called upon citizens to share an equal responsibility to work together to secure a safe and prosperous future for their families and nation.

The turn will come when we entrust the conduct of our affairs to men who understand that their first duty as public officials is to divest themselves of the power they have been given

we may succumb through inter-nal weakness rather than fall before a foreign foe

We can be conquered by bombs

The government takes six per cent of most payrolls in Social Security Taxes and thus compels millions of individuals to postpone until later years the enjoyment of wealth they might otherwise enjoy today

peoples’ earnings govern-ment appropriates for its own use: nearly a third of earnings are taken every year in the form of taxes

This monolith of power is bounded only by the will of those who sit in high places.

that they might persuade a majority of the people to confer on government vast powers in return for decep-tive promises of economic gain

Hardly

prohibition against impetuous alteration of the system

fourth

third

and the peo-ple of all power not delegated to the federal government

second

first

leads eventually to the acquisition of all power

The legitimate functions of government are actually conductive to freedom

And power, as Lord Acton said, corrupts men. “Absolute power,” he added, “corrupts absolutely.

Constitution:

otalitarianism:

it is to preserve and extend freedom.

If the Conservative is less anxious than his Liberal brethren to increase Social Security “benefits,” it is because he is more anxious than his Liberal brethren that people be free throughout their lives to spend their earnings when and as they see fit

is responsible for his own development.

the Conservative has learned that the economic and spiritual aspects of man’s nature are inextricably intertwined.

ultimate slavery

Only a philosophy that takes into account the essential differences between men, and, accordingly, makes provision for developing the different potentiali-ties of each man can claim to be in accord with Nature

I believe they fight against Nature

superior

a spiritual creature with spiritual needs and spiritual desires.

Liberals tend to look only at the material side of man’s nature.

“We liber-als,”

I am a conservative when it comes to economic problems but liberal when it comes to human problems.”

smaller government, lower taxes and spending, tougher anti-crime measures, and less Washington meddling in people’s lives.

a confiscatory tax.”

taxes (flatten them); government spending (work toward reducing and even eliminating subsidies, as in agri-culture); Social Security (it is in actuarial trouble—strengthen it by introducing a voluntary option); law and order (the right of victims should take precedence over those of criminals); and morality in government (the president and all in public office must avoid scandal and corruption and set a good example for society)

But ninety-eight percent of Goldwater’s manifesto remains relevant to our time.

future would unfold along one of two paths

The role of our schools, he insisted, was not to educate or elevate society but to educate individuals.

It was one of the great evils of welfarism, Goldwater wrote, that “it transforms the individual from a dignified, industrious, self-reliant spiritual being into a dependent animal creature without his knowing it.”

Reducing spending and taxes, in that order, would guarantee the nation “the economic strength that will always be its ultimate defense against foreign foes.”

Goldwater (a ranking member of the Senate Labor Committee) attacked the enormous economic and political power concen-trated in the hands of a few union leaders.

It was what conservatives believed was still possible in America; it was what liberals believed was hope-lessly antiquated and even dangerous.

Here was a vision of government that aimed to restore the ideas of the Founding Fathers and throw out the welfarist plans of the modern liberals.

Goldwater said that the turn toward freedom would come when Americans elected those candidates who pledged to enforce the Constitution, restore the Republic

“who understand that their first duty as public officials is to divest themselves of the power they have been given.

Leviathan

peril

For the American conservative, there was no difficulty in “identifying the day’s overriding political challenge: it is to preserve and extend freedom.”

is responsible for his own development.

neither aspect can be free unless both are free

provision had to be made for the development of the different potentialities of each person

inextricably

the conservative believed that man was not only an economic but a spiritual creature. Conservatism “looks upon the enhancement of man’s spiritual nature as the primary concern of political philosophy.” Indeed, Goldwater stated, the first obligation of a political thinker was “to understand the nature of man.

the Golden Rule or the Ten Commandments or Aristotle’s Politics are out of date.”

raditional conservatism, classical liberalism or libertarianism, and anti-communism.

And they were agreed that communism was a clear and present danger.

But they shared a Jeffersonian conviction that that gov-ernment is best which governs least

seasoned writer

that it was entirely Bozell’s work and Goldwater had little or nothing to do with it.

Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona certainly is now the successor to Senator Taft of Ohio as defender of the Constitution and free-dom.

because it pro-claimed a major new factor in the national political debate—conservatism

“if a million Americans would read his book carefully, the whole of this nation and of the world might be altered for the better.”

Barry Goldwater laid the foundation

he insisted that he did not start a revolution, that all he did was to begin “to tap ... a deep reservoir [of conservatism] that already existed” in the American people.

political revolution

partial privatization of Social Security and a flat tax

Anti-communist to the core, he urged a strategy of victory over communism by a combination of strategic, eco-nomic, and psychological means, including military superiority over the Soviets and the cessation of U.S. aid to Communist governments that have used the money “to keep their subjects enslaved.”

he warned the people

Old Testament

Again and again in Ameri-can history it has happened that the losers of the presidency contributed almost as much as to the permanent tone and dia-logue of politics as did the winners.

“Why not victory?”

public prayer

declared that welfare ought to be “a private concern ... promoted by individuals and families, by

prompt and final termination of the farm subsidy program.

farm problem

but always relied upon the Constitution as his guide

equivocation

whose sensitive portraits of Native Ameri-cans and scenes of Arizona have hung in galleries around the world.

He never smoked a cigarette or drank a cup of coffee but kept a bottle of Old Crow bourbon in the refrigerator of his Senate office for after-five sipping with his colleagues

Barry Goldwater was the grandson of a Jewish peddler from Poland who became a millionaire and the head of the largest department store in Arizona

reemer-gence of conservatism with a socially libertarian

, could make the Grand Old Party more appealing to the many young suburban voters among whom the Democrats have made substantial gains.

GOP,

Goldwaterism made a comeback at the 2004 convention, as evidenced in the “rapturous reception” of former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani and California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, known for their unyielding opposition to terrorism and their tolerant views regarding abortion and gay rights.

Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona, who won the Republican presidential nomination forty years ago

2004 Republican National Convention

a “muscular foreign pol-icy,” economic policies of low taxation and light regulation, and a “libertarian inclination” regarding cultural questions

We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence.

among these

hat means understanding the user manua

But connect them to the basic question of what is good for our community together.

best we can do is figure out what is most likely to effect our safety and happiness.

organize the power of government to secure those rights, to effect of safety and happiness

laying the foundation on principle—clarify your values, know what you stand for;

it moves from those rights to the notion that government is something that we build together to secure our safety and happiness.

he data that we read about suggests that young people don’t much care for democracy anymore

axiom

perceived social identity

people generally try to compare themselves ¿o*n**iwith relatively less favorable

It is rare, howeve¡ for permeability really to be high and for passing to be genuiner-possible.

downward or upward

(1) the relative status of groups, (2) theof the status relations, (3) the legitimacy of the status relations, and (4) the per-of intergroup boundaries, and thus the possibility of psychologically leaving oneand becoming a member of the other group.

imension whose poles have a clear value differential, then his own group mustdifferentiate itself relative to other groups on that dimension towards the positively valued pole. (

ntergroup social comparison

If someone told you it was a table, you would be surprised; but ifenough people told you continually from birth that it was a table, then it would be a table toyou, and you would probably sit at it to eat.

he believed that almost all nontrivialevaluations rest on social comparisons.

nontrivial

claimed that it is "... this comparative perspective that links social categoi izationwith social identity

social compaflson

social identity as ". . . the individual's knowledge that heielonis tãcertain social groups together with some emotional and value significanceto him of this giouf

social identity.

self-evaluation

with ir enduring upward compansonsbecause it can be very difficult to avoid makingwithout severmg the close relationshiP.

personalitYmrght

extreme op**âcomparisons do not harm self-esteem because the comparison other is so much better thån selfas to fall effectively in a different and incomparable caiegory and extreme downward compari-son really makes one feel good

(1) when people are simply trying to establish the range of abilities within which theyfall, or (2) when the primary motive is self-enhancement.

it introduced the idea that people may make cõmparisons to feel better thanothers rather than to feel confident about the veracity of opinions

Self-evaluation is satisûed by making compariions with people who are generally simi-lar but slightly better than oneself

People are motivated both by self-evaluation and self-enhancementneeds'

people seek out similar othËrs inorder to evaluate their feelings

That is, the communication theory stressed thepower of the group over the individual, whereas the comparison theory emphasized individuals usingothers to fulfill their own need to know. . .. The shift ... was clearly to**à * individualistic focus

comparisons, in particular, with similar others who ;" ä_ginally better than themselves.

then try to tie some of these strands together to provide an integrative social identity model of social comparison processes in group contexts.

social comparison in self-categonzationtheory,

largely intergroup comparisons.

how it has modified such notions.

The outcome

Social identity theory

I discusssocial identity theory; a theory of the social group that originated in Europe in the very early1970s, and that now has a significant and still burgeoning profile in contemporary social psychology

Any theory ofthe social group therefore would be a strangetheory indeed if it did not deal with social comparison processes