the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules

For instance, carbohydrates are broken down by amylase, sucrase, lactase, or maltase. Proteins are broken down by the enzymes pepsin and peptidase, and by hydrochloric acid. Lipids are broken down by lipases

Each macromolecule is broken down by a specific enzyme.

In a dehydration synthesis reaction (Figure), the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer, releasing a molecule of water.

Biological macromolecules are organic, meaning they contain carbon

When a protein loses its three-dimensional shape, it may no longer be functional.

Only recently was it found that often they receive assistance in the folding process from protein helpers known as chaperones (or chaperonins) that associate with the target protein during the folding process.

Not all proteins are denatured at high temperatures; for instance, bacteria that survive in hot springs have proteins that function at temperatures close to boiling. The stomach is also very acidic, has a low pH, and denatures proteins as part of the digestion process; however, the digestive enzymes of the stomach retain their activity under these conditions.

Tertiary Structure

The local folding

The molecule, therefore, has about 600 amino acids. The structural difference between a normal hemoglobin molecule and a sickle cell molecule—which dramatically decreases life expectancy—is a single amino acid of the 600. What is even more remarkable is that those 600 amino acids are encoded by three nucleotides each, and the mutation is caused by a single base change (point mutation), 1 in 1800 bases.

If this active site is altered because of local changes or changes in overall protein structure, the enzyme may be unable to bind to the substrate.

While the terms polypeptide and protein are sometimes used interchangeably, a polypeptide is technically a polymer of amino acids, whereas the term protein is used for a polypeptide or polypeptides that have combined together, often have bound non-peptide prosthetic groups, have a distinct shape, and have a unique function.

The carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the incoming amino acid combine, releasing a molecule of water

Amino acids such as valine, methionine, and alanine are nonpolar or hydrophobic in nature, while amino acids such as serine, threonine, and cysteine are polar and have hydrophilic side chains.

Protein shape is critical to its function, and this shape is maintained by many different types of chemical bonds

and are usually complex or conjugated proteins

They are all, however, polymers of amino acids, arranged in a linear sequence.

Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks

is only one example of the possibilities for a more student-centered approach to analytics.

the concept of putting analytics in the hands of students doesn’t seem to make an appearance in any of the top-hit articles on analytics

So an alternative to the existing intervention-centric approach to learning analytics might involve the student as a co-interpreter of his own data—and perhaps even as a participant in the identification and gathering of that data.

The approach to learning analytics on LMSs generally ignores activity outside these systems, with the result that only a small portion of a student’s learning and engagement is being captured.

if a “learning diagnosis” is based on faulty evidence, then the efforts to treat the diagnosed condition or failure will be misdirected, perhaps leading to inefficiency, resentment, and demotivation.

Analytics implementations seem to be primarily concerned with students poised to fail. This constant language of “intervention” perpetuates an institutional culture of students as passive subjects—the targets of a flow of information—rather than as self-reflective learners given the cogni-tive tools to evaluate their own learning processes.

but what about links people might have made to my Fall course content? I won’t be updating the Fall course anymore (I’ll be updating the Spring course)

Scary stuff. Apart from the questionable ethics, it actually disempowers students by removing their agency in the learning process.

they don’t even know that their “learning pathway” is being manipluated via machine learning.

and pruning the content we could access easily.

branching

The implication is that any depth must exist within the instructional materials accessed through the system.

Canvas’ defaults encourage a simplistic, linear course with step-by-step navigation for all tasks.

This accelerating pattern of increasing population size is called exponential growth.

Energy is required by all living organisms for their growth, maintenance, and reproduction; at the same time, energy is often a major limiting factor in determining an organism’s survival.

These types of species usually have small numbers of offspring at one time, and they give a high amount of parental care to them to ensure their survival.

These are known as uniform, random, and clumped dispersion patterns, respectively

Multiple quadrat samples are performed throughout the habitat at several random locations.

Research hypotheses force scientists to be very clear to themselves and their colleagues about exactly what the explanation is that they are testing, the general method they are using to test it, and the prediction they can make if their explanation is reasonable. The research hypothesis follows the form: If X is a valid hypothesis (explanation), and I perform Y methods (experiment), then I can predict Z as a specific measurable outcome.

The ecologist may explain this observed pattern with the hypothesis that the birds and their food resources, usually insects, are responding to the same environmental cues (warm spring temperatures). The ecologist could then predict that regardless of how early spring comes, the birds and their insect prey will always be somewhat synchronized in time.

This post focuses on science that is driven by explanatory hypotheses and aims to help teachers understand what an explanatory hypothesis is in science and how the hypothesis is different from the prediction.

tentative, testable, and falsifiable statement that explains some observed phenomenon in nature

Other scientific methodology involves testing models.

Scientific methodologies are also not always hypothesis-driven.

In the Science Classroom, most of what our students do is the testing of patterns, in other words, the testing of generalizing hypotheses.

They also make the statement tentative: “may.” However, words like “may” aren’t required of hypothesis statements. Indeed, being tentative is implied by the fact that a hypothesis statement is falsifiable.

where one variable may be associated with another variable but neither causes the other

However, Leaf and Rauch had not proven that the pattern was true, they had simply shown experimental support for the pattern.

I was unfortunately not trained as a scientist, let alone to think like one.

we have moved to a “post-ownership society.” It’s all still heavily privatized, but now you own nothing. You just rent. You just borrow. You just subscribe. You just share. You owe, not own. You work, but part-time. You work, but freelance. Everything is contingent; all aspects of life, now precarious. But you’re free… You’re free from owning.

What data and/or content can you take with you when you finish a class or when you graduate? And what can you, as Maha frames it, pass along to your heirs when you die?

I think the Web hit us at a critical moment in higher education where we were already struggling with doing our work less like schools and more like businesses, and the tech industry and its vendors had already begun to infiltrate us with promises of how technology could help us achieve this goal. We had already bought into student information systems (which eventually became everything information systems), and with the promise of those systems came the promise of lots of data which would allow us to become more efficient and streamlined.

if our institutions of higher learning ignore the calls for critical digital pedagogy a vast number of K-12 educators will continue to look for shiny tools to cover up education’s most difficult problems.

Who pays for it? Who has access? Who controls our information?

I scanned my graduate school syllabus to find when we planned to cover such controversial material. Nothing. I wondered why my students were so much more critical and reflective than the faculty at the university.

Researchers have shown that 385 plant species in Great Britain are flowering 4.5 days sooner than was recorded earlier during the previous 40 years.

(the density of water is related to its temperature

This geologic time period was one of the three warmest periods in Earth’s geologic history. Scientists estimate that approximately 70 percent of the terrestrial plant and animal species and 84 percent of marine species became extinct, vanishing forever near the end of the Permian period

When heat energy from the sun strikes the Earth, gases known as greenhouse gases trap the heat in the atmosphere, as do the glass panes of a greenhouse keep heat from escaping.

Viewing the ice cores is like traveling backwards through time; the deeper the sample, the earlier the time period.

Review Questions

Researchers interested in ecosystem ecology could ask questions about the importance of limited resources and the movement of resources, such as nutrients, though the biotic and abiotic portions of the ecosystem.

biochemistry, physiology, evolution, biodiversity, molecular biology, geology, and climatology.

especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method

Hypothes.is

qualitative or quantitative

The steps of the scientific method will be examined in detail later, but one of the most important aspects of this method is the testing of hypotheses by means of repeatable experiments.

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Of course, you’ll also provide us whatever information you send through the services,

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The term “testing” evokes a certain response from most of us: the person being tested is being evaluated on his or her knowledge or understanding of a particular area, and will be judged right or wrong, adequate or inadequate based on the performance given. This implicit definition does not reflect the settings in which the benefits of “test-enhanced learning” have been established.

Setting aside the last few minutes of a class to ask students to recall, articulate, and organize their memory of the content of the day’s class may provide significant benefits to their later memory of these topics.

This theory posits that memory has two components: storage strength and retrieval strength. Retrieval events improve storage strength, enhancing overall memory, and the effects are most pronounced at the point of forgetting—that is, retrieval at the point of forgetting has a greater impact on memory than repeated retrieval when retrieval strength is high.

Speaking of commercial services and commercial interests then, standardized testing was already a big business by the 1920s. Enrollment in public schools was growing rapidly at this time, and these sorts of assessments were seen as more “objective” and more “scientific” than the insights that classrooms teachers – mostly women, of course – could provide.

We’re the first to experience the world this way; we’re the first to try to devise solutions.

Testing and assessment remain the primary reason why schools buy computers; these are also the primary purposes for which teachers say they use new technologies in their classrooms.

my #IndieEdTech is not about personal APIs

The establishment tends to pour its resources into refining or improving what it already knows. MPPC focused on the short film format. The aging studios made spectacular flops. The ed tech establishment sells next generation learning management systems and publishes on learning analytics

My initial goal is to write a program

This means that scholars and students working in public can share the online resources they’ve found valuable, as well as their reactions to it