slkfjsdlf

hmm typo?

Subtle differnce, that is not fully explored.

why may not I say taht we believe in the law of motion becasue we see that the planets obey a constant pattern of motion so we generalize from that to our next case that tommorow they will obey taht same law and hence hte law of motion hodls?

carbohydrates?

This is convincing. It seems unclear that its a air tight case for "if you were just teleported to this universe you could not make any prediction at all about cause and effect of new objects" but this does seem intuively not terrible.

Is this really true? Surely some facts about this world are predictable, Hmm but science says test everythign against the world and rely on that experiential evidence.

Maybe its fine you cant deduce things a priori? I imagine tho that if a perfect reasoner had access to all the worlds information they would deduce and a lot more things beyond just connections between two ideas. Sort of like if you give von neumman the axioms of probability he can come up with like the total law of probability independantly.

This claim is quite strong. Is it really the case that no new object, only by which the qualities which I can sense can i make inferences on cause and effect on? I mean what about natural instincts of animals, well one could argue this is experience passed down by genetics and not apriori reasoning. What about if I know orange fires are dangerous ik blue fires are too? Well I guess I have experience of fires are dangerous and I am just using htat experience. What about if I just sense the heat of the fire and guess that if i go into it I will burn? I guess this is the idea that if something is hot from a distance its even hoter with less distance which you cant get from logic? Or can you? can you not reason a priori this is how the world owrks? I dot htink so you could imagine a world in which thats not how energy works. Hmm

Hypothesis is cool af

@khandelwal__arjun would love to chat with fellow hypothesis users!

2.4s

Independant variable - have 5 samples of fruit juice at different temperatures 10 degrees, 20 degrees, 30 degrees 40 degrees and 40 degrees

Dependant variable - Number of drops of DCPIP taken for the juice to remain purple

Control - The volume of fruit juice - The initial concentration ro type of fruit juice

Method Using a thermostatically controlled water bath heat or maintain 5 different samples of fruit juice at different termperatres.

After 15 minutes measure the temperature in the fruit juice and then add drops of DCPIP. It should change to colorless initially but after a while it will stay purplle. Note the number of drops required for it to stay purple

Replicate the experiment in order to calculate an average and minimze error

Color changes from blue to purple

Bennedits solution

Iodine solution

Percentage of light that is absorbed

size of potato

Because you can take an average of all the results and also notice anomolies

Use a theromostatically controlled water bath to maintain the temperatures

Using a knife may be dangerous

Difficult to cut potato to exactly 2 cm

The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of diffusion. They are positively correlated

38

61

il a retrouve la farome en faisainttant d'activite physiceq chaque semaine

preserver la beaute de la quote encourager d'autres presoones a souvre son eemple

ils sonts felicitent de tous ses efforts

a trouver tout ce qui peut etre recycle

a nettoyer la plage elle- meme elle voulait changer le comportement des vacanciers

une poubelle

pour etre plus pres de ses petits-enfants

avocate

8

7

5

3

2

les photos

une semaine

il a donne un commentair sur les sites il a explique l'histoire de la capitale

sa premiere nuit en angleterre

a comprendre ce qu'on disait

vraiment gentille

il etais seul

une ville pres de londres

trois garcons

dix heures du soir

A Paques

H

D

F

B

E

B

D

C

A

F

They were both motivated to date eachother by an impulse to hold on to their indian culture which was shown to be fragile by their epxeriences

her cooking has nowbecome "signature"instead of the scrappy aproximation it was once was

Love is almost a tool to pursue and express identity This can be seen when Gogol uses his love with maxime to pursue an americain identity, or when he goes backto moushimi to maintain a bengali identity

Independance and rebellion

Feels as though there is an invisible but collective pressurefrom their parents and teh rest of the bengali ammerican commitiy for them to marry. They feel as though they are complying with obedieance which is something that will later leave a bitter tastein moushumis mouth causing her to have second thoughts. Additionally the left over from moushims last wedding highlight how recently her fiasco with graham had occured and how her relationship with gogol seems a little bit too rushed.

By keeping his second identiy that of Gogol or his famililal indian side away from maxime by hiding it from her. He created a relationship in which maxime did not fuly trully understand gogol only his americanised identity of nikhil. Therfore when he is wrenched back into his identity as gogol there is a fundamental disconnect in the relationship as maxime cant understand the choices gogol wouldmake nor thefeelins he feels

Until now his identities of gogol and nikhil had been kept strictly seperate and disparate but now for the first time these two sphers of his life have intersected. This would cause the general anxiousness that Gogol feels throughout the encounter.

this angst he feels regarding being together makes him want to get this expierence over with. As a result he barely says goodbye to his father which will tradgeically be the last time he can talk to him. Gogols idenity confusion therefore leads to his last words with his father being rushed- not as how gogol would have liked

independance and rbebellion

a carefull balancing act played by ashima to make sure gogol is not out of place in america but also not out of touch with india

physical pain but this journey will aslo bring him some mental angst in the future

Two important father figures die disttanced from Ashima, her own father, and the father of her children or Ashoke. This elicits a lot of sympathy for her and also perhaps suggests why she has such an inclination or drive to stay connected and with family.

idea of everything in america seeming fake or like a pretense, not grounded in culture family and peopel

Indian parents are often overprotective

Idea that a baby should be welcomed in a home around family in a place that has meaning. Not a coldalmost commercialised hospital

Family is the only thing immigrants have in foreign countries so this emphaseis the importance of stikcin together

american traditions/normalities are lacking

As he is much older now, Ludy has much more crystallized intelligence compared to wheen he first shelved books in the library. This means he has accumulated a greater knowledge of facts and details about the world. This can help him suggest simple books to disadvantaged children because he remembers a lot of good books like Dr Seuss for example that are easy to comprehend.

Self actualisation according to Maslows hiearachy of needs is the final need that humans need to fulffill. Ludy's return to the library and work as a volunteer may allow him to attain self-actualisation as now he feels he has fulfilled his potential in life by creating programs and helping people. Comapred to his old desk job which was unfullfiling he was not self-actualised over there but now he will be.

Episodic memory refers to the memory of events. Ludy returns to working at the ibary because his episodic memory allowed him to recall how much he enjoyed working at the libary when he was a senior in highschool

Self-efficacy is the bellief in ones own ability and the confidence one has in their competenace. Ludy may have a high self-effiacay if he belives that his volunteering program will be succesful and this may actually result in his volunteering program being succcessl in reality.

The Broca's area helps Ludy to speak. He uses the Broca's area while talking to the disadvantaged children.

If Ludy has low levels of extraversion he would be an introvert. This may mean he gets exhausted after being in the company of others and needs time to recharge by being alone. This would hinder his work as a volunteer because he would get exhausted after talking to all his fellow volunteers and the children.

Altruism is when someone does something to help others even if it could bring harm to themselves or not help themselves. Ludys work as a volunteer is an example of altruism as he does not earn any money himself but he brings benefit to the disadvantaged children. In fact, financially he probably brinsg harm to himsefl because of the oppurtunity cost of not working a desk job, however his altruistic drive is enough for him to still volunteer.

In this moral stage of development people make moral decisions purely based on how the outcome will effect them. If a child felt like they could take additoinal candy and not get in any trouble, and if they were in the preconvential stage of moral development, then they would take the additonal candy.

When people are in a groups they tend to act different to how they would act alone, often becoming more rowdy and misbehaved. In this case children in a group may have had a sense of deindividulatioation and if that was the case this would have made them take candy if there were in a group even if they would nto normally take a candy when alone.

Modelling is a type of learning especially common in kids when they learn behaviour by observing other people to do it. Perhaps one of the kids had celebrated this annual activity last year with their elder brother who they really respected. If they saw this elder brother take additonal candy they are more likely to also take additional candy during this experiment.

Because she manipulates the independatn variable of if the kids kept masks on or not, by asking half the children to remove their masks. This makes this an experiment

Because she did not take a random sample of all the children in the whole world so the sample which she collected data from was not represenative of all children. It is possible that the only people who came to her door steps were kids who lived in the same neighbourhood as her, so then she can only generalize her findings to children who live in her neighbourhood.

• The Data supports the psychologist's Hypothesis that children would take more candys when they were masked because the proportion Solo children who took additonal candy when the mas was kept on is higher then the proportion of solo children who removed mask and the proportion of the group of children who took additional candy with their mask kept on is higher than the proportion of the group of children who took candy when they had removed their mask.

But the datay also does not support her other hypothesis. The psycogolists predicted that the kids would take more candy when they were alone however according to the data this was not the case.

The Operational definition would be the proportion of kids that took additional candy measured as a percentage.

Group A had deep processing as they encoded the word pair in a meaningful way. This allowed them to recall more words compared to Group B which probably used more shallow processing.

The students would be more likely to remember the word pairs near the start of the list.

Dr. Jones forced the subjects to complete this task as part of their homework instead of finding willing volunteers.

It is a measure of how much the average value deviates or is different from the mean. It is a measure of variance. Group A has a standard deviation of 4 words, so on average each value is 4 words away from 25 words. Group A has a lower variance or standard deviation then Groub B which has one of 6 words.

Because it uses random assigmnet into an experimental and control group. To get mitigate the effect of counfounding variables, allowing Dr Jones to infer a cause and effect relationship between mental imagery and memory

Group B

The independent variable was if the group was told to form a mental image or not.

A Psychoanalyst would allow Damian to talk uniterrpetd ( at first) and make connections with objects. Once Damian has talked a lot the Psychoanlayst may even look for areas of resistance where Damian seems hesitant to talk about. He can form use this to try to understand the unconcious urges that are giving damian a disorder

A fixed-ratio schedule is when reinforcement is provided after a set number of repetitions of the behaviour. His parents can use this in the following way: Every time Damian Finishes 2 colledge essays He gets to play 1 hour of his favourite videogame. Here the positive reinforcement of gaming time makes Damian more likely to repeat the behaviour of completing colledge essays which will help him in applying to colledge

Mental set is when you approach a problem with a fixed idea especially if that way has worked in the past. When moving on to the next Level if Damian may use the same method he used in the past however this may not be ideal if the new leevel requires another way of thinking or another solution

The Monocular depth cue of interposition is a depth cue that only needs one eye and it is when you judge distance based on if an object is blocking another one. While playing a video game Damian can look at his computer screen, and he can use the monocular depth cue of interposition to determine weather objects in this virtual world are far away or not. This can help him while playing videogames

Reciprocrity Norm states that we are more likely to do nice thing to others if they do nice things for us( but the same applies for bad things). Here if Damian's Friends offer him tips regarding more successful strategies for gaming then Damian will be inclinded to give them some of his own tips.

While playing a complex game that requires skill to solve. Damian may employ the use of algorithms which are logical step by step procedures which are slow but always get the correct answer. To solve a problem at a given level in the game Damian may use an algorithm to help him

The Motor cortex is the part of the brain that deals with fine motor skills. Damian's Motor cortex helps him make precise movements with his fingers in order to play video games. He moves his fingers precisely in order to hit his controller buttons to play a videogame

He will get used to the number of faces eventually

He does well when more people are watching because he has practised his lines

There may be a lot of sounds happening in the theatre such as audience members coughing or music in the background. But if James pays selective attention to his co actors dioalogues he can percieve them and use them as cues to rememebr his lines.

If james delivers a rivetting monologue the audience will clap enthusiatically for him. This will make it more likely for him to deliver the next monologe in the play with the same enthu

Arousal theory suggests that people are motivated to seek an optimal level of arousal thats not too high or too low. Here James level of arousal is to high and hes very nervous, so he decides to use his psychological knowledge to help himself calm down

If James practised his lines on the same stage as stage as he is performing today then he is more likely to remmeber his lines

If some of the classmates are presenting their infromation very quietly. Then the sound may be below the absolute thrshold level for students sitting in the back and therefore they will not be able to hear the information and therefore wont be able to retainit

Proactive interefence is when memory or learning from the past interefest with the retrieval of new learninigs/memoriies. If the class has learnt a similar concept before then it may impede their ability to retain the new information. For example whilelearning operant conditioning some people suffering from proactive inteference may say that in operant conditioning there is a conditioned response which would be an example of proactive interefence if they learned classicalconditioning first.

Extrinsic motivation is when we are motivaded by external rewards. A group may be externally motivated to do their project well and teach well because if they do so and the class performs wellon that section then they will be rewarded by a good grade.

A self-fulling prochecy described the phenonmeon when humans believe something will happen it is more likely to happen. If one of the groups believe that there is no way that students can do the job of a teachers this may actually hinder the development of students projects.

A mental set is how we

Social loafing is when group members do less work compared to their peers because they believe the other group members will make up for them. In this case, members in the group may do less work then their peers while teaching the concept for example they may not make their assigned slides on Power point, but in the end they will all still ge tthe same grade.

Antibodies have a complementary shape to the antigens on the pathogens. They can bind specifically to the antigen (only to the antigen). After binding they can either mark the pathogen so that phagoctyes can destroy it by phagocytosis. Or they destroy the pathogen directly by destroying its cell wall.

The two injections of the vaccine actually inject a harmless dead or attenuate version of the bacteria that causes diphteria. The antigens present on this bacteria induce an immune response and the creation of memory cells. These memory cells result in the long term protection against diphteria. vaccination is a form of acttive immunity while injectingg antitoxin antibodies is a form of passive immunity

These antibodies will neutralise the toxins released by the bacteria. This would relieve some of the symptoms of the patient and prevent further damage from occuring from the toxin. This would work very fast and immediately

THrough a process known as Mitosis. The number of chromosomes in the nucleus of a zygotic cell double and then the nucleus split into two in the process formming 2 genetically identical cells. Which are identical to the zygotical cell and eachother. Each of these 2 cells divide by mitosis again and this continues until a clump of cells have formed known as the embryoy

To become hard once the egg is fertlised to stop other sperms from enterin the egg

To provide energy to for the zygote to divide and form an embryoy

It makes sures that seedlings grow away from the ground and into the air or the sunlight. Because for example if the seedlins grew randomly then they could have grown into a random direction into the soild but because of negative gravitropism they grow upwards. In mature plants let us say they have a canapoy above them blockin sunlight, then negative gravitropism is useful because it helps them to grow up and past that canpopy to recieve sunlgiht

Auxin is secreted by the tips of the shoot. It diffuses to the side closer to the ground. It accumuatales here and promotes cell elongation. This makes the plant bend upwards (in the opposite direction to wehre the auxin was).

Auxin

To act as a control in this experiment. To negate the effects of gravity

Negative gravitropism

To make sure they have a large enough population of the crops. Also to see if they are potentially any side effects of the geneticlaly engineered crop plants

Plasmid is taken from bacteria and cut with the same restricitioni enzyme as the gene from A thaliana to form sticky ends. Then using DNA ligase the gene is combined with the plasmid forming a re combinant plasmid. Later on this bacteria is used to infect cassava which will cause casvava to have more iron

Restriction enzyme

Iron is found in red meat and spinach and green leafy vegetables. It is important because it is essential in formation of hameoglobin a red protein. The effects of a iron defienciency lead to anaemia in which due to a shortage of RBCs people becoe breathless often and do not have enough energy.

After 5 days the resources of the fermenter the resources in the fermenter such as glucose must have depleted and they were not enough resources to stusatin a population. There was too much competeiion between bacteria and many started dying. The rate of death was much greater than the rate of birth. They must have produced waste products like CO2 that made their environment too toxic to continue living in.

Lag phase Log/exponential phase Stationary phase Death phase

Number of bacteria in 1.0 mm3 cube of nutrient solution Time in hours

Reduce blood sugar level by converting glucose into glycogen

Type 1 Diabetes

Pancreas

Rapidly reproduce ability to produce complex molecules precense of plasmids means we can genetically modify them easily no ethical issues

Re use and recycle plastic waste . Incenerate plsatic waste but with care as too not emit toxic gasses into the atmosphere.

They can ingest this but its not biodegradable so their enzymes wont be able to digest plastic. Over time there stomach will fill up with plastic and they will be unable to eat real nutrioso food so they will die of starvation. They can get trapped in plastic and then die because of not being able to move around to collect resources.

rouch scaly skin

Nitrogen fixation, deanmination, nitrification

Simimlarities both have ribosomes both have cell membrane both have cell wall both have cytpolasm

differences yeast cell has genetic material in nucleus w hile bacterial cell has circular loops of dna not enclosed in a nucleus yeast has mitochondrio which cell doesnt yeas has alarge vacuole which bacteria doesnt

The length of her drawing

2000

Plant

noir

chien

A

F

D

E

B

Limewater

Thebrain detects the change in concentration in our blood by detecting a change in pH. Our breathing becomes heavier and more rapid in order to diffuse out all of the carbon dixoide

Expired air has more carbon dioxide concentration then inspired air because that is a waste product of respiration and diffuses out of the blood. Expired ari has less oxygen concentration then inspired air because that is a reactant in respiration and diffuses into the blood. Expired air can sometimes be more moist and have more water vapour then inspired air because our gas exchange system is moist, it can also be warmer.

Alveoli are only 1 cell wall thick so this allows oxygen and carbon dioxide to easily diffuse across them. Alveoli have a large surface area which increaes the rate of diffusion and gas exchange. Alveoli are moist which helps with gas exchange. Alveoli have access to good ventilation systems to keep the concentration gradient high and increase the rate of diffusion and gasexchange

G

In a population of bacteria let us assume antibiotics is introduced. These bacteria naturally mutate and reproduce very quickly. Some of these bacteria by chance mutate to develop a gene thats resistance to the antibiotics. They survive and the rest of the bacteria die. The surviving population is very small but they all genes that make them resistance to said antibiotic, They then divide through mitosis producin perfect genetic copies of themselves and the population of the bacteria increases again but this time all of them have the resistive gene so the bacteria population is resistance to bacteria.

K pharynx

ribs E

C,contracts to decrease pressure in the thorax

Prevent dust and pathogens from entering the gas exchange system

External intercostal muscles F

cartillage J

Species that depend on their habitat have no shelters or homes to live in and therefore will be vulnerable to predators and the weather. Animals also will not have access to enough sources of food. The reduction in biodiversity may mean that some useful genes and plants which humans could have used will go extinct.

For reach location ,find the average area burnt of each fire. This can be done using this formula estimated average duration of fire squared * estimated average expansion of the fire /2. Then multiply this by the total number of estiamted fires

Managed land on average seem to have a lower average expansion rate of 0.3 compared to natural forests which have an non weighted average of 0.56 km. On average managed land fires seem to be shorter having a non weighted average of 3.6 while natural fires last longer having a non weighted average of 4.7 days. There doesntseem like the total number of fires is affected too much by wheter the land is managed or not because although natural boreal and temperate forests are have smaller number of fires than both the managed lands, natural savanah has many more fires than managed. Butin total there are more number of estimated natural fires

methane

Respiration

decomposition of dead plants , denitrification, nitrogen fixation,

nitrification

Bacteria are too large to diffuse through the placenta

Ensuring that a cycle of antibioitcs is completed and taken fully. only prescribing antibiotics when needed not for everysamll thing

Because then if they infect humans they can act as pathogens and cause infectious diseases that can be harmful to human population.Also wemay have to develop new antibiotics to kill them but we can not keep doingthis forever

Because the bacteria strains could be otherwise indistinguishable and comparing genes is the best way to show evolutionary relationships. Perhaps the two bacterials look the same in all other aspects and ofcourse they will have the same cell structure, it may be very hard to tell them apart without specifically analzying their genes

The DNA molecule is arranged in a double helix structure. It has 2 sugar-phosphate backbones that are twissted to form this oduble helix structure. Connecting the two strands of sugar-phostphate backbone are bases. These bases always pair complmentary with A pairing with T and C pariing with G.

steeper line starting steeper ending earlier also.

Because it had a large constant supply of watter in the form of the water beaker

Becaue even if the water evaporates inside the leaf, the concentration gradient is still equal as their 100% relative humidity which means the humidity, or concentration of water vapour molecules is the same outside the leaf as it is inside of leaf. So the water vapour will not diffuse as there is essentially no concentration gradient (the water is already as spread out as it can be)

As temperature increases the rate of water loss increases in this speices of plant. First the rate of water loss only gradually increases but than at around 33 degrees the rate of water loss increaes more steeply and finally at 38 degrees the rate of water loss increases at the steepest highest rate. The rate of water loss is at a maximum at 45 Degrees and loses around 0.56 grams of water... Water is lost because of transpiration. The higher the temperature the higher the rate of transpiration as the rate of evaporation increases. Thsi is because water molecules on the surface of the mseophy cells have more kinetic energy (due to the increased temperature) and can therefore escape more easily and diffuse out through the stomato into the air in the form of water vapour.

12 hours is 43200 seconds.At a temperature of 35 degrees the plant loses.0.28 .... In 12 hours 1 m will lose .12096 grams of water

Measure the inital volume in the burette and then the final volume in the burette and findteh difference.

To prevent water from evaporating from the burette

To get rid of any air bubbles

Transpriation

on the surface of the villi of the duodenum

Enzyme A is pepsin it is secreted by the walls of the stomach into the stomach. Its optimal pH is at 2. It breaks down proteins into polypeptides. It forms an ezyme substrate complex with proteins to catalyze their breakdown. It doesnt get changed in the process. But it gets denatured at pHs higher or lower than 2 as shown from in the graph. Enzyme B is trypsin it is made in the pancrease and secreted into the small intestine (duodenum) it further breaks down protein namely polypeptides into amino acids. Its optimum pH is 10 so that it doesnt get denatured in the alkaline bile.

Water

So that the they can be converted into smaller soluble moleculse. If they are soluble they can be assimilated by the body more easily and they can be transported and utlised more easily

Vertebrates

4 chambered heart placenta (in females)

(others, double circulatory system, milk production places, )

G

D

C

B

F

E

A

When food is left on teath, bacteria feed on it. These bacteria secrete acidwhich dissolve the enamel in our teath causing tooth decay

Enamel

To aid in physical digestion, grind down food to make it into bolus so that its surface area increases.

Because they are usulaly repelled by eachother and dont want to react s we need high temperatures to force them to collide with such energy that they react