clearly false

hypothesis 1 implies that forany new word (not already found in our lists) we will not be able to pre-dict which of the three forms of the plural morpheme it will take

ll languages havelabial stops (such as p and b), dental/alveolar stops (such as t and d ), andvelar stops (such as k and g), one or more of the nasals (m or n), a liquid(r or l ), and some kind of fricative (typically an s-like sound)

Diphthongs are single vowel sounds that begin in one vowel positionand end in another vowel or glide position.

Likewise, the vowel /0/ indemocrat /dEÂmPk=0t/ ``reduces'' or ``corresponds'' to the second schwain democracy /dPmAÂ k=Psi/

high and front describe the posi-tion of the tongue in the mouth

lax (orshort), tense (or long), and reduced

he position of the jaw (

interdental

labiodental

Fricatives

Velar

alveolar

consonants are described in terms of (1) the place and (2) themanner of their articulation.

vocal tract, the region above the vocal cords that includes the (oral)pharynx, the oral cavity, and the nasal cavity, is the space within whichthe speech sounds of human language are produced

ack of voicing in s is due to the fact that the vocal cords are more spreadapart and tenser than during the production of z, thus creating conditionsthat inhibit vocal cord vibration

z-sound is voiced, whereas the s-sound is voiceless.

frequency of vibration determines the perceived pitch

umans have developed special adaptations forbreathing during speech: speech is not merely ``added'' to the breathingcycle; rather, the breathing cycle is adapted to the needs of speech

These sound waves are produced by a complex inter-action of (1) an outward ̄ow of air from the lungs, (2) modi®cations ofthe air ̄ow at the larynx (the Adam's apple or ``voice box'' in the throat),and (3) additional modi®cations of the air ̄ow by position and movementof the tongue and other anatomical structures of the vocal trac

speech signal is a rapidly ̄owing series ofnoises that are produced inside the throat, mouth, and nasal passages andthat radiate out from the mouth and sometimes the nose

used to refer to the abstract principles that govern thedistribution of sounds in a language

acoustic phonetics

articulatory phonetics

Phonetics is concerned with how speech sounds are produced

The lesson learned from Reykjavik, in particular, is that policy change canhappen relatively quickly and uncontroversially when the right information isprovided to the right people at the right time.

This matters because perceived social norms influence individual behavior,even when they conflict with personal attitudes

While existing legislation prohibiting discrimination based on, for example,race or sex has not eliminated either racism or sexism, such legislation never-theless proscribes discriminatory behavior and provides recourse where itoccurs

The fact that significant numbers of people in many Western societiesseem more ready to adopt such mechanisms does underscore the point thatlaws and policies tend to follow changing social norms than precipitatechanges in them

policy windows,” which occur when three policy “streams” converge: theproblem stream, the politics stream, and the policy stream.

sserts the city’sresponsibilities to create a constructive atmosphere in its workplaces that arefree of stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination related to body weight, size,or appearance. It also proclaims workplace health promotion programs shouldnot focus on employees’ body build or size but on creating better opportunitiesfor health-promoting behaviors and encouraging social inclusion. Further, thecity, in its role as a public authority, employer, and service provider, isrequired to consider weight diversity when making policy decisions and inthe provision of its various services, such that higher-weight people are notunintentionally disadvantaged by structural or systemic inequalities built intoeveryday life, and that the city and its employees do not inadvertently promotenegative attitudes or stereotypes about higher-weight people. It also explicitlystates that NGOs concerned with body respect should be consulted when theirinput might be relevant

intermediate court of appeals reasoned that thedefendant employer’s recommendation to the plaintiff that she “get healthyand stay healthy” did not pertain specifically to weight and therefore did notconstitute direct evidence of weight discrimination under ELCRA.

“height and weight” were added to the statutebecause of the ways in which these features tended to be linked to race/ethnicity and to gender

the irony is that the efforts to remedy weight stigma through legal channels areshaped and ultimately impeded by the very stigmas such efforts seek toaddress.

aw has been extensively used to reinscribe, perpetuate, andeven intensify preexisting stigmas

The articleconcludes by noting that, while laws and policies can be used to alleviatestigma, the structural nature of stigma in general suggests that changes instigmatizing attitudes, practices, and beliefs are usually more likely to precedelegal change rather than to follow it, making interpersonal and community-level stigma interventions equally important in the road to fat liberation

aims to begin filling both of these gapsvia a cross-national conceptual analysis of three significant anti-discriminationdevelopments regarding weight in the United Kingdom, the United States, andIceland, respectively. The analysis shows how efforts to make weighta protected category – unquestionably an anti-stigma intervention – can runup against deeply rooted structural stigmas against fatness and fat bodies ineach of these societies. On a more optimistic note, the article reviews severallegal developments that reflect a more robust commitment to amelioratingweight stigma via law and policy.

primary claim of this article is that efforts to make weight a protectedcategory under equality and/or antidiscrimination laws ironically suffer underthe very burden of stigma that such efforts seek to counter.

it's easy for you to overlooktheir suffering humanity.

ortant to the expert side. My reasonsfor concentrating on it are (1) I know it better, (2) it has proven more elusive and is burdened with more misunderstandings than the expert side,and (3) a wholly personal reason: over the past three decades, the organizations with which I have been affiliated have acquired a working knowledge of how to improve the quality of public judgment that I believe oughtto be shared with others.

o question stereotypes ... to discern the difference between fact andconjecture ... to distrust the simple answer and the dismissive explanation ...to realize that all problems do not have solutions . . . to be pre

Studies of public opinion on immigration policy, for example, show that people's first impulse is strikingly different fromtheir considered judgments. The public's first impulse is to close the dooron refugees and immigrants coming to America because "we have to takecare of our own first.'' But then, after reflecting on the moral meaning ofwhat this country stands for, many people shift their views toward supporting more open and generous immigration policies.This is an expression of public judgment.

esolve the expert-public gap, two things must happe

In political life, abusebreeds abus

danger, rather, lies in the eroding ability of the American publicto participate in the political decisions that affect their lives.

Americans will be as free in the futureas in the past to vote for the candidate of their choice, to speak their minds,and to enjoy the advantages of a free press

a failure to historicallylocate their discussion and a tendency to simply invert the feminist position andargue that, actually, men have got it worse than women

women’s control issues usually have to do with controlling the percentage of body fat, whichis large relative to men’s

seems to assume that a male desire to put on weight is merelyevidence that men are less dissatisfied with their bodies than women, and doesnot explore the interesting questions this desire raises

Sherisked being seen as arrogant, like a boy’

the constant alarms that females were dissatisfied with their bodies appears to haveended up conveying the impression that dissatisfaction is a normal female state

970s, men’s eagerness to lose weight had begun to match that ofwomen, and the gendered distinctions that previously existed had started to dissi-pate – although men’s concerns continued to be expressed somewhat differentlyfrom women’s

joined weight control organizations farless commonly. They almost certainly talked less about their anxieties. They may haveminimized open expressions of concern, just as some women exaggerated their own worries;the gender cultures were different

However, the focus for men tended to center on muscle development as opposedto appetite control, and advertisements increasingly depicted well-muscled,scantily clad men with large but fat-free bodies

ommon senseimmigration reform.” That “common sense” includes ending birthright citizenship for peoplewhose parents weren’t born here and branding anyone who comes over the border withoutauthorization a criminal.

described a jellyfish-like creature “that reproducesrapidly and eats everything in sight,” killing native species “directly and by depriving them offood.”

a bipartisan effort begununder President George W. Bush in 2007 and a second effort launched under President Obama in2013

reflect a 35-year strategy of blatant demagoguery and sophisticated innuendo,” he said, “whichhas provided the kindling for this era’s example of anti-immigrant backlash

Trump’s immigration policies are the direct product of a deliberate and sustained effort the groupstarted in 1979

But I also want to live for a long time.

proposes an end to unauthorized immigration and acap of 300,000 legal immigrants per year

Southern Poverty Law Center labels FAIR a hate group, citing its “virulent and false attackson nonwhite immigrants.

among the multiple other things that I have her leading — and Iappreciate it — agreed to lead our diplomatic effort and work with thosenations to accept re- — the returnees, and enhance migration enforcement attheir borders — at their borders.

We don’t speak the language. Won’t that be fun?

to lead our efforts with Mexico and the Northern Triangle and the countriesthat help — are going to need help in stemming the movement of so manyfolks, stemming the migration to our southern border

mmigrants must be financially self-sufficient.

hey could’ve started them right here in the United States, where they wanted to do it inthe first place. Now they’ll have a chance

big proportion ofthose immigrants must come in through merit and skill

So, foreign workers are coming in and they’re taking thejobs that would normally go to American workers.

oved ones you choose to build a life with, we prioritize. And we have to dothat. They go right to the front of the line.

This will bringus in line with other countries and make us globally competitive

Newcomers compete for jobs against the most vulnerable Americans and put pressureon our social safety net and generous welfare programs.

Americadoes not.

The system will finally be fair,transparent, and promote equality and opportunity for all.

Women andchildren. People have no idea how bad it is unless you’re there, and unless you are a member oflaw enforcement. They see it every day, and they can’t believe what they see.

we’re already building the wall,

self-sustaining border security trust fund

second

First

emocrats are proposing open borders, lower wages,and, frankly, lawless chaos. We are proposing an immigration plan that puts the jobs, wages,and safety of American workers first

we are and always will be a nation of immigrants

e Astrid,

Are we a nation that educates the world’s best and brightest in our universities, only to send themhome to create businesses in countries that compete against us?

If you meet the criteria, you can come outof the shadows and get right with the law. If you’re a criminal, you’ll be deported. If you plan to enter theU.S. illegally, your chances of getting caught and sent back just went up

temporarily

Felons, notfamilies. Criminals, not children. Gang members, not a mom who’s working hard to provide for her kids.We’ll prioritize, just like law enforcement does every day

we are a nation of immigrants, we’re also a nation of laws

third issue, because it generates the most passion and controversy.

Third

Second

if they paid a fine, started paying theirtaxes, and went to the back of the line.

common sense

Families who enter our country the right way and play by the rules watch others flout the rules.

AmencanRhetoric.comI believe that illegal immigrants who have roots in our country and want to stay should haveto pay a meaningful penalty for breaking the law, to pay their taxes, to learn English, and towork in a job for a number of years.

middle groundrecognizes there are differences between an illegal immigrant who crossed the borderrecently, and someone who has worked here for many years, and has a home, a family, andan otherwise clean record.

. And temporary workers must return to their home country at theconclusion of their stay

I support a temporary worker program that would create a legal path for foreignworkers to enter our country in an orderly way, for a limited period of time.

he border should be open to trade and lawful immigration, and shut toillegal immigrants, as well as criminals, drug dealers, and terrorists

We re also a nation of immigrants

egal immigration puts pressure on public schools and hospitals, it strains state andlocal budgets, and brings crime to our communities.

it’s easy to point to things that the administration should stop doing,like keeping families outdoors in cage-like holding pens

Immigration hawkssee it as too many people coming into the US without papers whose asylum claims won’tultimately prevail; immigration doves see the problem as the conditions in Central Americathat migrants are fleeing, and the conditions in which they’re held while in the US.

Trump is askinggovernments that can’t even guarantee the safety and well-being of their citizens to monitorthose citizens’ whereabouts perfectly

Trump and DHS officials say that “legitimate” asylum seekers ought to have no reason toenter illegally, and even attempted to ban people who crossed between ports of entry fromseeking asylum

what else the Trump administration could have done in the past to prepare for this, or whatother things it could be doing now. (A world in which Trump spent as much time and moneyon processing centers for migrant families as he spent on a wall would look very different

Customs and Border Protection has detailed a few hundred portofficers to help Border Patrol agents care for families and children — slowing down theprocessing of people and vehicles at ports of entry accordingly, and causing hours-long linesacross some international bridges

But American officials suspect the humanitarianvisas made it much easier for Central Americans already in Mexico to come to the US, andmay have influenced more to come.

advocates and immigration lawyers, they’re evidence thatpeople move between countries for complex reasons, and that some who might qualify forasylum might not even know it without help from a lawyer

Victimization by gangs isn’t assolid a basis for an asylum claim as victimization by the government

simplest answer is probably the truest

system is overloadedwith people it wasn’t designed to handle

390,000 children and parents havebeen apprehended. Nearly 96,000 unaccompanied children and family members wereapprehended in the month of May alone

Before 2011, though, it combined juvenileswho came with parents and juveniles who came without them — and simply countedparents traveling with their children as adults

wecannot ignore the fact that our recent and current foreign policies, trade agreements andmilitary adventures — including our global drug wars — have greatly contributed to theimmigration crisis that our nation is now trying to solve through border walls and massdeportation.

But we claim to be unlike most nation-states; indeed, weinsist that we’re “exceptional.” We are the only nation that advertises itself as “a nation ofimmigrants” and the “land of the free,”

But for slavery, genocide and colonization, we would not be the wealthiest, mostpowerful nation in the world — in fact, our nation would not even exist.

Rather than viewing immigrants as seekingsomething that we, Americans, have a moral right to withhold from them, we ought to beginby acknowledging that none of us who were born here did anything to deserve ourcitizenship, and yet all of us — no matter where we were born — deserve compassion andbasic human rights.

It wassuddenly obvious to him that the boys huddled near him deserved safety, security and aplace they could call home — a place where they could not only survive but also thrive. Ifthey deserved such a thing, he did too. “Home is not something I should have to earn,” hewrote. It’s something we all have a right to.

Yet nomatter how much he achieved or contributed — indeed, even after winning a Pulitzer Prizefor journalism — he still had the nagging feeling that he didn’t deserve to be here.

On what moral grounds canwe deny others rights, privileges and opportunities that we did not earn ourselves

may be easy legally, but they’re more difficult morally.

Or does no one in the family deservecitizenship, even the baby, because the parents crossed the border illegally

we’ve created by treating the migration ofdesperately poor people as a problem that can best be addressed by border walls, tear gas,detention camps, militarized policing and mass deportation — except, of course, for therelative few, truly “deserving” individuals who may be granted legal citizenship (typicallyafter years of waiting and hundreds or thousands of dollars in attorney’s fees) if they canwin asylum

Federal border agents are stopping, interrogating, and searching Americanson an everyday basis with absolutely no suspicion of wrongdoing, and oftenin ways that our Constitution does not permit.

At the time, there were fewer than 1,100 Border Patrol agentsnationwide; today, there are over 21,000

two-thirds of the United States' population lives within the 100-mile zone—that is, within 100 miles of a U.S. land or coastal border. That'sabout 200 million people.

Thus,although the 100-mile border zone is not literally "Constitution free," theU.S. government frequently acts like it is.

According to the government, however, these basic constitutional principlesdo not apply fully at our borders

but also to the factthat they absorb the costs of integration through organic social networks. In skills- andpoints-based systems, countries provide integration resources to help new arrivals findhomes, navigate employment, learn the language, and perform the other hard work ofintegration.

The largest proportion of its members were Salvadoran.Under President Bill Clinton, a special effort was launched to return gang members to theircountry of origin, to insulate the U.S. from their violence. Instead, it exported MS-13 to ElSalvador, where it has metastasized and spread throughout Central America, causingpeople desperate to flee to—you guessed it—seek asylum in the United States.

Before the United States began to enforce the1924 law, there really was no such thing as undocumented immigration as we know it.

In 1988, the predecessor to the diversity lottery wasenacted by a group of legislators who took a special interest in resuscitating Irish and Italianimmigration. But like the 1924 quotas and 1965’s family-reunification provisions, the effectof the diversity lottery was the opposite of what its champions intended. It quickly became aprogram that brings mostly nonwhite people to the United States from a vast array ofcountries. As of 2017, Asian and African countries accounted for more than 70 percent of alldiversity-lottery visas issued.

The country’s demographics shifted and family reunification ended up being thepathway to entry for large numbers of immigrants from Mexico and the DominicanRepublic, as well as from China, Vietnam, and India, among others

They thought family reunification would solidifyexisting immigrant demographics by encouraging people of European origin to sponsorother European-origin immigrants.

important provision of the law that remains intact, and that is a source of frustrationfor Frum and many contemporary immigration skeptics, is the prioritization of familyreunification as a basis for acquiring a visa to come to the United States.

act used the 1890 census to create benchmarks for allowing immigration only fromcountries that had sent early settlers to the United States (primarily England) and forrestricting immigration from European nations whose residents were considered raciallyinferior

People inpower thought it was harmful to let so many minimally educated poor, nonwhiteimmigrants into the country, into American neighborhoods, schools, and eventually evenfamilies. So Congress passed the first version of “comprehensive immigration reform,” the1924 Johnson-Reed Act.

United States should engineer the demographics of itspopulation through immigration policy. Writing in The Atlantic, for example, David Frumargues that the U.S. should slash legal-immigration levels and restrict family reunification infavor of selecting immigrants based on skills, moves he believes would have positiveeconomic and social consequences.

opportunities for legal entry closed up, the previous flows ofimmigrants were quickly re-established under unauthorized auspices. As a result, apprehensions along the borderbegan to rise, signaling the rise of a new phenomenon known as "illegal migration."

In practice, however, the new system gave people in smaller nations much greateraccess to the United States than large nations.

goal of the legislation was to right wrongs -- including the bans on Asian and African immigration imposed inthe late 19th and early 20th centuries and the restrictive quotas enacted in the 1920s to curtail the entry ofsouthern and eastern Europeans.

one unintended consequence of the well-intentioned 1965 immigration reform was an unprecedented risein illegal migration.

hough the act hadthe noble goals of eliminating racism and prejudice from the U.S. immigration system, it was enacted without aclear understanding of how and why people migrate to the United States from particular countries, or how theanticipated congressional action might affect those patterns

higher wages

But because adisproportionate percentage of immigrants have few skills, it is low-skilled Americanworkers, including many blacks and Hispanics, who have suffered most from this wage dip

Wage trends over the past half-century suggest that a 10 percent increase in thenumber of workers with a particular set of skills probably lowers the wage of that group byat least 3 percent.

Trump might cite my work, but he overlooks my findings that the influx ofimmigrants can potentially be a net good for the nation, increasing the total wealth of thepopulation. Clinton ignores the hard truth that not everyone benefits when immigrantsarrive.

Neither side is revealing thewhole picture

He hired 483 U.S. applicants, slightly less than a quarter of what he needed; 109 didn’t showup on the first day. Another 321 of them quit, “the vast majority in the first two days,” Carrtestified. Only 31 lasted for the entire peach season

Some farmers are even giving laborers benefits normally reserved for white-collarprofessionals, like 401(k) plans, health insurance, subsidized housing and profit-sharingbonuses.

That has made California farms a proving ground for the Trump team’s theory that bycutting off the flow of immigrants they will free up more jobs for American-born workersand push up their wages.

Demographers consider 2.1 births per woman as the rate needed to replace theexisting population.

Educating those children has economic benefitslater down the road when they get better-paying jobs and, in turn, pay higher taxes.

mmigrants are also less likely to take public benefits than the native-born population fortwo reasons

third generation immigrants, contribute $1,300 per year on average

Trump’s characterization of immigrants, as people who drain public resources, however, isnot backed by the data

While Trump’s rhetoric has lately focused on unauthorized immigrants, his policies havetargeted legal immigration as well.

In total, unauthorizedimmigration does not seem to have a significant effect on ratesof violent crime

ess attractive destination for those with poor labor marketprospects. Second, the United States is characterized by morewage inequality than many alternative destinations, withhigher rewards available for high-skilled than for low-skilledworkers. Third, the high cost of migration (due in large part tothe physical distance separating the United States from mostcountries of origin) discourages many would-be immigrantswho do not expect large labor market returns

Without authorized statusand documentation, foreign-born residents likely have littlebargaining power in the workforce and are exposed to ahigher risk of mistreatment

total fertility rate fell from 3.65to 1.80 (World Bank n.d.). Demographers and economistsbelieve that this decline was driven by a collection of factors,including enhanced access to contraceptive technology,changing norms, and the rising opportunity cost of raisingchildren (

This document provides a set of economic facts about the roleof immigration in the U.S. economy. It updates a documentfrom The Hamilton Project on the same subject

We can’t control a lot of things in this world. We can’t stop advertisers fromPhotoshopping images. We can’t stop the fashion industry from preferring skinnymodels

I can say that it probably will make you feel worse. And it maydrag down other people with you.

In turn, their childrenbenefit from their parents’ human and financial capital, giving them a boost in their quest to getahead.

But what happens if you measure success not just by where people end up—the cars in their garages,the degrees on their walls—but by taking into account where they started?

This was nice for my family, but frankly there is nothingespecially fair about it

a nation of immigrants.

e too many Third World, non-English-speaking immigrants destroying our national identity

the implementation of a law that explicitly offers a privilege exclusively to white people needed to have a definition of race—a definition of who would be included and excluded from the special privilege

two path

new law makes it possible for law enforcement authorities to indefinitely detain anyone when “reasonable suspicion exists that the person is an alien who is unlawfully present in the United States”

What if, like her white friends, Vijaya had said she was born in the United States?

The American dream that we were all raised on is a simple but power­ful one—if you work hard and play by the rules you should be given a chance to go as far as your God-given ability will take you.

Success in this world places on the individual the responsibility to do good in this world. “Protes­tantism, republicanism, and individualism are all one,”

Ameri­cans are thus continually confronted by the gap between the absolute standards that should govern their individual behavior and the nature of their society, and the failure of themselves and their society to live up to those standards

he core of their identity is the culture that the settlers created, which generations of immigrants have absorbed, and which gave birth to the American Creed

Millions of immigrants and their chil­dren achieved wealth, power, and status in American society precisely because they assimilated themselves into the prevailing American cul­ture.

America is a nation that lies to itself about who and what it is. It is a nation of minorities ruled by a minority of one—it thinks and acts as if it were a nation of white Anglo-Saxon Protestants.

Immigration did not become significant in absolute and relative terms until the 1830s, declined in the 1850s, increased dramatically in the 1880s, declined in the 1890s, became very high in the decade and a half before World War I, declined drastically after passage of the 1924 immigration act, and stayed low until the 1965 immigration act gener­ated a massive new wave

Residents of Puerto Rico are American citizens, but they do not pay federal taxes, do not vote in national elections, and conduct their affairs in Spanish, not English.

immigrants and the descendants of settlers, immi­grants, and slaves, some contemporary Americans are the descendants of people whom Americans conquered

American Creed with its principles of liberty, equality, individualism, representative government, and private property

The central elements of that culture can be defined in a variety of ways but include the Christian religion, Protestant values and moraiism, a work ethic, the English language, British traditions of law, justice, and the limits of government power, and a legacy of European art, literature, philosophy, and music

The term “immigrant” came into the English language in the America of the 1780s to distinguish current arrivals from the founding settlers,

“All Americans except the Indians are immigrants or the descendants of immigrants.”2

Jameela Jamil

perpetrators vary by geographic area, including MS-13 and Barrio 18 in the southern part of Mexico (the very gangs that many are escaping); larger criminal groups such as the Zetas and Gulf Cartel in the northern parts of the country such as Tamaulipas; local kidnapping rings and bandits throughout the territory; and even municipal, state, and federal migratory and public security authorities.

Migrants with signicant amounts of money could choose to take planes to the U.S.-Mexico border and cross in to the country on fake documents; migrants with less money may pay to ride in a trailer through Mexico or take buses through the country; and those without any money at all will walk or ride on the roof of the trains that pass through Mexico

These factors help explain what moves migrants from each country to travel to the United States

less than ten percent of total U.S.-Mexico border apprehensions, but by 2012 they constituted 25 percent, and by 2014 they numbered half of all illicit border crossers.

A declining Mexican birth rate, a stable economy, and the U.S. border buildup have all contributed to the decrease in migration from Mexico.

government data reveals that gang members crossing irregularly are the rare exceptions

But obviously, the fewer people we have, the easier it will be to solve our many problems: catch up on better housing; eliminate un­employment; -help the poor, the blacks, realize their as­pirations; provide better qual­ity education, health care, welfare and more imginative care for our senior citizens; conserve our natural re­sources; improve mass trans­portation ... the whole laun­dry list of ailments we suffer

“Immi­gration is a sentimental sym­bol whose day is long past,

and require a birth certificate or ether proof of citizenship or legal resi­dence in order' to qualify for a Social Security card, or for any of the many health and welfare plans, just as it is necessary to get a passport.

This would also give the sending - countries a chance to involve their tech­nicians in the development of their own lands

Immigration could be used as a safety valve to help regulate our growth

So, in a sense, when we admit permanent resident aliens, we also admit their families, sooner or later

ome 50 per cent of the people queried actually favored a re­duction in immigration and 41 per cent wanted it to remain the same