克里普克首次提出存在先天偶然性的命题。在此之前，人们认为，一个命题是必然（necessary）真的当且仅当它是先天（a priori）真的，一个命题是偶然（contingent）真的当且仅当它是后天（a posteriori）真的。但在克里普克看来，“先天的”（a priori）是认识论概念，强调人可以不依赖经验而知道某个命题为真；“必然的”（necessary）是形而上学概念，强调命题所陈述的事实不仅为真，而且必然为真，偶然性则是与必然性相对应的概念，强调命题所陈述的事实虽然为真，但也有可能不为真。因此先天命题不等于是必然的，必然命题不等于是先天的。

A number of skeptical hypotheses or scenarios have been proposed which can be used as the basis for arguments to the effect that we lack knowledge of various propositions about objects in the external world, propositions that we normally take for granted and that we assume are obviously true. Descartes’ Evil Genius hypothesis is perhaps the best known such hypothesis.

Deleuze's theory of time set out in Difference and Repetition is a complex structure of three different syntheses of time – the passive synthesis of the living present, the passive synthesis of the pure past and the static synthesis of the future

Buster Keaton, original name Joseph Frank Keaton IV, (born October 4, 1895, Piqua, Kansas, U.S.—died February 1, 1966, Woodland Hills, California), American film comedian and director, the “Great Stone Face” of the silent screen, known for his deadpan expression and his imaginative and often elaborate visual comedy.

Four months before his death, he received a five-minute standing ovation—the longest ever recorded—at the Venice Film Festival

In 1928 Keaton’s production company was signed over to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, the biggest of the Hollywood studios. His first film for that studio was the well-regarded The Cameraman (1928), but before long Keaton was at the mercy of MGM’s army of producers, supervisors, and screenwriters, whose efforts to “improve” his brand of humour virtually destroyed it. Most of his talkies for MGM were burdened with banal story lines, superfluous characters, and tired wisecracks. Even though these films made money, Keaton’s frustration grew, and he soon developed a drinking problem, culminating in his dismissal from MGM in 1933.

Not until long after his heyday was Keaton’s unique contribution to the screen fully appreciated. Notably, his American Civil War comedy, The General (1927), was a financial disappointment when originally released, but today it is regarded as a masterpiece and Keaton’s crowning achievement.

He also discovered that “the more serious I turned, the bigger laugh I got,” and accordingly adopted his trademark deadpan expression.

Joseph Frank "Buster" Keaton (October 4, 1895 – February 1, 1966)[1] was an American actor, comedian and filmmaker.[2] He is best known for his silent film work, in which his trademark was physical comedy accompanied by a stoic, deadpan expression that earned him the nickname "The Great Stone Face"

Mao returned from Moscow in Feb-ruary 1950 with more than just a treatyof friendship and aid package. He alsoreturned with a commitment to theSoviet model of education and resear

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