India came under British rule after the failure of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the Sepoy Mutiny), in which diverse princely states of the Indian Subcontinent united to resist British occupation (mainly through the British East India Company) of Indian territory

Jawaharlal Nehru’s speeches “Tryst with Destiny” and “The Appointed Day” together constitute a visionary statement regarding the future of India and the Indian Subcontinent.

Japan entered World War II on December 7, 1941, with the attack on the U.S. naval fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

In the wake of the speech, Gandhi was arrested and imprisoned along with the leaders of the Indian National Congress, effectively outlawing and disbanding the organization.

However, two and half years of Congress Party rule and a need to voice Muslim anxieties empowered Jinnah to set the terms for the Working Committee’s brief for the Lahore Resolution and also led to Jinnah’s growth as the future sole architect of Pakistan.

The Congress Party, the largest nationalist party in India, had performed extremely well in the 1937 elections, winning 711 of 1,585 provincial assembly seats; by 1938 it had come to power in eight provinces of British India. Compared with the Congress Party’s results, the Muslim League’s performance was dismal.

The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan became significant aspects of the “containment” policy of U.S. officials.

On June 5, 1947, in a commencement address at Harvard University, U.S. Secretary of State George C. Marshall announced the Marshall Plan, or the European Recovery Program, designed to aid in the economic rehabilitation of Europe after World War II.

Anti-Communism would be a dominant element in American politics for the next forty years.

The Truman Doctrine became a policy followed throughout the cold war by both Republican and Democratic presidents.

. The Berlin wall, the physical symbol of Cold War divisions, came down in November 1989, and Germany reunified the following year.

The antagonism between the two “superpowers,” the United States and the Soviet Union, remained a “Cold War” in that direct conflict between their own militaries and those of their respective European allies never erupted

To introduce at the first regular convocation of the Skupshtina a provision into the press law providing for the most severe punishment of incitement to hatred or contempt of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, and for taking action against any publication the general tendency of which is directed against the territorial integrity of Austria-Hungary

On July 25, the Serbian government answered the ultimatum in a manner unacceptable to Austria-Hungary, which three days later declared war on Serbia. Thus began World War I.

These extremist ideologies promised fresh solutions to the problems caused by monarchical corruption and, at the same time, collective dignity and justice unattainable in the “free” republics of the modern world.

The Great War (1914 — 1919) was the first of two such worldwide conflagrations in the twentieth century, and it proved to be a turning point of such colossal proportions that its full historical significance has yet to be realized.

The 1914 assassination of the Austrian archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists in Sarajevo sparked yet another war in the Balkans.

He returned to Europe, partnered with King Leopold II of Belgium, and formed the International Association of the Congo in 1879 to colonize the river basin.

(In every Colonial legislature the Society should attempt to have its members prepared at all times to vote or speak and advocate the closer union of England and the colonies, to crush all disloyalty and every movement for the severance of our Empire.

Added to this the absorption of the greater portion of the world under our rule simply means the end of all wars, at this moment had we not lost America I believe we could have stopped the Russian-Turkish war by merely refusing money and supplies.

Others seem to have been genuinely motivated by racial imperatives or the humanitarian concerns encapsulated in Rudyard Kipling’s famous poem “The White Man’s Burden.” Obviously, the desire to take civilization to the benighted corners of the world could dovetail with the work of Christian missionaries.

In 1800, Europeans controlled about 35 percent of the world’s total landmass. On the eve of World War I, Europeans controlled around 85 percent of the earth.

Encouraged by the emerging discourse of Social Darwinism, many advocates of imperialism came to see expansion and conquest as both evidence of their racial superiority and a justification for further exploitation.

The first was the period of Catholic exploration and conquest carried out by the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; the second was the age of mercantilism, best represented by the Dutch and English commercial colonialism of the seventeenth and eighteenth century.

It is agreed that the Total amount of Twenty-one Millions of Dollars, described in the three preceding Articles, shall be paid as follows:

he Treaty of Nanjing rectified for the British what they considered to be long-standing problems in their dealings with the Chinese.

We have further learned that in London, the capital of your honorable rule, and in Scotland (Su-ko-lan), Ireland (Ai-lan), and other places, originally no opium has been produced.

Lin also circulated his “Moral Advice to Queen Victoria” as a public announcement to the Western merchants in Guangzhou

The emperor wanted to tell the English king how ignorant he was about the magnificence of the Chinese Empire and how improper his request was. However, we are unsure whether Lord Macartney actually delivered Emperor Qianlong’s letter to King George.

It was in this context that Lord Macartney undertook his mission. Unlike his predecessors, he was permitted to enter the Qing palaces in Beijing and elsewhere, have an audience with the Qing emperor Qianlong and his confident Heshen, and present George III’s letter to the emperor.

Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class

summarize the political standpoint of the Communist League, a small group of mostly German radicals

Ironically — given that Locke is now considered a major Enlightenment thinker — the Second Treatise was not widely read in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and while many intellectuals saw his theories as important, many others dismissed them

John Locke was one of the most influential philosophers and political theorists of seventeenth-century England.

To be right in everything, we ought always to hold that the white which I see, is black, if the Hierarchical Church so decides it, believing that between Christ our Lord, the Bridegroom, and the Church, His Bride, there is the same Spirit which governs and directs us for the salvation of our souls.

He began writing the Spiritual Exercises in 1522 and later founded the Society of Jesus, or Jesuit Order.

On May 25, 1521, the Diet of Worms issued the Edict of Worms, declaring Luther a heretic and an outlaw.

Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses called for religious reform and unintentionally sparked a powder keg that led to the Protestant Reformation, the sixteenth-century movement that rejected many of the teachings of Catholicism.

One traditional arrangement that enlightened thinkers usually did not question was male domination.

Although some were priests or monks themselves, enlightened thinkers also questioned the moral ideas of Christianity.

The Emperor has given a very liberal education to his fortunate and noble children, who, by virtue of his attention and care, have reached to the summit of perfection, and made great advances in rectitude, devotion, and piety, and in learning the manners and customs of princes and great men.

When it was reported to His Majesty Aurangzeb, that in the reign of his father every year a sum of seventy-nine thousand rupees was distributed through the Sadru-es-Sudúr amongst the poor during five months of the year,

That the chamber of Amsterdam shall consist of twenty managers; the chamber of Zealand of twelve; the chambers of Maeze and of the North Part, each of fourteen, and the chamber of Friesland, with the city and country, also of fourteen managers; if it shall hereafter appear, that this work cannot be carried on without a greater number of persons; in that case, more may be added, with the knowledge of nineteen, and our approbation, but not otherwise.

The Charter of the Dutch West India Company is a valuable historical document because it allows us to see how early modern trading powers like the Netherlands helped invent the mercantile system of commercial and state power.

It is referred to as the culture of the Olmecs,

The Rig Veda Americanus is a collection of hymns addressing the pantheon of Aztec gods and presenting a small fraction of their mythology

We stayed there [in Mogadishu] three days, food being brought to us three times a day, and on the fourth, a Friday, the q̣ádí and one of the wazírs brought me a set of garments.

At length on April 5th (1326) we reached Alexandria. It is a beautiful city, well-built and fortified with four gates and a magnificent port.

the Italian explorer Marco Polo (at least in the Western world), his extensive travels throughout Africa and Asia took him farther than anyone had journeyed up to that time.

But Heaven was not with Yin, for indeed it would not strengthen its misrule. It therefore helped us; — did we dare to seek the throne of ourselves? God was not for Yin, as appeared from the conduct of our inferior people, in which there is the brilliant dreadfulness of Heaven.

The first use of the Mandate of Heaven to justify the takeover of a government is traditionally attributed to Zhou Gong, the duke of Zhou.

Several large states in Mesoamerica had already collapsed from a combination of outside pressures, the most recent of which was the Toltec Empire

The rise of the Mongol Empire and their conquest of China made the Asian power once again the center of the world