Yet, there are many reasons for restricting immigration, as we are doing, and perhaps restricting it even more.

Nor can our newly in­stalled electronic fence cope with the hordes who come by foot.

These people are costing the United States money in other ways, by not filing Federal in­come tax returns and by send­ing billions of dollars of un­taxed incomes by postal mon­ey orders back to their pov­erty-stricken pueblos in Mex­ico.

On one side of the line is poverty, on the other side is wealth

For the United States, im­porting immigrant profession­als -is a cheap way of getting talent Without investing in their training

But we cannot afford to put the personal interests of indi­viduals before our own as a so­ciety.

Foreign medical schools sim­ply are not as good as ours

I felt cheated to have a recently arrived for­eign physician treating me.

loss of scientific and profes­sional personnel from lands which desperately need their trained people.

276 million people (without im­migration) or 300 million

if we are to achieve stabilization and at the same time maintain the current volume of immi­gration, native-born women would have to continue to have fewer children, an aver­age of slightly under 2.0. Stabilization would not be achieved until a few years later and with about 8 per cent more people.

We once knew that we had to have more and more people to build our industrial empire, and we couldn’t have been more desperately pro­melting-pot. There were other times when we moved the opposite way, and, guided by bigotry, shut out people of certain national origins, such as the Chinese, and thought of America as a place for Americans only, or people just like us. Then, as war, with its burden of refugees, or some other impetus, developed, we would swing back to the point where anti-immigration sentiments were re­garded as reactionary, isolationist

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act expedited procedures for the removal of suspected foreign terrorists from the United States

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act made most LPRs ineligible for means-tested public-benefit programs for five years after receiving their green cards, and ineligible for Medicare and Social Security for ten years after getting their green cards. Under the law, unauthorized immigrants are barred from any kind of public-benefit programs

Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act created new grounds for inadmissibility to, and removal from, the United States, by expanding the definition of what constitutes an “aggravated felony” for immigration purposes

bolished the discriminatory national-origins quota system by eliminating race, ancestry, or national origin as a basis for denying immigration to the United States

Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, also known as the McCarran-Walter Act, consolidated the multiple immigration laws of previous years into one comprehensive statute

World War II precipitated severe farm labor shortages,

Internal Security Act

Yet an act passed in 1943 allowed the immigration of Chinese workers to resume (at a quota of 105 per year) and made persons of Chinese descent eligible for naturalization,

Alien Registration Act of 1940 required the registration and fingerprinting of all foreigners over 14 years of age, and made past membership in proscribed political organizations grounds for exclusion and deportation

Immigration Act of 1907 mandated the exclusion of “imbeciles,” “feeble-minded” persons, individuals afflicted by a physical or mental disability that might impede their ability to earn a living, those with tuberculosis, children not accompanied by their parents, and individuals who admit to having committed a crime of “moral turpitude.”

created a Bureau of Immigration within the Treasury Department, allowed for the deportation of immigrants who enter the country unlawfully, and added polygamists and individuals suffering from certain contagious diseases to the ranks of inadmissible aliens.

first federal attempt to centralize control of immigration came in 1864 with passage of an Act that called for a Commissioner of Immigration, serving under the Secretary of State, to be appointed by the President.

separate act in 1882 broadened the range of “inadmissible aliens” to include “lunatics” as well as those likely to become a “public charge

The U.S. government, eager to populate the newly acquired American West, actively encouraged immigration

Steerage Act of 1819

directly related to immigration were the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798,

Naturalization Act of 1790 did the U.S. government attempt to create uniformity among the states in the rules governing who could become a U.S. citizen.

criminals, prostitutes, and Chinese contract laborers.

first European immigrants sometimes viewed as “racially” and religiously suspect the European immigrants who came to the United States in the late 1800s from Italy, Poland, Russia, and elsewhere in southeastern Europe. The descendants of these immigrants, in turn, have often taken a dim view of the growing numbers of Latin American, Asian, and African immigrants who began to arrive in the second half of the 20th century

e United States and the colonial society that preceded it were created by successive waves of immigration from all corners of the globe. But public and political attitudes towards immigrants have always been ambivalent and contradictory, and sometimes hostile

washcloths and towels.”

Vanessa remembered. Other than erratic child-support payments and a single trip to Chuck E. Cheese’s, he doesn’t play much of a role in his children’s lives. Taliya’s father went to prison when she was 1. He was released when she was 8 and was killed a few months later, shot in the chest. Sometimes Vanessa’s three kids teased one another about their fathers. “Your dad is dead,” Tatiyana would say. “Yeah? Your dad’s around, but he don’t give a crap about you,” Taliya would shoot back.

2013 study by the sociologist Ofer Sharone found that unemployed workers in the United States blame themselves, while unemployed workers in Israel blame the hiring system. When Americans see a homeless man cocooned in blankets, we often wonder how he failed. When the French see the same man, they wonder how the state failed him.

“I wish we had a nice place like this.”

It means defending a culture of faith, family, community, and work; increasing our charity and protecting the safety net for the truly needy; and fighting for education reform and free enterprise as profound moral imperatives.

Decades of research and experimentation in real communities have shown how charter schooling, vouchers, and other innovations can benefit needy children

Opportunity

The winners tend to be secondary earners in middle-class households, and the losers tend to be the least-educated workers with the most tenuous grip on jobs to begin with

Even functioning as intended, the policy makes it marginally more expensive to hire new low-skilled employees in exchange for ensuring a marginally higher standard of living for those with jobs already

Roughly 70 percent felt that government extended either “a great deal” or “a fair amount” of help to megabanks and massive corporations, but the same fraction said those policies have done “not much” or “nothing at all” to help the poor

the perpetual subsistence of poor Americans in barely tolerable lives

fight fiercely against dependency

First, there is nothing inherently wrong with safety-net programs

the system created dependency that stripped people of the dignity that inheres in earning one’s own way.

Franklin Roosevelt had warned in his 1935 State of the Union address that “continued dependence” on government support “induces a spiritual and moral disintegration fundamentally destructive to the national fiber. To dole out relief in this way is to administer a narcotic, a subtle destroyer of the human spirit.

What the law does do is extend generous subsidies to citizens earning up to four times the poverty line and pledge sub-market premiums to millions more.

leaves the government safety net

he research shows that the largest charity differences owe to religious participation.

transformation comes material relie

Hold everything constant but faith, family, community, and work—and the gap in well-being is enormous

personal moral transformation

They need transformation, relief, and opportunity—in that order.

The expert researchers had no idea what to do.

So it comes as little surprise that nearly all the real income growth that President Obama’s “recovery” has generated would flow to the wealthiest Americans

fting up the poor, decreasing inequality, and curbing runaway income gains among the wealthiest Americans ranked high among their stated priorities

Yet denial by abusers and devaluing of accusers could still be reasonably counted on by perpetrators to shield their actions

the disbelief and trivializing dehumanization of its victims

•

I’m always fascinated by the fact that we all fall ondifferent points of the weight spectrum but still have insecurities. Someone will be like, “Ihate my legs, I wish I had yours,” and another friend will say, “But I’d die for your booty!”and we’ll each sort of lift up whatever the other isn’t feeling about herself at that point intime.

Most media discussion of disordered eating revolvesaround a single narrative: the experiences of primarily (upper) middle­class,heterosexual white girls and young women

The confluence of racism, classism, and fatphobia here should make ushesitate before we define "obesity" as a problem in need of a solution.

Oh, hell no, I am not living my life in the closet so [you] can eat moreDoritos and whine about oppression...Put down the goddamn McDonald'sand read a fucking book.

Both fat folks and queer folks face violence, lackadequate protection against employment discrimination, and are oftendisparaged for "choosing" an "unhealthy lifestyle

were “inc

entral to understanding this practice of massincarceration and excessive punishment is the legacy of slavery

ation or parole. Because of mandatory sentencingand “three strikes” laws, I’ve found myself representing clients sentencedto life with

t was there that she wouldencounter Georges Cuvier, the man responsible for turning Sara intoan internationally recognized totem ofracial and sexual savagery. Her"excess" fat was used as one sign of her primitivity.

Her figure was deemed"very different from the feminine standards of London' and its ladies'"long, slender lines."

Nevertheress, some it-erations of her vestments were found to be disappointingly iu_", u.rdthus inauthentic, to London viewers anticipating something out of theAfrican wild

perfect specimen' of Hot-tentot woman> and by association all black women, was the voluptuous-ness of her physique.

He promoted Sara as an erotic and scientific curiosit¡ a veri-table "ethnographic freak showl'

fee, the dying men may have been able to touchher or even have sex with her.e

fü pay down his mo,rrrtuin ofdebt, Hendrik decided to display sara to British soldiers

woman went by the name of Saartjie "Sara" Baartman

encounter with and subsequent ex-hibition by the English of a presumed archetype of Hottentot femalebeauty

how the inhu-mane conditions of the old colonizers had made them greedy and fat

uses the terms as if interchangeabl¡

First

two events collided to slowly shift the view of the Hotten-tot from thin to fat.

the London-born writerJohn Hawkesworth was credited with writing the first British portrayal ofthe Hottentot.

no moderation in either eating or drinking

Brit-ish woman named /emima Kindersle! published letters from her travelsaround the cape of Good Hope, one ofwhich included this observationabout the Hottentot

he only difference betweenthe Hottentot women and other women th" *orid ou"., ,.guraless ofcolor' was their elongated clitoris and nymphae, they weråot mon-strous

In i686 the doctor wrote of theelongated labia of the women, which was thought to resemble fingersthat were protruding from their private parts, which he believed to beunique to the Hottentot

derrieres of Hottentot women, he added, resembled those of four_leggedcreatures' at times growing so large that they courd be supported with asmall cart, like a domesticated animal.

he women, par-ti:ylarly as they age' develop big bortoms and belries that push out

It is arso likery that his potentiarrole in the dissection of one famous Hottentot played apart.

greater exposure to the sun, arethus more likely to be darker_skirr.red, aid ur" drå going to ."p.ri"r."an unsightly "excess,, of liquid fat accruing on the UJay

fatnesswas directly correrated with skin color

he forehead is retreating and the mouth projecting, as if he were made toeat rather than to think.

an overflow of black bile could causegastrointestinal disorders and weight gain.7

According to the revitalizedhumoral theory, black skin was caused by a superabundance of blackbile beneath the skin

a people inhabiting the region from Senegal to NorthernCameroon, he described as a "very handsome" people.6e

Vire

growing codification of black p"oplJu. gr".þ.u,..,developed against the backdrop of the acceleraiing slave îrade amongthese two colonial powers of the eighteenth century.

Long was apolygenist

vice of gluttony that was inherent to the brack Africanssumptuous way of life

Europe from the colonies describing the rit-ual practice of overfeeding in Africa for over a century.

Le Romain's use of the term"gluttony" implied something else, a willful greediness that ironicall¡given Diderot's atheism, evoked the seven deadly sins

In Buffon'sopinion, the bulky frames of blacks were due to the ready availability offood, combined with their lack of the mental capacity needed to devotethemselves to activities other than eating.

defamatory general-izations about the blacks of Africa: that they werelazy and thieving,with a "penchant for pleasure" and a fondness of gluttony.

ngola

heir pen-chant for pleasure makes them fairly unfit for hard labor, since they aregenerallylazy, cowardl¡ and very fond of gluttony.

nègres in the colonies:

The growing presence of blacks rn ihe territories, alongwith the political dialogues swirling around them, may hurr. .rr.our-aged Diderot to expand on the topic of blacks in subsequent editionsof the Encyclopaedia

presumed innate racial differences inmental capacit¡ industry, and sensual appetite came to be used as soundevidence of inherent inferiority

But the overarching project at the time was not necessarily to condemnblack people to inferiority in every category

found not in their departure from European standards of faceand physique, but in their adherence to those standards

[The senegalese] have the sameideas of beauty as the Europeans, considering fine eyes, a well-formed,nose, small mouth, and thin lips, as essential ingredients. . . , Their skinis soft and delicate, and, colour alone excepted, we find among them,women as handsome as in any other country of the world.

The term re-nègritrìu"rig"na"r_neutral, but when the topic turned to beaut¡ the language quickly be_came feminized

he did not find their figures u.ruttru.ûu".

Bernier, within his treatment of race he focused agreat deal of his energy on the appearance of women.

More of an armchair cartographer, he used his sig-nificant talents for classification to make claims about the nature of therace

His connection with the Royarsociety meant that his interpretation of the texts would likely reflect thesociety's influence as weil. Moreover, given the constant intellectuar ex_change berween the English and the p"rench during th" E"h;;nmenr,it is likely that many of the ideas, if not the critical texts tîemserves,would have been similar

post-mear lethargy wa, "nd"mic in hot crimates, which ..makesthe inhabitants generally lazy andinactive.,

stuart was responding to a question about the causeof sleepiness after u r.-ur. In his repr¡ òtuart conflated sreepiness withlaziness' and craimed that this pr"ài.u-"nt was caused by overeatingand a general lack of reasoned serf-management, since it was usua'y'þross feeders, drunkards, corpurent, short neck'd by constitution,, whofelt sluggish aftet amea

linking of corpulenceto laziness and slow-wittedness was in harmony with the ideas of thethin, fine, serious intellectuals of England of a century earlier, as well itshould have been

For this reason, black Africans wereable to stay well nourished with little or no effort, which made them"well fed" but also "simple and stupid

Buffon articulated a new physicalidentity for black Africans, who he claimed could be defined by boththeir dark skin and their enormity.

racecraft'

"tall, plump . . . but simple andstupid."

This stereotype, he claimed, was inac-

the size and shape of the bodywere the next most important markers of physicar distinction betweenthe races.

"the first and most remarkable [difference]is the colour."3

He declaredthat individuals within a species who were capabre of procreating,and whose offspring shared a set of traits that mirrored tÀose of theirprogenitors, constituted members of a"racel

Astaunch believer in the theory that all races descended from a commonsource' Buffon nevertheless believed in racial differences.

Declaration of r738, stipulating that unregis-tered slaves, rather than being freed, would be seized and sent back tothe colonies, where they would presumably find themselves slaves to anew master.

unctionaries an opportunity to push for new legislation enabling slaveowners to safely travel to their homeland with their human assets in tow,without fear of these assets being liberated on arrival

Bernier affirms racial differences in beauty by claiming that, likephysical features in general, "the beauty of women is no less differenti-ated

Blacks of Africa I have also seen somevery beautiful women who did not have thick lips and snub noses

The Hottentot, in his view, may have been short, meager, andunattractive, but this said nothing of the appearance of blacks generall¡and especially black women.

Bernier was' in fact, attuned to existing stereotypes of the Hot-tentot, which he exposes by stating, ,.Some Dutchmen say they spea

an im_portant part of his project was to detail the particular aesthetic charms(or lack thereof) of the women of each race

ustifiably at the top

he nevertheless believed that white people were innately andphysiologically distinct from black people. This fundamental biologicaldivergence was, he suggested, the basis ofthe observed external physicaldifferences

But upon further consideration, he placed themtoo into the first typ"

indigenous people

f China, |apan, and much of eastAsia

Africa,

whole of Europe

Rather, all of the world's peoples had a race, one thatcould be identified both by where they lived and their external physicalfeatures

his theory would be the first toachieve this goal by identifying fundame ntar physiorogical differencesamong swatches of humankind.

expert on the topic of"alien'peoples. These attitudes,along with Bernier's studies in physiolog¡ ignited an idea

Bernier had not invented the term "tacel

The racialized female body became legible, a form of "text"2 fromwhich racial superiority and inferiority were read

That is, integral to Bernier'sand many subsequent racial classification systems was the attempt to pindown fundamental physical differences between Europeans and non-Europeans, with an intense focus on the women in various categories.

François Bernier

suggests that social policy im-proving opportunity and employment, for young men in particular, holds spe-cial promise as an instrument for pub-lic safety.

For adult men now coming out of prison, new evaluations show that jobs programs reduce recidivism and in-crease employment and earnings.

false issues of social justice: the pris-on boom substantially reduced crime, and criminals should forfeit their socie-tal membership in any case

they are so deeply con-centrated in a small disadvantaged frac-tion of the population, the social and economic effects of incarceration create a discrete social group whose collective experience is so distinctive yet unknown that their disadvantage remains largely beyond the apprehension of public pol-icy or public conversation.

among young minority men with very low levels of ed-ucation.

ntergenerational Inequality

Among low-income men who are not incarcerated, nearly two-thirds are upwardly mobile by 2006

Analysis of the nlsy showed that serving time in prison was associated with a 40 percent reduction in earnings and with reduced job tenure, reduced hourly wages, and higher unemployment.

Cumulative Inequality

invisible inequality is il-lustrated by considering employment rates as they are conventionally mea-sured by the Current Population Sur-vey, the large monthly labor force sur-vey conducted by the Census Bureau.

people in prison and jail are disconnect-ed from the basic institutions–house-holds and the labor market–that domi-nate our common understanding and measurement of the population.

nvisible Inequality

three characteristics: the inequal-ities associated with incarceration are invisible to our usual accounting of the economic well-being of the population; the inequality is cumulative, deepening the disadvantage of the most marginal men in society; and !nally, the inequali-ty is intergenerational, transmitting the penalties of a prison record from one generation to the next.

little schooling is historically novel,

even hundred thou-sand prisoners are now admitted annu-ally to state and federal facilities.

Most of the growth in incarceration rates is concentrated at the very bottom, among young men with very low lev-els of education.

Class inequalities in incarceration are reflected in the very low educational lev-el of those in prison and jail.

African Americans have always been incarcerated at higher rates than whites,

Age intensi!es these effects

Women re-main in their communities raising chil-dren, while men confront the possibili-ty of separation through incarceration

risons and jails are overwhelmingly a male affair

umulative because the social and economic penalties that flow from incarceration are accrued by those who already have the weakest economic opportunities.

hree main reasons: it is invisible, it is cumu-lative, and it is intergenerational.

influence of the penal system on social and economic disadvantage can be seen in the economic and family lives of the formerly incarcerated.

This is a profound institu-tionalized inequality that has renewed race and class disadvantage

It would be a significant benefit to have local data that includes information on household asset and debt disaggregated by respondent race, ethnicity, tribal affiliation and ancestral origin to provide better insight into the nation’s racial and economic differences

Baby bonds are federallymanaged accounts set up at birth for children and endowed by the federal government withassets that will grow over time

"The Case for Reparations," Ta-Nehisi Coates chronicled the carefully designed circumstances that have placedblack people, by and large, in a position of low wealth in America

well-meaning white people here make a ritual of acknowledging the city's steep inequities, butwe've been hearing the same "woe is you" sentiment for a long time

not unique in placing its worst polluters in and near its black and brown neighborhoods. And unfortunately, we arealso not unique in our failure to seriously seek a remedy to these harms

officers referring to their black customers as “mud people” and to their subprime products as “ghetto loans

Reparations “had indisputable psychological and political importance

Begi

hose (21 percent) who thought ‘that the Jews themselves were partly responsible for what happened to them during the Third Reich.’

Reparations would mean the end of scarfing hot dogs on the Fourth of July while denying the facts of our heritage. Reparations would mean the end of yelling “patriotism” while waving a Confederate flag. Reparations would mean a revolution of the American consciousness, a reconciling of our self-image as the great democratizer with the facts of our history

a force so fundamental to America that it is difficult to imagine the country without it.

black history does not flatter American democracy; it chastens it.

The idea of reparations is frightening not simply because we might lack the ability to pay. The idea of reparations threatens something much deeper—America’s heritage, history, and standing in the world

white supremacy, we picture Colored Only signs, but we should picture pirate flags

Mississippi Governor James K. Vardaman used to amuse himself by releasing black convicts into the surrounding wilderness and hunting them down with bloodhounds

lie ignores the fact that closing the “achievement gap” will do nothing to close the “injury gap,

ignores the fact that reducing American poverty and ending white supremacy are not the same.

In substituting a broad class struggle for an anti-racist struggle, progressives hope to assemble a coalition by changing the subject

America was built on the preferential treatment of white people

societal discrimination” as “an amorphous concept of injury that may be ageless in its reach into the pas

have always proved elusive

urge to use the moral force of the black struggle to address broader inequalities originates in both compassion and

pragmatism

all the poor, black and white

Some black people always will be twice as good. But they generally find white predation to be thrice as fast.

myth holds that fatherhood is the great antidote to all that ails black people