a double-blind process that removes career history, cutting against elitism and leveling the playing field for younger or less prominent researchers.

When a funding agency can support only one proposal in ten, the noise begins to drown out the signal. All too often, consensus-driven panels fund the least divisive ideas rather than the most promising

mechanism design, recognized with the 2007 Nobel Prize, provides the theoretical foundation for understanding how rules shape behavior and outcomes. Mechanism design can be thought of as asking the inverse of traditional economics. Given a desired outcome, what incentives and institutions will produce it?

Betting exclusively on the existing funding model is like building a military composed entirely of infantry, effective for one kind of warfare, inadequate for others.

Funding at this scale, which has worked well in incubating new technological capabilities, could be extended to basic science as well, where the government is not merely procuring a weapons system, but pursuing scientific advancement for the national interest

Employing postdocs and graduate students remains effective for training the next generation of scientists, but doing so is poorly suited for executing large-scale, mission-driven programs that require continuity, specialization, and long-term institutional memory. Frequent turnover fragments efforts and slows progress. As science funders have noted, no technology company would entrust its core R&D to a workforce composed primarily of temporary trainees, yet this is the standard model in academic research

Research shows that when investigators receive longer-horizon support with tolerance for early failure, they produce portfolios with both more hits and more misses, the signature of genuine exploration

Elevate the prestige of program officers, grow their discretion in setting scientific direction, and support them as the architects of the fields they help shape

Curiosity-driven institutes can give our best minds the stability needed to pursue fundamental questions over long time horizons

expanding portable graduate fellowships like the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP)

linear regression, logistic regression, decision trees, random forest, gradient boosted decision trees, naïve Bayes, and support vector machines.

Colonies grew on all of the tea and tea bag plates, while my sterile control plate remained bacteria-free

Other research suggests that the effect of the probiotic is not even due to the cells coming back to life, but due to an immune response against the dormant or vegetative cells

a properly steeped cup of probiotic tea yields around 30,000 CFUs: 0.003% of the clinically tested dose.

Isolation is a way of gaining relief from that and creating a space where strength, security, and adequacy are guaranteed. That reflects that the male need for boundary maintenance and psychological “owned space” is one of the deepest and most fundamental ones that men have.

Wanderer above the Sea of Fog

The School of Physics could give us no suitable premises, but for lack of anything better, the Director permitted us to use an abandoned shed which had been in service as a dissecting room of the School of Medicine. Its glass roof did not afford complete shelter against rain; the heat was suffocating in summer, and the bitter cold of winter was only a little lessened by the iron stove, except in its immediate vicinity. There was no question of obtaining the needed proper apparatus in common use by chemists. We simply had some old pine-wood tables with furnaces and gas burners. We had to use the adjoining yard for those of our chemical operations that involved producing irritating gases; even then the gas often filled our shed. With this equipment we entered on our exhausting work. Yet it was in this miserable old shed that we passed the best and happiest years of our life, devoting our entire days to our work. Often I had to prepare our lunch in the shed, so as not to interrupt some particularly important operation. Sometimes I had to spend a whole day mixing a boiling mass with a heavy iron rod nearly as large as myself. I would be broken with fatigue at the day's end. Other days, on the contrary, the work would be a most minute and delicate fractional crystallization, in the effort to concentrate the radium. I was then annoyed by the floating dust of iron and coal from which I could not protect my precious products. But I shall never be able to express the joy of the untroubled quietness of this atmosphere of research and the excitement of actual progress with the confident hope of still better results. The feeling of discouragement that sometimes came after some unsuccessful toil did not last long and gave way to renewed activity. We had happy moments devoted to a quiet discussion of our work, walking around our shed. One of our joys was to go into our workroom at night; we then perceived on all sides the feebly luminous silhouettes of the bottles or capsules containing our products. It was really a lovely sight and one always new to us. The glowing tubes looked like faint, fairy lights. Thus the months passed, and our efforts, hardly interrupted by short vacations, brought forth more and more complete evidence. Our faith grew ever stronger, and our work being more and more known, we found means to get new quantities of raw material and to carry on some of our crude processes in a factory, allowing me to give more time to the delicate finishing treatment. At this stage I devoted myself especially to the purification of the radium, my husband being absorbed by the study of the physical properties of the rays emitted by the new substances. It was only after treating one ton of pitchblende residues that I could get definite results. Indeed we know to-day that even in the best minerals there are not more than a few decigrammes of radium in a ton of raw material. At last the time came when the isolated substances showed all the characters of a pure chemical body. This body, the radium, gives a characteristic spectrum, and I was able to determine for it an atomic weight much higher than that of the barium. This was achieved in 1902. I then possessed one decigramme of very pure radium chloride. It had taken me almost four years to produce the kind of evidence which chemical science demands, that radium is truly a new element. One year would probably have been enough for the same purpose, if reasonable means had been at my disposal. The demonstration that cost so much effort was the basis of the new science of radioactivity. In later years I was able to prepare several decigrammes of pure radium salt, to make a more accurate determination of the atomic weight and even to isolate the pure radium metal. However, 1902 was the year in which the existence and character of radium were definitely established.

Even when radiative and microphysical effects are entirely removed, water vapor alone still self-organizes into cellular structures with aspect ratios of ∼10. In these vapor-only simulations, cell size is regulated primarily by surface sensible heat flux under the necessary condition of surface moisture supply

old Boulder restaurants

correlated with observations (r = 0.42, P = 0.01)

I decided to risk ruinto the refrigerator on that day by putting hot milkinto it. The otherboy and I went back an hour andahalf later and found that my tray of milk had frozeninto ice-cream while his was still only a thick liquid,not yet frozen

Hovmollers

velocity gradient partitioning

hollowing out of middle-skill jobs described by Autor (2019)

differences in the composition of income growth and its translation into housing demand—as opposed to differences in housing supply—can explain both the higher average price growth and low growth in quantity in some metro areas

Travel Disclosure & Export Compliance Form

expert pointers for our new AI filmmaking

WEATHER & HAZARDS DATA VIEWER

2025 LLM Year in Review

first started to internalize the "shape" of LLM intelligence in a more intuitive sense

Report to U.S. Energy Secretar

Our review reveals

Storm Events Database contains the records used to create the official NOAA Storm Data publication, documenting

Natural World Heritage Site Walk through a sea of white sand dunes stretching to the horizon

4k Slow-rotation Sun

Transient Eddy Forcing of Blocking Flows Steven L. Mullen

Simulated Lamb Wave

Real-Time QG Diagnostics

Composites (color shading) of monthly NDJFMA zonal wind anomalies based on strong (+; top and third row) and weak (−; second and fourth row) values of the sector thermal-driving indices

In the Atlantic sector, zonal wind variability is mainly associated with momentum flux convergence by baroclinic eddies, supporting the established view that the Atlantic jet is primarily eddy driven. In the Pacific sector, zonal wind variability is associated with both driving processes, evidence that the Pacific jet is both thermally driven and eddy driven

how these eddies accelerate the jets at two different altitudes.

Unidata Science Gateway

Recordings and Transcripts

This paper describes the principles behind the method of ComparativeJudgement, and in particular Adaptive Comparative Judgement, a technique borrowed frompsychophysics which is able to generate extremely reliable results for educationalassessment, and which is based on the kind of holistic evaluation that we assume was thebasis for judgement in pre-marking days, and that the users of assessment results expectour assessment schemes to capture

How

bookmarklets

concept of cloud-climate feedbacks

feedbacks associated with various aspects of the climate system, such as clouds

love to read your work

discover a low-dimensional manifold while learning the system dynamics

AI-based weather

article processing charges paid tosix publishers for open access

EOF3 describes a distinctive east/west gradient

fferent solutions for tropical deep convection, depending on what boundary layer scheme is used

Global Maps

show strongly suppressed cold pooldensity currents versus a Control simulation. Yet we find no statistically significant difference between the diurnal cycles ofMCS counts, with continued nocturnal propagation of storms

according to which it is only the mass convergence aloft that has an effect on the hydrostatic surface pressure

vorticity (PV) downstream of high topography

Scientific colour maps

2015 LEAF

apparently nonstationary visualbehavior arises because of the non-Gaussian statistic

purely random fluctuations expected from stationary timeseries

The interactions can result in predator–prey cycles in moisture mode activity and Hadley cell strength that are akin to ITCZ breakdown.

iltered water vapor imagery

external gravity (or Lamb) waves excited by the Tonga explosion

Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor (MRMS) Operational Product Viewer

Saturday Night Live's 10 best holiday sketches of all time, ranked

ATM 752  Vortex Dynamics

Advanced Graduate Courses

Statistical Modeling

Predictability

Numerical Methods

Air-Sea Interaction

ENSO

Coastal

Turbulence

Defininations: heatwave: at least three consecutive days in which the maximum 2-meter air temperature exceeds the 90th percentiles.  The consecutive days of heatwave is counted within a month, which is the same in other variables, such as CDD, CSDI, CWD, LCS, and LWS.   cold spell: the minimum 2-meter air temperature be less than the 10th percentiles.   warm spell: the maximum 2-meter air temperature exceeds the 90th percentiles.    percentiles: in this collection they are based on daily temperature and precipitation fields, and calculated using a running window of +/- 7 days centered on each day of the year for the climatology period of 1991-2020 in Version 2 (1981-2010 in Version 1).

Climate Statistics Products

maximum number of consecutive days when precipitation < 1 mm

percentage of time when daily max 2-m temperature < 10th percentile

percentage of time when daily min 2-m temperature

Monthly Percentiles

Daily

The monthly percentiles indicate atwhich percentile the monthly mean falls relative to the 1991-2020 period.

ercentiles were calculated using a running window of +/- 7 days centered on each day ofthe year for the climatology period of 1991 through 2020 for version 2 products.

MRMS multi-radar multi-senso

Effects of SST on surface wind stress

Gravity wave packets

Baiu Front Okinawa

Column water vapor in the spin-up of an aquaplanet

Rossby wave dispersion

evolving lowpass filtered fields act as a "steering flow” for the high pass filtered perturbations

Equatorially-trapped waves

ozone

PV on the 850 hPa surface

strength of the condensation heating in the model can be controlled by specifying the relative humidity

both LC1 and LC2

a new center develops nearer to the coast and quickly becomes dominant

intense cyclone comes ashore near San Francisco

well defined

10-day interval, six or seven systems

shear instability

cold continental air masses flow over the warmer offshore waters

Hourly CO concentration

summer drawdown due to the uptake of CO2 by the boreal forests

those shown in Part II move in tandem with features embedded in the base of the updraft, indicative of a deeper structure

aerosols are categorized by tint: dust (orange), smoke (red) organic/black carbon (green), and sulfates (white)

CONDA_SUBDIR=osx-64 conda create

a cloud or moisture feature

Satellite Derived Winds

Derived Motion Winds

Geo2Grid

conda install -c pyviz hvplot Copy to clipboard

Cookbooks Gallery

Unidata's 2023 triennial

Unidata / users-workshop-2023 Public

The Explorer

Digital Storytelling Tools

Jon Thielen

MODEL INTERPRETATION

The Brave browser is

ATMOSPHERIC MOIST CONVECTION Annual Review

Up-scale growth thus occurs as a continuing amplification oflarge scales after small scales saturate, which begs the question of what sets the shape of the saturation(climatological) power spectra. Wind spectra are nearly power-law with a logarithmic slope of about −5/3in the free troposphere, remarkably so in the 2D runs and clearly distinct from slope −2 (a null hypoth-esis of spectrally white wind divergence). A common interpretation of −5/3 slope − as indicative of a cas-cade, a steady conservative transfer of energy from source to sink scales by interactions that are local inlog-wavelength space − is hard to apply to these moist tropical waves.

/MERRAero

Extra Chemical Fields

gmao/geos-cf

Spray

The Great Master’s-Degree Swindle

that more knowledge about climateintervention approaches and their consequences will help society make informed, justdecisions about the deployment of climate intervention. AGU is not taking a position aboutspecific climate interventions, but AGU is making the case that a robust body of scientificevidence about climate intervention and an ethical framework should be available

You can try Via by clicking the “Paste a link” button at the top of the page.

CONCEPT MAPPING: A USEFUL TOOL FOR SCIENCE EDUCATION

Wereserve some flexibility in how exactly to define these quantities

define the so-called null hypothesis, which in some sense states the opposite

Middle band is for AL/SI = 1/4, e.g., 1 season sampled once per year.

Distribution of Helicity, CAPE, and Shear in Tropical Cyclones

Factors contributing to tornadogenesis in landfalling Gulf of Mexico tropical cyclones

Parameter for Forecasting Tornadoes Associated with Landfalling Tropical Cyclones

Environmental ingredients for supercells and tornadoes within Hurricane Ivan.

The dominant deep convective heating process changes from latent heating at low levels to eddy heat-flux convergence in the upper troposphere. This requires a substantial updraught-environment temperature difference

within

3.1 Static instability

ifference between an airparcel and its surrounding environmen

The dynamics of many mesoscale phenomena are oftenmore intuitive if the vertical momentum equation is writtenin terms of a buoyancy force and a vertical perturbationpressure gradient force.

portrait of the emergence structure of the system.

hose which minimise dynamical dependence) characterise emergenc

epimorphism

in the context of the environment E

microscopic history adds nothing to the capacity of the macroscopic variable to self-predic

Widths of the earliest detectable low-level updrafts associated with sustained precipitating deep convection were ~3–5 km, larger than updrafts associated with surrounding boundary layer turbulence (~1–3 km wide)

close agreement with Fig. 1.11.

The rotational and divergent components of atmospheric circulation on tidally locked planets

We apply theHelmholtz decomposition to the horizontal velocity fields out-put from two well-studied general circulation mode

25

a superrotating equatorial jet, planetary-scale station-ary waves, and thermally driven overturning circulatio

tidally locked planets

The two physical components of the rotational circulation in Fig. 2

Helmholtz decomposition of horizontal velocityufor the terrestrial simulation at 0.4 bar.

zonal-mean jet (red) and the eddy stationary waves (green

Divergent, overturning circulation (blue) rises at thesubstellar point

dividing the circulation of a terrestrial tidallylocked atmosphere into rotational and divergent componentscorresponds to a division into two physically meaningful circu-lations. The rotational circulation is primarily composed of thestationary Rossby waves forced by the divergent circulation andthe zonal-mean jet produced by the stationary part of the atmo-spheric circulation.

Rotation rateΩ(s−1)7.29×10−6

height and velocity fields at 0.4 bar

The energetics of this system describe exchanges among the divergent and the rotational energy components. The energy equations are as follows.

Boyle, James S. October 1996, 34 pp.  The 200 hPa kinetic energy is represented by means of the spherical harmonic components for the AMIP simulations, the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and the ECMWF reanalysis(ERA). The data used are the monthly mean wind fields for 1979 to 1988. The kinetic energy is decomposed into the divergent (DKE) and rotational (RKE) components and emphasis is placed on examining the former.

Like Greg, I read a collection of rationality blogs—Marginal Revolution, Farnam Street, Interfluidity, Crooked Timber.

Why Is It So Hard to Be Rational?

Climate Laboratory

f the major premise is made sensible by making itprobabilistic, not absolute, the syllogism becomes for-mally incorrect and leads to a conclusion that is not sen-sible

Norbert Wiener, a child prodigy and a great mathematician, coined the term 'cybernetics' to characterize a very general science of 'control and communication in the animal and machine'. It brought together concepts from engineering, the study of the nervous system and statistical mechanics (e.g. entropy). From these he developed concepts that have become pervasive through science (especially biology and computing) and common parlance: 'in-formation', 'message', 'feedback' and 'control'. He wrote, 'the thought of every age is reflected in its technique . . . If the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries are the age of clocks, and the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries constitute the age of steam engines, the present time is the age of communication and control.'

moisture quasiequilibrium

where slow and shigh are respectively the saturated moist entropy averaged over the altitude ranges of 1–3 km and 5–7 km

where is threshold entropy, defined as the average of the saturated moist entropy in the 1.5–2 km layer, minus the boundary layer moist entropy sbl averaged over the 0–1 km layer

The instability index is defined

Gallery

he MPO Ph.D. degree requires a minimum of 30 course credits, of which a minimum of 9 course credits should be taken from 700 level courses.

at least one 3-credit course outside the MPOprogram