The technology can help farmers decide when to plant and harvest crops, improve time management, reduce water and chemical use to produce healthier crops and higher yields, and conserve resources.

Lowing price is a Minimum Support Price (MSP) that gives guaranteed price and assured market to the farmers, protects them from price fluctuations and market imperfections, and encourages higher investment and the adoption of modern farming practices.

The Falling food prices in developing nations are linked to the kind of discretionary consumer spending that increased food availability to the most vulnerable, which means that discounted fruits and vegetables reduce incidences of obesity and a lifetime of sickness.

Increasing agricultural productivity through sustainable practices can be an important way to decrease the amount of land needed for farming and slow environmental degradation and climate change through deforestation.

According to the world bank, During 2006 - 2013, it observed that Poverty reduction among households working in agriculture accounts for 79% of the national poverty reduction, and over 60% of the population became employed.

In economics, productivity is used to measure the efficiency or rate of production. ( the amount of output per unit of input).

Production is the process of creating, growing, manufacturing, or improving goods and services.

The Green Revolution brought modern science to solve its food problem and substantially reduced poverty and broader economic growth in many Asian countries.

Like , the World Bank credit to help improve incomes and food security of 200,000 Malawian smallholder farmer households.

The general factors determining agricultural productivity are pressure of population on agriculture, the rural environment, and pattern of land tenure.

The Third Agricultural Revolution refers to the significant increase in production of food grains (such as rice and wheat) due to the introduction of high-yielding varieties, the use of pesticides, and better management techniques.

It is a process for integrating economic, ecological and social values to tackle challenges and find opportunities to reconcile agriculture and local communities with natural processes for the common benefit of nature and livelihoods.

The Farmers Field School (FFS) is a process for learning groups to educate eco-friendly farming methods to achieve farmer empowerment and community development.

It includes the construction and maintenance of facilities that support social services

‘Push-pull’ is the first IPM strategy that effectively controls stemborers and Striga weeds while ecologically improving soil fertility. The technology increases maize yields by protecting the crop against attack by the stemborer moths.

It combines local and scientific knowledge and applies ecological and social approaches to agricultural systems, focusing on the interactions between plants, animals, humans, and the environment.

Aquaculture

For example, In Rwanda and Zambia, International scientists are working with regional and national partners in sub-Saharan Africa to catalyze local wheat farming and help meet the rapidly rising regional demand for this crop. The scientists focus on smallholder farmers in Rwanda and Zambia to enhance smallholder wheat productivity through sustainable intensification of wheat-based farming systems in Rwanda and Zambia.

In Egypt, there are agricultural production intensification projects in the three governorates of Al Minya, Al Fayoum, and Beni Suief, and It is working with almost 1 million rural landless households. The project brings a range of support services such as research, extension, and credit to help them rapidly adopt technology to improve their productivity and intensify land use.

Due to producers don't have the resources or capital to modernize, and lack of rain for long periods, which has led to widespread famine.

Agriculture in Africa provides employment for about two-thirds of the continent's working population.

Each country contributes an average of 30 to 60 % of gross domestic product and about 30 % of the value of exports

Sustainable intensification is based on simultaneous improvements in productivity and ecosystem health to underpin profitability towards greater diversification involving crops, forages, livestock, shrubs and trees.

ICTs are widely employed for environment and climate monitoring including weather forecasting, and are crucial in early-warning and disaster relief communications.

Despite its growing economy, the Philippines faces significant challenges in terms of water and sanitation access. More than 3 million people in the Philippines rely on unsafe and unsustainable water sources, and 7 million lack access to improved sanitation. Therefore, the government applied many strategies for water pollution prevention and control as Septage Management Projects, Septage Treatment Facilities (STFs), including upgrading and rehabilitation works, and Bio-solids Processing Facility, including upgrading to Class A Fertilizers.

Company finances will be affected by climate change through the cost of damage, disruption, and lost sales, so the investors should increasingly take future climate risks into account.

If Fair prices are paid to the farmers and producers, that will provide them with a stable income to improve their lives.

Also, the marketing for the small businesses through the online platform will increase their sales.

For example, industrial energy efficiency is a solution for Egypt’s predicament; it includes the investment in solar technologies and efficient motors to promote industrial productivity while reducing carbon emissions.

It calculated by adding imports to and subtracting exports from its national production.

the use of a natural resource has exceeded the sustainable capacity of a system

Defect in the different levels of biological organization and the natural patterns present in ecosystems.

Environmental stress refers to physical, chemical, and biological constraints on the productivity of species and the development of ecosystems.

If the ecological stressors increases or decrease in intensity, the ecological responses result.

Apply sustainable production to protect environment when producing goods and services to meet consumer needs and wants based on green marketing approach .

Consumers can find eco-friendly products in the market easily.

Egypt GDP per capita for 2020 was $3,548, a 17.51% increase from 2019

The Global City Indicators Program (GCIP) is a decentralized, city-led initiative to measure, report, improve their performance and quality of life, facilitate capacity building, and share best practices through an easy-to-use web portal.

It causes a pollute of the soil and groundwater as well as emits significant amounts of greenhouse gases.

used to recycle organic material by decomposing organic material into a humus-like material, known as compost, which is a good fertilizer for plants.

There are man options for waste disposal:

1. Cradle-to-grave waste management is a long-term waste management process designed to reduce the amount of waste generated and ensure that hazardous waste is stored, transported and disposed of appropriately.

2. Cradle to Cradle (C2C):design and production of products of all types in such a way that at the end of their life, they can be truly recycled (upcycled), imitating nature's cycle with everything to be recycled. It is a sustainable model

The main legislation relating to solid waste management in Egypt is the Law 38 for 1967 as amended by the Law 31 for 1976. The law regulates the collection and disposal of solid waste from residential areas, commercial and industrial establishments, and public places.

Upper-middle-income countries have the highest percentage of waste in landfills, at 54 %. This rate decreases in high-income countries to 39 percent, with diversion of 36% of waste to recycling and composting and 22% to incineration.

After ratifying the new Waste Management Act in 2021, the Local Development Ministry kicked off the second phase of its municipal solid waste management system by securing contracts with the private sector for the collection, transportation, treatment, recycling, and safe waste disposal.

The organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) represents 70% of the waste composition.

The uncontrolled decomposition of OFMSW can contribute to global warming and result in large-scale contamination of soil, water, and air.

By 2030, China will likely produce twice as much municipal solid waste as the United States

to implement the integrated waste management strategy as waste minimization, recycling (including composting), and energy recovery.

Inefficient municipal solid waste management system create serious negative environmental impacts like infectious diseases, land and water pollution, obstruction of drains and loss of biodiversity.

includes everyday items such as product packaging, yard trimmings, furniture, clothing, bottles and cans, food, newspapers, appliances, electronics and batteries.

By March 2018, 80 million tonnes of garbage is collected in Egypt each year.

1. About 55.2 % household's solid waste is collected by private companies.
2. 44.8 % of the households dispose their waste by dumping it onto the street.

The strategy draws on two principles:

1. Density, agglomeration, and proximity are fundamental to human advancement, economic productivity, and social equity.

2. Cities need to be well managed and sustainable.

refer to the process of collecting and treating solid wastes

To facilitate meaningful and sustained capacity building and technical assistance for developing countries on technology development, transfer and deployment as a core part of its activities.

Target the negative social, environmental, and economic impacts of urban freight transport as traffic congestion, local air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, noise disturbance, and safety.

Transit-oriented development (TOD) is a planning and design strategy that consists in promoting urban development that is compact, mixed-use, pedestrian- and bicycle-friendly and closely integrated with mass transit by clustering jobs, housing, services, and amenities around public transport stations.

Have government officials act openly, with citizens' knowledge of the decisions the officials are making to control corruption with the cooperation of government, citizens, and the private sector cooperate to ensure transparency governance.

To achieve a balanced development of the national territory.

Cultural heritage is an under-recognized resource for sustainable development. However, the heritage supports environmental quality, education, inclusive economic growth, social cohesion, equity, community well-being, and resilience, eliminating informal housing and relocating its residents.

Cultural heritage is an under-recognized resource for sustainable development, although the heritage supports environmental quality, education, inclusive economic growth, social cohesion, equity, community well-being, and resilience.

contribute to strengthen the governance of migration in the region and provide protection and sustainable solutions for migrants and refugees

We make these three transformative commitments in the New Urban Agenda: leaving no one behind and fighting against poverty; urban prosperity and opportunities for all; and ecological and resilient cities and human settlements.

Achieving gender equality will promote economic growth and labor productivity, reduce poverty, enhance human capital through health and education, and attain food security. All these goals are advantages of sustainable cities and related to the targets of Sustainable Development Goals.

a socio-economic right

ensuring access to safe and affordable housing, investment in public transport, creating green public spaces, and improving urban planning and management in a participatory and inclusive manner.

The New Urban Agenda highlights linkages between sustainable urbanization and job creation, livelihood opportunities, and improved quality of life to be incorporated in every urban development or renewal policy and strategy.

Green building has to:

1. save water 36-40%,

2.save energy 30-40%

1. save material 25-40% compared to conventional building

1. Locate any exterior designated smoking areas at least 25 feet away from entries, outdoor air intakes and operable windows.

1. Locate designated smoking areas to effectively contain, capture and remove ETS from the building.

Many building components and construction debris can be recycled like, concrete and rubble are often recycled into aggregate and concrete products.

A commissioning authority (CxA) is a person or firm responsible for delivering the commissioning process based on the size and complexity of the project. One person or an entire team may execute this process.

(WBDG)​: It is guidance in the United States that is described by the Federal Energy Management Program to complete internet resources to a wide range of building-related design guidance, criteria, and technology.

BMS & BAS refers to a computer-based control system that needs to be installed within buildings to monitor and regulate the building's electrical and mechanical equipment such as power system, lighting, and ventilation to confirm sustainability.

The two metrics used in the Optimize energy Performance credit: Using metrics of cost, energy sources, greenhouse gas emissions, and (if available) time dependent valuation.

Use High-tech greywater reuse for exclusive residences

A grey water system generally costs between $1,000 and $4,000 or $2,500 on average, including installation.

its products meet EPA's criteria for efficiency and performance as it certified to use at least 20 percent less water and save energy.

Lutron LED lighting control systems can use dynamic lighting and dimming and daylight management; it works automatically or manually to adjust the color of the LED light to create the perfect environment for any indoor space.

It promotes land development and management practices with our future in mind through generating less waste, minimizing the impact on the landscape, and using less energy, water, and natural resources.

use resource-efficient method of construction that produces healthier buildings which have less impact on the environment and cost less to maintain.

LEED certified buildings: It is important because:

1. Reduce stress on the environment. 2.More energy and resource-efficient.
2. Generate less waste and lower the use of energy, water, and other resources.
3. Store and collect of recyclables, renewable energy use, and indoor water use reduction

The goal of creating the green building standards:

Buildings use energy, water, and raw materials, generate waste, and emit potentially harmful atmospheric emissions during their construction, occupancy, renovation, repurposing, and demolition.

These standards aimed to mitigate the impact of buildings on the natural environment through sustainable design.

U.S. Green Building Council: It is a membership-based non-profit organization that promotes sustainability in building design, construction, and operation. USGBC is committed to a sustainable, prosperous future through LEED.

They are caused by a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and parasitic worms (helminths).

a diverse group of tropical infections which are common in low-income populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas.

The World Bank is working closely with countries and partners to ensure communities have access to fixed and portable handwashing facilities, soap or alcohol-based hand rubs, and reliable water supplies.

local knowledge (Indigenous knowledge) is important in providing invaluable information about the local context, encourage community participation, and empower communities in reducing disaster risk

Managed aquifer recharge (MAR) is the purposeful recharge of water to aquifers for subsequent recovery or environmental benefit. It is a well-developed groundwater technology used to increase recharge for water security.

The amount of water lost by evaporation depends mainly on local climate conditions due to high air temperatures, low humidity, strong winds, and sunshine will increase evaporation.

Countries have invested a lot in developing water storage infrastructure; there is potential for additional infrastructure development. In countries where major rivers are transboundary, they need to develop additional storage with full consideration of its ecological requirements and international obligations.

There is no market-based evidence of fair value for water infrastructure assets - because of the specialized nature of these assets and the fact that they are rarely sold, except as part of a continuing business.

So, most water businesses estimate fair value based on the NPV of expected incomes or on depreciated replacement cost (current replacement cost, net of accumulated depreciation)

Green infrastructure is an approach to water management that protects, restores, or mimics the natural water cycle to enhance community safety and quality of life.

These benefits are:

1. The economic opportunities created by water infrastructure projects

1. The long-term productivity savings to the customers of water utilities

Applying Nature-based solutions such as recharging groundwater, sustaining surface water flows, improving soil moisture retention, or managing regional precipitation.

Saline water can be made into freshwater by taking away mineral components from saline water by using forced under pressure through special membranes whereby the osmosis process that normally occurs in nature is reversed.

Water recycling from a variety of sources then treats and reuses it for beneficial purposes such as agriculture and irrigation, potable water supplies, groundwater replenishment, industrial processes, and environmental restoration.

using water in a way that is socially equitable, environmentally sustainable and economically beneficial.

'Ecological water demand'

It refer to water provided within a river or wetland to maintain ecosystems and the benefits they provide for people

it includes:

1. Nature-based solutions 2.Environmental flows
2. Private sector initiatives and water stewardship

The value of ecosystem services to people by estimating the amount people are willing to pay to preserve or enhance the services.

A structural adjustment is a set of economic reforms that a country must adhere to secure a loan from the International Monetary Fund or the World Bank to reduce government spending and open to free trade.

Methods used to calculate values are : 1.Monetary valuation

1. Non- Monetary value
2. Natural capital accounting 4.Assessing aggregate values 5.Levels of precision required 6.Methods for integrating values into decision-making frameworks

SEEA-Water has three main types of accounts to record the hydrological system and its links to the economy:

1. Physical flow accounts: These accounts record the physical flows of water between the environment and the economy.

a. They record the abstraction of water by the economy, how water flows within the economy, and the return flows of water back to the environment. b.Water emission accounts can also be compiled in relation to these flows.

1. Physical asset accounts: These accounts describe the hydrological cycle over an accounting period. a. Water stocks and their depletion over the accounting period are presented, including links to the economy's abstraction and consumption of water.

3.Economic accounts: This set of accounts presents, among others, flows related to water products, information on the costs associated with water use and supply, and information on water-related financing.

1. Compared and understood in terms of the more traditional economic thinking that often dominates water-related decision-making.

2. Such as Natural capital is the stock of renewable and non-renewable resources (e.g. plants, animals, air, water, soils, minerals) that combine to yield a flow of benefits to people.

1. Apply such things as spiritual experiences, inspiration for culture, art and design, aesthetic values, information for cognitive development, and other ecosystem services generally categorized as cultural services.
2. The full and meaningful participation of relevant stakeholder groups in assessments and gender-sensitive decision-making.

1. Enables values to be more easily compared with other economic assessments that often use monetary-based units.
2. It has been a major driver of elevating attention to the environment because of the high values often generated, particularly regarding water.

3.Some reject monetary valuation because it undervalues nature, commodifies it, or suggests it can be traded.

Nature-based solutions refers to the sustainable management and use of nature for tackling socio-environmental challenges.

The challenges include issues such as climate change, water security, water pollution, food security, human health, biodiversity loss and disaster risk management.

Water allocation mechanisms:

1. water reserves
2. Caps on consumption
3. Sustainable abstraction limits 4.Water markets, licence conditions on infrastructure operators. 5.Flow release rules and regimes for dams.

The United Nations World Water Development Report (UN WWDR 2021) methodologies and approaches are to the valuation of water into five interrelated perspectives:

1. Valuing water sources, in situ water resources, and ecosystems
2. Valuing water infrastructure for water storage, use, reuse, or supply augmentation
3. Valuing water services, mainly drinking water, sanitation, and related human health aspects
4. Valuing water as an input to production and socio-economic activity, such as food and agriculture, energy and industry, business and employment
5. Other socio-cultural values of water, including recreational, cultural, and spiritual attributes.

The Valuing Water Initiative of the High-Level Panel on Water is a collaborative process aimed at building champions and ownership at all levels by applying the five principles: Principle 1:Recognize water's multiple values through considering the multiple values to different stakeholders in all decisions affecting. Principle 2:Build Trust. Principle 3: Protect the Sources. Principle 4.: Educate to Empower. Principle 5:Invest and innovate.

In 2020, the EU budget was €168 billion. Spending on agriculture, rural development and fisheries amounted to €59 billion, which was 35% of the total budget.

It is a four-phase process:

1. Quantifies and maps green, blue and grey water footprints
2. Assesses the sustainability,
3. Efficiency and equitability of water use
4. Identifies which strategic actions should be prioritized in order to make a footprint sustainable.

The water footprint shows the total volume of fresh water used to produce the goods and services consumed by the individual or community or produced by the business.

where water is in the ‘wrong’ place at the wrong time, or is contaminated, its value can be significantly negative; that is, involve net costs.

Parameters that indicate the quality of water for irrigation are: the temperature of a waterway is significant because it affects the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, ph, turbidity, salinity, nitrates, and phosphates.

It is a measurement tool for the storage and fluxes of water in the landscape and human-built infrastructure.

is the value of satisfaction from preserving a natural environment or a historic environment.

In the case of water there is no clear relationship between its price and its value. Where water is priced, meaning consumers are charged for using it, the price often reflects attempts for cost recovery and not value delivered

The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses.

It is considered a root cause, or a symptom, of the political neglect of water and its mismanagement between stakeholder groups.

through integrated and holistic approaches to governance and financing mechanisms, and prospects to address knowledge, research and capacity needs.

Climate change was ranked as a 6% risk to Earth's biodiversity. The threats facing biodiversity globally are: Climate change, nutrient loading and pollution , habitat change, and overexploitation for natural resources.

1. Contribute to wastewater treatment as an alternative or supplement to conventional water treatment systems.
2. Water purification process to provide supplies of water suitable for drinking, industry, recreation, and wildlife habitat.

Safe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene are crucial to human health and well-being.

Safe WASH is a prerequisite to health, livelihoods, school attendance, and helps create resilient communities living in healthy environments.

Farmers and ranchers can adjust grazing intensity, provide alternative sources of water and shade, and promote revegetation of ranges, pastures, and riparian zones to reduce the impacts of grazing on water quality.

Water availability is a broad topic, encompassing the biophysical supply of water, the demand for water, and access to water.

Water availability, both as surface water and groundwater, is essential for agriculture, human consumption, industry, and energy generation.

In Egypt,

The total of water resources available is 58.8 BCM/yr It is classified to : Water resources currently available for use are 55.5 BCM/yr from the Nile River

1.3 BCM/yr effective rainfall in the northern part of the Nile Delta 2 BCM/yr non-renewable groundwater from the Western Desert and Sinai – a total of 58.8 BCM/yr While the water needs from different sectors are about 79.5 BCM/yr. Thus, the gap between supply and demand is about 20 BCM/yr. This gap is overcome by recycling.

Water use or demand is expressed numerically by average daily consumption per capita (per person).

In the United States the average is approximately 380 liters (100 gallons) per capita per day for domestic and public needs.

The world average is estimated to be approximately 60 liters (16 gallons) per person per day.

the value of water is infinite

It is an analytic framework used to synthesize information to estimate the lifetime costs and benefits. as : Strategic cost management. Materials management techniques. Labor infrastructure.

Financing water services: Such as public finance are that the state pays lower interest than the private sector. It avoids that poorer 'consumers' cannot afford to pay total costs, and the significant benefits of universal water and sanitation connections are public health, not private gains.

Develop several country level water financing facilities, which can issue bond in their capital markets to provide long-term loans to public or private water utilities.

A circular perspective in their vision of the water chain and of the products and services related to water.

For example:

Developing products that require less water and energy in conjunction with the re-use of basic materials.

The shortening of large industrial water chains by using treated waste water instead of drinking water. That eliminates one treatment stage.

Water scarcity is in Asia : rapid population growth, industrial development and urbanization heightens the water crisis in the largest and most populous continent.

There is a water shortage in Latin America due to : droughts, climate change, lack of sewage waste treatment, human pollution, oil spills, and the dumping of industrial and heavy metal waste into waters are the leading causes of water pollution in Latin America.

Water stress or scarcity occurs when demand for safe, usable water in a given area exceeds the supply.

Because the water consumption exceeds local renewable water availability which contributes to environmental degradation and groundwater depletion.

Water valuation is the exercise of qualitatively or quantitatively measuring (for example in $/m3) the value which different stakeholders derive from water resources.

It can either be a negative value, due to lack of water, or a positive value, due to the contribution of water to the production of goods and as a contributing factor to our wellbeing.

The contribution of water to the production of goods and as a contributing factor to our wellbeing.

For some people, water links the spiritual and physical worlds, and many water bodies are associated with wahi tapu (sacred sites). For example, Water has enormous cultural importance for Māori.

For some people, Water acts as through scenic beauty, because of its importance for wildlife or recreation.

For some people, Water acts as human well-being extend in supporting direct physical life-sustaining functions, and include mental health, spiritual well-being, emotional balance and happiness.

Some cultures can hold values related to a varying mix of heritage, tradition, history, education, life experience, exposure to information and media, social status, and gender.

Water scarcity is more often caused by the nature of demand and the inappropriate allocation of water rather than by the total availability of the natural resource.

Water scarcity leads to food shortages while rising commodity prices, thereby hindering trade with developing economies and, in the long run, causing civil unrest.

It is flexible process, bringing together decision-makers across the various sectors that impact water resources, and bringing all stakeholders to the table to set policy and make sound, balanced decisions in response to specific water challenges faced.

In the energy sector, Water is used to develop energy infrastructures and remains fundamental throughout the lifecycle of energy infrastructure and resource development, from the extraction of raw materials, purification, washing, and treatment of raw materials to coolants in nuclear or thermal power plants.

In the industry sector, industrial water is used for fabricating, processing, washing, diluting, cooling, or transporting a product, Whether it's the food we eat or the products we consume.

In the business sector, water is used for manufacturers and food drink businesses.

Closing the gender gap could have profound implications for easing world hunger.

The importance of water in the agricultural sector of the economy: Irrigation enables greater agricultural production than is achieved with rainfed agriculture.

The additional food production obtained with irrigation is essential for food security globally and on a national level for some countries.

Improving water security for food production in both rainfed and irrigated systems can contribute to reducing poverty and closing the gender gap to profound implications for easing world hunger.

The main water consumption sectors are irrigation, urban, and manufacturing industry.

In Europe, 44 % of total water abstraction used for agriculture 40 % for industry and energy production (cooling in power plants), 15 % for public water supply.

In Egypt, (2018) Agriculture : 82% Municipals: 13% Loss and evaporation from Nile and canals :3% Industry: 2%

Universal access to safe drinking water, sanitation and adequate hygiene (WASH) services is essential to population health, welfare and development.

Governments across the world are pouring money into water and sanitation subsidies around $320 billion a year.

In developing countries, water sanitation and hygiene challenges include providing services to urban slums, improper management of water distribution systems, failures of WASH systems over time, providing equitable access to drinking water supply, and gender issues.

such as valuing water supply, sanitation and hygiene in human settlements (the cost of the collection, treatment and purification of water, before finally returning it to its natural environment).

The methods of valuing water infrastructure include the financial costs (cash flows, and capital and operational expenditure) and financial returns + social and environmental costs

Government tends to value water through pricing signals as both a basic right and a mechanism to attract business.

Water is the lifeblood of our economy. It used in manufacturing, energy production, and transport materials across the globe

For example, One-fifth of the US economy would grind to a halt without a reliable and clean source of water.

46% of water consumed in America is used to produce the manufacturing products we buy.

1 to 6—every $1 spent on infrastructure improvements in the US generates $6 in returns.

The UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme was founded in 2000 in response to a call from the UN Commission on Sustainable Development to produce a UN system-wide periodic global overview of the status, use and management of freshwater resources.

Water is essential for human health, food security, energy supplies, sustaining cities and ecosystems. Today, the world's water systems are facing a growing crisis, threatened by overuse, pollution, and climate change, as communities all over the world are experiencing extreme events, droughts, and floods.

Valuing water means valuing our future.

For example, 349 billion gallons of freshwater are withdrawn every day in the United States. 41% of that water (143 billion gallons) is used to produce thermoelectric power, another 37% goes to irrigation. 4% of US energy is used for transporting, treating, and pumping water.

located in New Zealand

Many governments are already adopting policies to stimulate emissions reductions in the industry, such as the European Union’s emissions trading scheme and energy efficiency improvements for existing processes.

It is an economic system of closed loops in which raw materials, components and products lose their value as little as possible as model of production and consumption, which involves sharing, leasing, reusing, repairing, refurbishing and recycling existing materials and products as long as possible.

Renewables and sustainable technologies are found to be more labor-intensive than extractive fossil fuels as laborers who lose their job in the conventional energy sectors can work in the field in the renewable energy sector.

Renewable energy accounts for nearly 75 % of total direct energy jobs by 2050.

Renewable energy could employ more than 40 million people.

The total energy sector employment can reach 100 million by 2050, up from around 58 million today should the international community utilize its total renewable energy potential.

Renewable energy accounts for nearly 75 % of total direct energy jobs by 2050.

includes energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity

“Carbon pricing” is a market-based strategy for lowering global warming emissions. This strategy will reflect on the costs of climate impacts and add opportunities for us in n our production and consumption choices of the low-carbon energy options.

would level the cost of capital across various types of oil and gas producers. This would result in a more-efficient allocation of capital in the U.S. economy.

innovative finance and market solutions to accelerate the energy transition

Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) and Direct Air Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) are two Carbon dioxide removal(CDR) technologies.

Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is related to producing electricity, while Carbon Capture and Storage (DACCS) is related to consuming electricity.

Carbon capture and utilisation (CCU), and carbon capture and storage (CCS), are the key technologies in reaching these targets, globally. Carbon capture and utilisation offers novel solutions to replace fossil fuels and chemicals, and produce food directly from CO2

green hydrogen

Energy conservation involves using less energy by adjusting your behaviors and habits.

Energy efficiency involves using technology that requires less energy to perform the same function.

are used to generate electric power such as Biomass and solar sources.

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the technological process of capturing carbon dioxide, often from large point sources such as power plants and refineries, compressing it as a liquid, and injecting it in deep underground geologic formations for permanent sequestration.

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations responsible for advancing knowledge on human-induced climate change.

The 1.5C scenarios require radical reductions in unabated fossil fuel use, rapid expansion of non-fossil energy sources and planetary-scale carbon dioxide removal.

The current Planned Energy Scenario set out by governments is a total of 90 trillion U.S. dollars to be invested between 2016 and 2050, with almost half going towards fossil fuels and other forms of energy.

Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) or Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) are non-binding national plans highlighting climate actions, including climate-related targets for greenhouse gas emission reductions, policies, and measures governments aim to implement in response to climate change.

To contain warming at 1.5C, Man-made global net carbon dioxide emissions would need to fall by about 45 percent by 2030 from 2010 levels and reach “net zero” by mid-century.

Net-zero carbon strategies were adopted on 21 May 2020. It outlines how we are supporting the district to halve carbon emissions by 2030 and reduce them to zero by 2050, including delivering a reduction in our carbon footprint of at least 45% by 2025.

To apply the gender balance in the energy sector,

1.Raising awareness of the centrality of gender equality in the energy transformation.

2.Sharing experiences and best practices on policies programs and initiatives, including integrating women’s experiences, capacities, expertise, and preferences in energy policies and programs to foster women’s economic empowerment.

Bioenergy is a form of renewable energy derived from recently living organic materials known as biomass, which can produce transportation fuels, heat, electricity, and products.

It is hydrogen fuel created using renewable energy instead of fossil fuels to provide clean power for manufacturing and transportation.

the transition to a solar-wind energy economy to create balance between Smart and Sustainable requires significant investment in research and equipment.

Focus on incorporating renewable energy, distributed generation, energy storage, thermally activated technologies, and demand response into the electric distribution and transmission system to achieve integration of renewable energy.

Energy transition is defined by Smil (2017) as “the change in the composition (structure) of primary energy supply, the gradual shift from a specific pattern of energy provision to a new state of an energy system.”

The World Energy Transitions Outlook outlines a pathway for the world to achieve the Paris Agreement goals and halt the pace of climate change by transforming the global energy landscape.

It advocates for an iterative risk management approach to climate change and using strong federal climate policies to support and enhance existing local, state, and private-sector efforts.

1.This idea of uncertainty might be embedded deeply within science but is no one’s friend and it should be minimized to the greatest extent possible. It is an impetus to mitigative action rather than a reason for complacency.

2.Some global warming consequences are associated with deep, so-called systemic uncertainty. 3.For example, the combined impact on coral reefs of warmer oceans, more acidic waters, and coastal run-off that becomes more silt-choked from more intense rainfalls is complicated to predict, and those deep uncertainties may camouflage particularly grave risks.

1. This is particularly concerning given that more than 2.6 billion people depend on the oceans as their primary source of protein. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climate-uncertainty-no-excuse-for-inaction/

To mitigate climate change, the number one goal is to replace fossil fuels with renewable energy sources ​such as oil, carbon, and natural gas and replace them with renewable and cleaner energy sources, all while increasing energy efficiency.

As individuals: By reducing our consumption of animal protein by half, we can cut diet's carbon footprint by more than 40%

Shopping differently: the clothing sector represents around 3% of the world’s global production emissions of CO2, primarily because of the use of energy to produce attire.

1. The ability to make fundamental changes in systems to alter their relationship with the climate and/or how the system responds.
2. Protect Coastal Wetlands. 3.Promote the Benefits of Sustainable Agroforestry.
3. Decentralize Energy Distribution. 5.Secure Indigenous Peoples' Land Rights.
4. Improve Mass Transit.

For example, There are many ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the industrial sector, including energy efficiency, fuel switching, combined heat and power, use of renewable energy, and the more efficient use and recycling of materials.

The carbon tax is the approach that most economists favor for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by creating incentives for businesses and households to conserve energy, improve energy efficiency, and adopt clean-energy technologies.

Climate Agreement to achieve reduction goals

The Climate Act calls for a 49% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030, compared to 1990 levels, and a 95% reduction by 2050. The National Climate Agreement contains agreements with the sectors on what they will do to help achieve these climate goals. The participating sectors are: electricity, industry, built environment, traffic and transport, and agriculture and land use.

Emissions budgets are relevant to climate change mitigation because they indicate a finite amount of carbon dioxide that can be emitted over time, before resulting in dangerous levels of global warming.

it makes the atmosphere warm by trapping heat. Since humans are adding more CO2 to the atmosphere, that helps explain why temperatures are increasing around the world.

Climate change can disrupt food availability, reduce access to food, and affect food quality. For example, projected increases in temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in extreme weather events, and reductions in water availability may all result in reduced agricultural productivity.

According to the world bank (2019), . Agriculture as an economic activity generates between 1% and 60% of national GDP in many countries, with a world average of about 4% in 2017

According to the United nation report , By 2050 almost all of the world's coral reefs may have been subjected to such acidic conditions that they will be only marginally able to form calcium and continue growing.

It causes sea-level rise, which increases the risk of flooding, increasing coastal erosion that poses a threat to people and the environment.

it absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.

It causes increased UV radiation levels at the Earth's surface, which is damaging to human health.

snow and ice also reflect more sunlight than open water or bare ground, so a reduction in snow cover and ice causes the Earth's surface to absorb more energy from the sun and become warmer.

For much of the U.S. West, projections show that an average annual 1 degree C temperature increase would increase the median burned area per year by as much as 600 percent in some types of forests.

In the Southeastern United States, modeling suggests increased fire risk and a more extended fire season, with at least a 30 percent increase from 2011 in the area burned by lightning-ignited wildfire by 2060.

The predicted impacts of altered precipitation patterns include:

1. Floods and droughts will become more frequent and more severe. 2. Wildfires are expected to become stronger and more common.

Egypt is predicted to change, such as more frequent heatwaves, flash floods, heavy rains, sand, and dust storms.

These impacts affect the considerable loss of agricultural land and rising temperatures, such as reduced crop yields, food insecurity, and water stress. Rising sea levels also threaten coastal populations in the country.

The Global Climate Research Program is funded by sponsors and additional contributions by nation states or other donors.

The World Climate Research Programme(WCRP) uses these funds to organize science workshops or conferences and support collaboration between climate scientists at an international level.

To predict future climate, scientists use computer programs called climate models to understand how our planet is changing. Climate models work like a laboratory in a computer. They allow scientists to study how different factors interact to influence a region's climate.

The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.

The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) serves as a fundamental basis for international climate research. The process represents a remarkable technical and scientific coordination effort across dozens of climate modeling centers, involving some 1 000 or more researchers. In order to support modeling centers and a broad range of model developers and users in the fundamental analysis and comparison of state-of-the-art climate model experiments under standard protocols.

climate change impacts assessment information

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum is marked by a prominent extinction among deep-sea foraminifera because of a global mean temperature increase of about 5 °C.

When the carbon dioxide concentration goes up, temperature goes up. When the carbon dioxide concentration goes down, temperature goes down.

Standing flood waters can also spread infectious diseases, contain chemical hazards, and cause injuries.

increases in greenhouse gases have tipped the Earth's energy budget out of balance, trapping additional heat and raising Earth's average temperature.

The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.