic ip a te only v ic a r io u s ly in backand front region a c tiv ity

remembering and forg e ttin g

r a in e r s tend to e v o k e for the performer a vividim age of h im self that he had r e p r e s s e d , a se lf-im ag e of som eone engaged in the clum sy and e m b a rra ssin g p r o c e s s ofbecoming.

r a i n i n g s p e c i a l i s t . ’ In d iv id u a ls who tak eth is role have the com plic ate d t a s k of te a c h in g the performerhow co build up a d e s ir a b le im p re ssio n w hile at the sametime taking the part of the future a u d ien c e and illu stratin gby p u n ish m en ts th e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f im proprieties

individual involved in u nseem ly e n ta n g le m e n ts may ta k eh is tr o u b le s to a Negro law yer b e c a u s e of the sham e he mightle e l before a w hite one

We regularlyfind that c l ie n t s may reta in a s p e c i a l i s t not in order to obtainhelp with a show they are p u ttin g on for o th e rs but for thevery act that i s provided by having a s p e c i a l i s t attend them—e s p e c ia ll y if he h a s a higher general s t a t u s than his c l ie n ts

T h u s , for example,p s y c h o th e r a p i s ts who vic ario u sly p a r ti c ip a te s o widely inthe d o m e stic warfare of our tim e s are p led ged to rem ain s ile n tabout what they have le arn ed , e x c ep t to their s u p e rv is o rs.

th e s p e c i a l i s t d o e snot s h a re the risk, the guilt, and the s a t i s f a c t i o n of p r e s e n tin gbefore a n a u d ie n c e the show to which he h a s contributed.

S ervices p e c i a l i s t s are lik e mem bers of the team in th at th e y learnth e s e c r e t s o f the show and o b ta in a b a c k s ta g e view of it.

In suchs it u a ti o n s , the important show i s to show the o u tc a s t th a the i s b eing ignored, and the a c tiv ity th at i s c a r rie d on ino rd er to d e m o n strate t h is may i t s e l f be o f second aryim portance

In the c a s e of other s e rv a n t-lik er o le s in our s o c ie t y , su c h a s th a t o f e l e v a to r o p era to r andcab-driver, there s e e m s to be u n certainty on both s id e s ofthe r e la tio n sh ip a s to what kind of in tim a c ie s are p e rm issib lein the p r e s e n c e of the non-person

A further d is c r e p a n t role may be co n s id e re d , th at of the ’ non-p e r s o n ; ’ th o s e who p la y th is role are p r e se n t during thein te ra c tio n but do not, in a s e n s e , ta k e the role e i th e r ofperformer or of a u d ien c e, nor do they ( a s do informers, s h i l l s ,a n d s p o tt e r s ) pretend to be what they are not

uiding the sho w on thefactory floor on b e h a lf of th e m an agerial a u d ien c e, but hem ust a l s o t r a n s l a t e what he k n ow s and what the a u d ien c es e e s into a verbal lin e which h i s c o n s c ie n c e and the a u d ien c ewill be w illing to a c c e p t

p eak e rstend to a c c e p t in v it a ti o n s to s p e a k on the a s su m p tio n thatth e chairm an will ' t a k e care of them ,' which he d o e s bybeing the very model of a li s t e n e r and thoroughly confirmingt h e notion th a t the s p e e c h h a s real s ig n ific a n c e . T h e c h a irman’s perform ance i s e ffec tiv e partly b e c a u s e the l i s t e n e r shave an ob lig a tio n to him, an o b lig a tio n to confirm anydefin ition o f the s it u a ti o n which he spo nsors, an ob lig a tio n ,in short, to follow the lis te n in g -lin e th a t he ta k e s .

T he go-between canbe thought of sim ply a s a d ouble-shill

ejection

l e a v e s th e region when they do, but when h el e a v e s he g o e s to h is employer, a co m p etito r of the teamwhose perform ance he lias w itn e s s e d , to report what he h a sseen . lie i s the p ro fe ssio n a l sho pper—th e G im bel’s man inMacy's and the M acy’s man in Gimbel’s ; he is the fashionspy and the foreigner at N atio nal Air Meets

th e s ta n d a r d s th a t perform ers m aintain in order to e n s u rethat in som e r e s p e c t s fostere d a p p e a r a n c e s will not be toofar from r e a lity .

wife

A shill i s someonewho a c t s a s though he were an ordinary member of the aud ien c ebut i s in fact in le a g u e with the perform ers

a u d ien c e

mentioned

O u ts id e r s know n e ith e r the s e c r e t s of the perform ance north e a p p e a r a n c e of r e a lity fostered by it

T he a u d ie n c e knowwhat th e y have been allow ed to p erc eive , q u alified by whatthey can g le an u n o ffic ia lly by c l o s e o b se rv a tio n

P erform e rs area w a re of the im p re ssio n they fo ster and ordinarily a l s o p o s s e s sd e s tru c tiv e inform ation about the show

them

th o s e who perform ; th o s e performed t o ; arid o u ts i d e r swho n e ith e r perform in the show nor o b se rv e it

free

When th is i s :h e c a s e , su c h s e c r e t smay be d isc o v e re d or a c c id e n ta lly d is c lo s e d without r ad ic allyd isr u p tin g th e team perfo rm ance; th e perform ers need onlys h if t their s e c r e t d e lig h t to an other matter. Of c o u rse , s e c r e t st h a t are s t r a t e g i c a n d / o r dark s e rv e extrem ely well a s in sid es e c r e t s and we find, in fact, that the s tr a t e g ic and darkc h a r a c t e r of s e c r e t s i s often e x a g g e r a te d for t h is reason

In sid e s e c r e t s give o b je c tiv e in te lle c t u a l conten tto s u b j e c t i v e l y felt s o c ia l d i s t a n c e . Almost all informationin a s o c ia l e s ta b l is h m e n t h a s som e thing of this e x c lu sio n aryfunction and may be s e e n a s none of som ebody’s b u s in e s s

It may be addedth a t s e c r e t s th a t a r e merely s tr a t e g ic tend to be ones whichthe team e v e n tu a lly d i s c l o s e s , perforce, when ac tio n b a s e dupon s e c r e t p r e p a ra tio n s i s consum m ated, w h e r e a s an effortmay be made to keep dark s e c r e t s s e c r e t forever

Darks e c r e t s are, of course, double s e c r e t s : one is the crucialfact that is hidden and an o th er is the fact that crucial f a c tshave not been openly adm itted. Dark s e c r e t s were consideredin Chapter One in the se c tio n on m is re p re se n ta tio

A b a s ic problem for many perform ances, then,i s that of information c o n tro l; the a u d ien c e must not acquired e s tru c tiv e information ab o u t the situ a tio n that is beingdefined for them. In o th e r words, a team must be able tokeep i t s s e c r e t s and have its s e c r e t s kep

but rather trea ted a s if he were not there a t all or q u iteu ncerem oniously a s k e d to s ta y out

Rarely can th is be done smoothly enough toprese rve the new com er’s illu s io n that the show su d d e n ly puton i s th e perform er’s natu ral show. And eve n if th is ismanaged, the a u d ie n c e already p r e s e n t i s likely to feel thatwhat they had been tak in g for the perform er’s e s s e n t i a l s e lfw as not so e s s e n t i a l

f course, if w a lls s e p a r a tethe cwo a u d ie n c e s , the performer ca n s u s t a i n the im p re ssio n she is fostering by darting rapidly from one region to another.T h is sta g in g d ev ice , p o s s i b le with tw o examining rooms, isin c re a sin g ly popular among American d e n t is ts and doctors

And, on the sa m e grounds, just;is it is co n v e n ie n t to play o n e 's different ro u tin e s beforelifferent p e r so n s, so a l s o is it convenient to s e p a r a te thedifferent a u d i e n c e s one h a s for the sam e routine, s i n c e thati s th e only way in which each a u d i e n c e can feel th a t whilethere may be o th e r a u d i e n c e s for the sam e rou tine, none isg e ttin g so d e s ir a b le a p r e se n ta tio n o| it. Here again frontregion control is important

amely, th e o n e which th eperform ers or the a u d ie n c e would ordinarily p r e se n t beforeth e o u t s i d e r s at a time and p la c e when the o u ts i d e r s wouldbe th e a n tic ip a te d a u d ien c e

t must be allow ed thatone can become so h a b itu ated to o n e ’s front region a c tiv ityand front region c h a r a c t e r that it may be n e c e s s a r y to h a n d leo n e ’s rela xation from it as a perform ance. One may feelobliged, when b a c k s ta g e , to a c t out of c h a r a c t e r in a fam iliarfash io n and th is can com e to be more of a p o se than theperform ance for which it w as meant to provide a re la x a tio n

dec o ro u s.

hus the higher o n e’s p la c e in the s t a t u s pyramid,th e sm a lle r the number of p e rs o n s with whom one can befamiliar, 1 the l e s s tim e one sp e n d s b a c k sta g e , and th e mor

When they arrive, of course , they find their newsitu a tio n h a s u n a n tic ip a te d s im ila r it ie s with their old o n e ;both involve a p r e s e n ta tio n of front to an a u d ie n c e and bothinvo lve the p r e se n te r in the grubby, g o ssip y b u s i n e s s ofsta g in g a show.

o f b a c k s ta g e behaviour

Often it s e e m s th a t w hatever e n th u sia smand lively in te r e s t we have at our d i s p o s a l we r e s e rv e fort h o s e before whom we are putting on a show and th a t thes u r e s t sig n of b a c k s ta g e s o lid a rity is to feel th a t it is sa feto l a p s e into an a s s o c i a b l e mood of su llen , sile n t irritability

Three common lim ita tio n s on b a c k sta g e informalitymay be cited . F irs t, when th e a u d ie n c e is not p rese n t, e a c hmember of the team i s lik ely to want to s u s t a i n the im pressionth a t lie can be tru ste d with th e s e c r e t s of the team and thathe is not likely to play his part badly when the aud ien c e ispresen t. While ea ch team member will want the audien ce tothink of him a s a worthy ch a ra c te r, he is lik e ly to want h isteam -m ates to think of him a s a loyal, w ell-d iscip lin edperformer. Secondly, there are often moments b a c k sta g ewhen the perform ers will have to s u s t a i n one a n o th e r ’s moraleand maintain the im pressio n that the show that is about tobe p re se n te d will go over well or that the show that h a s justbee n prese n ted did not really go over so badly. T hirdly, ifth e team c o n t a in s r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s of fundamental so c iald iv is io n s, suc h a s different ag e -g ra d es, different ethnicgroups, e tc ., then some d isc re tio n a ry lim its will prevail onfreedom of b a c k s ta g e ac tivity. Here, no doubt, the mostimportant d iv isio n is the se xual one, for th e re s e e m s to beno s o c ie t y in which members of the two s e x e s , however c lo s e lyre la te d , do not s u s t a i n some a p p e a r a n c e s before ea ch other.In America, for in sta n c e , we learn the following about WestC o a st s h ip y a rd s

s t y l e s .

egion co nduct i s one which d is a llo w s such p o te n tia llyo ffe n siv e behaviour.

Throughout our so c ie ty there te n d s to be one informal orb a c k s ta g e lan g u ag e o f behaviour, and an o th er lan g u ag e ofbehaviour for o c c a s i o n s when a perform ance is being p re se n te d