I know all of them. And the reason they feel safe here is cause of this building, and because they too chickenshit to go anywhere. But that’s their mentality. That’s their block.

You don’t have nothing, so you going to take something, even if it’s not real. You don’t have no street, but in your mind it’s yours

None of that requires a body wash brand to weigh in on anyone’s self-worth, and maybethe most helpful thing brands could do for all of us is shut the fuck up.

ut I’ve come to feel that loving yourself and desiring tochange yourself are two sentiments that should be able to peacefully coexist

I wasboth — four hundred pounds and concerned about my health

Our government can’t be responsive to all Americans if our elected officials are beholden to the elite donor class.

A low tax rate on capital gains means that the rich get to keep more of their money, and they like it that way.

But instead we have bespoke tax breaks for hedge fund managers, and special rules to preserve the integrity of massive inheritances.

eceived more in tax breaks than the average household in the bottom 50 percent.

the US tax code is actually riddled with giveaways to the rich.

This is a deliberate program of class domination being administered through the state itself

theyopposed things that most Americans favor

They were also much less likely to favor raisingtaxes on high-income people, instead advocating that entitlement programs like Social Securityand healthcare be cut to balance the budget

anked those things as priorities three times as often as they did unemployment — and farmore often than any other issue

One reason may be that thesmall minority that saw the deficit as the nation's priority had more clout than the majority thatdidn't

But if efficiency meansthat workers are forced to pee in their pants, why shouldn’t they have a say in whether such“efficiency” is worthwhile?

If employers have such contempt for their employees that they steal their wages, how likely isit that they are making it up to them with better working conditions?

In many of the richstates of Europe, they already have one, even if they don’t belong to a union. It’s called “co-determination” — a system of joint workplace governance by workers and managers, whichautomatically applies to firms with more than a few dozen employees

Third

if it does not unduly interfere with jobperformance

economy of small proprietors offers a plausible model of a free society ofequals: each individual personally independent, none taking orders from anyone else,everyone middle class

When workers get to keep all of the fruits of their labor, asthey do when self-employed, they will work much harder and more efficiently than if they areemployed by a master, who takes a cut of what they produce.

They saw the prospects of greaterequality that might come from opening up to ordinary workers opportunities for manufacture,trade, and farming one’s own land.

obey their rules

San Diego ChristianCollege fired a teacher for having premarital sex — and hired her fiancé to fill her post

employers are free to fire workers for almost any or no reason

Often, they don’teven give advance notice of firm closures and layoffs

no right to hold him accountable for hisactions

s more of the nation’s income flows to large corporations and Wall Street and to those whose earnings and wealth derive directly from them, the greater is their political influence over the rules of the market, which in turn enlarges their share of total income.

market itself has become tilted ever more in the direction of moneyed interests that have exerted disproportionate influence over it, while average workers have steadily lost bargaining power —both economic and political—to receive as large a portion of the economy’s gains as they commanded in the first three decades after World War II.

workers are unionized, most employers across America do not have to match union contracts. This puts unionized firms at a competitive disadvantage. Public policies have enabled and encouraged this fundamental change. More states have adopted so-called “right-to-work” laws. The National Labor Relations Board, understaffed and overburdened, has barely enforced collective bargaining. When workers have been harassed or fired for seeking to start a union, the board rewards them back pay—a mere slap on the wrist of corporations that have violated the law. The result has been a race to the bottom. Given these changes in the organization of the market, it is not surprising that corporate profits have increased as a portion of the total economy, while wages have declined. (See charts above.) Those whose income derives directly or indirectly from profits—corporate executives, Wall Street traders, and shareholders—have done exceedingly well. Those dependent primarily on wages have not. The underlying problem, then, is not that most Americans are “worth” less in the market than they had been, or that they have been living beyond their means. Nor is it that they lack enough education to be sufficiently productive

Higher corporate profits have meant higher returns for shareholders and, directly and indirectly, for the executives and bankers themselves

Yet this claim has meaning only if the legal and political institutions defining the market are morally justifiable

, $8, about 25 cents went to pay for Mr. Downey’s acting.

income inequality in a capitalist system is truly beautiful” because “it provides the incentive for creative people to gamble on new ideas, and it turns luxuries into common goods

30 cents a gallon in 1869 to 6 cents

A chief reason for public education cited by Jefferson and other early leaders was the need to produce citizens who would understand political and social issues, participate in civic life, vote wisely, protect their rights and freedoms, and keep the nation secure from inside and outside threats.

about advancing the common good, but the realities of public schools have sometimes failed to live up to these ideals.

In their view, public schools would transform children into moral, literate, and productive citizens; eliminate poverty and crime; quell class conflict; and unify a population that was becoming more eth-nically diverse.

In addition to preparing young people for productive work and fulfilling lives, public education has also been expected to accomplish certain collec-tive missions aimed at promoting the common good

besity doom prophecies can then be enveloped into another set of statistical warnings, offering more opportunities to justify social and financial exclusions, to fund research & product development and to create oppressive legislation

I must demonstrate self-control in the presence of food in order for thepeople around me to believe it will extend to my research

I worked side by side, a colleaguewho counted on me to keep her cell cultures alive while she went on vacation, insinuatingthat I didn’t know how to use a measuring cup!

“How do you know that I’m not?

she didn’t needsomeone who was going to “eat more than their fair share of the pizza, if you know what Imean.

Living with this pressure turns scientists into vicious competitors,always looking for ways to assert their pre-eminence.

Most scientists subscribe to the notion that losing weight is asimple matter of biochemical thermodynamics: calories in versus calories out

being fat and being a scientist don’t mix

It would have to be a place where people were so desperate for the expertise of education researchers that we could conduct multi­ple projects using multiple approaches

They also point out that “there has not been a serious discussion of the costs of segregation or the advantages of integration for our most segregated population, white students

second reason

(a) the impact the debt has on present education progress, (b) the value of under­standing the debt in relation to past education research findings, and (c) the potential for forging a better educational future

we must address the education debt because it has implications for the kinds of lives we can live and the kind of education the soci­ety can expect for most of its children

we must address it because it is the equitable and just thing to do

istoric, economic, sociopolitical, and moral debt that we have amassed toward Black, Brown, Yellow, and Red children seems insurmountable, and attempts at address­ing it seem futile

We want people to take personal responsibility for their behavior, personal responsibility for their health cars, personal responsibility for their welfare, and personal responsibility for their education. However, in democratic nations, that personal responsibility must be coupled with social responsibility

moral debt reflects the disparity between what we know is right and what we actually do

People in moral panics attempt to describe other people, groups of indi­viduals, or events that become defined as threats throughout a society

the society decided to recognize that historically denied groups should be given a preference in admission to schools and colleges

sociopolitical debt reflects the degree to which communities of color are excluded from the civic process.

The assimilated Indian could not fit comfortably into reservation life or the stratified mainstream

inequities began to recede, but clearly they persist in the realm of race.

I am arguing that our focus on the achievement gap is akin to a focus on the budget deficit, but what is actually happening to African American and Latina/o students is really more like the national debt. We do not have an achievement gap; we have an education debt

debt, how­ever is the sum of all previously incurred annual federal deficits

deficit is the amount by which a government’s, company’s, or individual’s spending exceeds income over a particular period of time

I want to argue that this all-out focus on the “Achievement Gap” moves us toward short-term solutions that are unlikely to address the long-term underlying problem.

argues that a “stereo­type threat” contributes to the gap.

a combination of factors was heavily correlated with academic achievement

there was not much that could be done by schools to improve the achievement of African American children

scholars identified cultural deficit theories to suggest that children of color were victims of pathological lifestyles that hindered their ability to benefit from schooling

We can also see that these gaps persist over tim

a gap in academic achievement per­sists between minority and disadvantaged students and their white counterparts

the achievement gap is “a matter of race and class.

most of the questions that education researchers ask need to address the significant questions that challenge and con­found the public

, the para­dox is that education research has devoted a significant amount of its enterprise toward the investigation of poor, African American, Latina/o, American Indian, and Asian immigrant students, who represent an increasing number of the students in major metro­politan school districts. We seem to study them but rarely provide the kind of remedies that help them to solve their problems

nothing anywhere in the training of social scientists, teachers, or social workers now prepares them to understand, to cope with, or to change the normal chaos of ghetto communities

article argues that a focus on the gap is mis­placed

term refers to the disparities in standardized test scores between Black and White, Latina/o and White, and recent immigrant and White students.

My point is that citizens calling for school reform without thinking about economic and social reforms are probably being foolish

, if we had a housing policy that let poor and middle-income children mix in schools, that might be better than many other school improve-ment strategies designed specially to help the poor.

But more than that, it is part of my thinking about rights we should ex-pect as citizens of our country, in order that our country thrives

Policies to help experienced teachers stay in schools with poorer students also need to be developed.

reducing teacher “churn” in schools.

that same kind of opportunity to catch up in school should not be denied to youth who come from poorer families

That $10,000 is the fiscal commitment made by a district or a state when it chooses to leave a child back to receive an additional year of schooling

Children not performing up to the expectations held for their age group can receive tutoring, both after school and in summer.

This is the policy to retain children in grade who are not performing at the level deemed appropriate.

leading to better school achievement. This is why we need more money invested in the commons now, so our nation will be a more equi-table one in the future

result in less special education need, greater high school completion rates, greater college attendance rates, less incar-ceration, and a more just society, at lower costs, over the long run

provide small classes for them in the early grades

childhood education for the children of poor families.

Increased tax revenues could provide more public sector jobs to help both our nation and our schools do better.

hey not only pay no taxes, they get rebates!

needs higher taxes.

fair wage, or a living wage, rather than a minimum wage

through jobs that pay decently so people have the dignity of work and can provide for their children

whites are more likely to violate drug laws than people of color, yet black men have been admitted to prison on drug charges at rates 20 to 50 times greater than those of white men.

hat is, your parents’ station in life determines your station in life to a much greater degree than we ever thought.

apartheid-lite

ack of academic skills acquired by these students will surely determine their future lack of success and pose a problem for our nation

USA appears to have social and educational polices and practices that end up limiting the numbers of poor youth who can excel on tests of academic ability

it is also quite clear that in some nations the effects of familial social class on student school achieve-ment are about half of what they are in the USA.

If one believes that doing the same thing over and over and getting no results is a reasonable definition of madness, then what we are doing is not merely foolish: it is insane

out-of-school variables account for about 60% of the variance that can be accounted for in student achievement

hree PISA administrations

There were severe consequences for schools that did not improve rapid-ly

general case is that poor people stay poor and that teachers and schools serving impoverished youth do not often succeed in changing the life chances for their students

| am funny, | am kind, | drink a lot of coffee and can name every British monarch from memory ~— and none of that has anything to do with size.

| don’t think I’ve gone jogging since.

Believe me, if you stick to the salad bar, you’ll be looking acceptable in no time.

she wanted to make sure | knew where it was in case | needed any help with my diet.

so | wouldn’t be a problem for anyone else.

my mind was full of romantic and idealized notions of what college lectures and professors would be like.

| know that | have keenly felt the pressure to look and dress a certain way.

Citizens claim to support the public schools and to believe in equality of op­portunity, but funding decisions take place within a structure of education based on residence and largely dependent on local taxati

pending for regular education programs in many poor cities ends up substantially lower than such spending in surrounding suburbs

The need for noneducational services can also vary greatly across districts

As a result property-poor districts must tax themselves at a higher rate than property-rich districts to provide anything like a comparable level of per-pupil funding

Local districts therefore hire and fire, set budget figures, determine curricular details, and most importantly for school finance, secure local revenue.

turned much of the authority for actually provid-ing and administering education over to local districts and have given them the · right and responsibility to raise property taxes to support their schools

They are responsible for choosing the form of taxation, setting the process to determine budgets, and allocating responsibilities be-. tween the capital and the districts. More generally, states set most education policy, raise the necessary state revenue, determine the powers of school boards, draw district boundaries, create statewide standards, and do statewide assess-ments.

ey revolve around ideological tensions between the pursuit of individual success and the collective goals of equal opportunity and social justice

These problems are compounded if a siz-able portion of the state funds is intended for poor urban districts; control-ling for a state's wealth and age structure, the greater the proportion of its population that lives in urban areas, the less it spends on public education per

Issues of class in school finance are also not sharply distinguishable from those of race and ethnicity.

Because the problems of poor children are so deep, reform also does not really threaten the continued competitive advantage of the well-off, although it will narrow the ga

State

Americans also consistently agree that students should be treated fairly, whoever they are and wherever they reside

set priorities for reduced expenditures, majorities are unwilling even to con-sider actions to add more children to classes, freeze salaries, eliminate ex-tracurricular activities, reduce special services, ·or do anything else except reduce the number of administrators and sometimes the support staff.

They took a financial rather than a racial approach to securing the equality of opportunity promised by the Amer-ican dream, giving up, at least for a while, the collective goals of integration and training for democratic citizenship

As a result, children in affluent (predominantly white) districts receive a better education than do children in poor (disproportionately minor-ity) districts, and children in this country do not approach adulthood with any-thing like an equal chance to pursue their dreams.

uter lab, staffed by an instructor." There is one computer for every four students, all wir

hool Finance Reform 53 scholar who looked at these school

, it reflects the fact that we want our children to be able to compete

equip our children for their role as citizens and as potential competi-tors in today's market as well as in the marketplace of ideas

he was often commissioned to paint pretty young society ladies.

"refining too much," she is nevertheless repulsedby the sight of corpulent aristocratic women.

Further proof that Turkish practices were incompatible withpolite English society surfaces when Lady Mary attempts some of rurk-ish women's beauty practices.

h", appear_ance was marred by smallpox. Nevertheless, given her reputation, it waswith good reason that she presented herself as knowledgeable aboutthe principles of beauty in Engrand in her letters.

In the letters, Lady Mary offers witt¡ if rude, observations on thedifference between English and Turkish women in terms of their foodconsumption.

In a moment of revelation, the English lady atFlorence realizes that the venus de Medici's fleshiness should be some-thing to strive for, not to scorn

Her ideas, he claimed, 'þroceeded from our beauties in Eng-land carrying this nicety generally too far

[He] had read goodbooks, and kept good .o-puny, but was too trifling for [much] us

couldinConscienceallowtoany Woman that I have ever yet seen'

Eight for Color' Four for Shape' Twenty-fivefor Expression, and Ten for Grace; in all' Forty-seven; not quite half-wayin the complete Sum of Excellence'

"a Scale might be settled, by which one might judge tolerablywell of the proportional excellence in any of our most celebrated beau-tiesl,

if she were but a Negro

The Book of the Courtier and On the Beøuty ofWomen,spence set himself to the task of identifying true beauty for theeighteenth- century Englishman.

It was aspace where men's questions about their own (possible) moral turpitudecould be explored, and their anxieties about the state of affairs in thecountry could be displaced onto the public appearance of women

Haarlem, in the Low countries, she would find her fortune reversed.

axed poetic about their own ugliness, as if it were a badge of honor

fat women in The spectator were commonly ridiculed fortheir intemperance and unattractiveness

In the mean while I cannot but be troubled to see so manywell-shaped innocent virgins bloated up, and waddling up and down likebig-bellied Women.a

general opinion seemed to be that big women should not be viewedas proper beauties in a nation that had deemed fatness immoral, irratio-nal, and a precursor to illness

neuroticism and choose instead exercise and Christiantem"perance to address his physical and (admitted) mental illness.

The height of beaut¡ they suggested, should reflect the nation's moralcompass as well as its racial caliber.

Cheyne's wish was that they might scrub their diets of anyunholy excess.

Cheyne, the goal was not for the Countess of Huntingdon or otherwomen under his care to use purging and fasting to become as slenderas possible.

recourse to vomit.

he counseled her to a regime similar to hisown, telling her to 'drink plentifully of sweet cow-hey all the day long

his condemnation centered largelyon the habits of men

he wisest Soul dwelleth inthe most empty Body

Muffet nevertheless wrote a four-hundred-page manual on how best to prepare food and then, apparently,deprive oneself of it

Cheyne quickly wentabout spreading the gospel of the milk and seed diet.

between zz4and z5z pounds

had cured himself of epilepsy by taking a dietexclusively of cow's milk. That was it. Cow's milk'

He had been living for "sensual Pleasures"and "mere ¡ollity," which surely God would not have condoned.

abandoned him immedi-ately upon finding him infirm.

To hear Cheyne tell it, he was"naturally of a large Size" andwas readily 'taressed" by the locals.

what I am calling a new "ascetic aesthetic" was born.

English men were seen as the arbiters of taste,or those capable of creating the guidelines for judging beauty. Englishwomen were treated as its representatives.

judgments of beauty required the superior faculties of therational (male) mind.

gentlefolk were increasingly encouraged toshow restraint in the oral appetite

argued that some of the exercises that asked white Americans to reflect on their privilege were racist and divisive, teaching children to view themselves as either oppressors or the oppressed. They labeled these kinds of activities “critical race theory

George Floyd in May of that year

trainings couldn’t promote certain ideas—for example, that one race or sex is inherently better than another, that all people of a certain race have unconscious bias, or that the United States is a fundamentally racist or sexist country

January 2021, 37 states have introduced bills or taken other steps that would restrict teaching critical race theory or limit how teachers can discuss racism and sexism

this new slate of proposed legislation also expands the boundaries of prohibited speech for educators and gives parents more oversight when it comes to what their children are learning in school

Texas does not

White resistance to black progress is covered differently inthe two states

How Textbooks are Produced

Schools are transitioning todigital materials. And with the ease of internet research, many teacherssay they prefer to curate their own primary-source materials online

heir compromise was toask teachers and textbook publishers to address “both the positive andnegative impacts” of artistic movements

number of clergy who signed the Declaration of Independence

California panel asked the publisher McGraw-Hill to avoid the use ofthe word “massacre” when describing 19th-century Native Americanattacks on white people.

The left has pushed for students to encounter history more from theground up than from the top down, with a focus on the experiences ofmarginalized groups such as enslaved people, women and NativeAmericans.

classroom materials are not onlyshaded by politics, but are also helping to shape a generation of futurevoters.

they are customized for students in different states

With limited attrition in the study, it could be argued that the sample were highly motivated and willing to invest their time and effort into the research. If so, it is possible that those who participated in the study were individuals with limited psychological distress, including parenting stress, and generally competent in parenting; in turn, this may have led to a positive skew in the results

the study required the primary caregiver (i.e. either the mother or the father) to complete the social-emotional development questionnaire. It is possible that there was a difference in the way that mothers as primary caregivers rated child social-emotional development, compared to fathers who were primary caregivers

It is plausible that the nature of the RTP that was engaged in by the older cohort of children in Fletcher and colleagues (2013) study differs to the type of RTP that was engaged in by our younger cohort of children.

it is possible that the measure that was employed in the study to assess the quality of RTP was not the most appropriate tool to use.

Hawthorne effect, it is possible that the type and quality of father–son and father–daughter play ‘changed’ or ‘differed’ from normal because fathers were mindful that they were being observed

. The unfamiliar setting and the video recording may have affected participant behaviours; people are more likely to engage in behaviours and actions that they perceive will be ‘desirable’ in laboratory settings

For example, it is possible that parents overreported or underreported on child behaviours and this is what accounts for the differences in correlations of with the observed compared to the reported developmental domains with RTP-Q.

we found no sex differences in father–child RTP play because play-based sex differences are not present in 18–24 month-old toddlers.

perhaps this play is used as an involvement strategy to overcome perceptions of distress in parenting, being part of a larger system of transactional or bidirectional influence

explanation for these inconsistent findings might be that there was not enough variation or severity of stress amongst this sample of fathers

Unfortunately, the current study did not measure other types of activities that the father–toddler dyad completed: this would have been useful as it would have enabled a closer examination of the types of dyadic activities the fathers engaged in with their toddlers.

we expected that RTP quality would be higher for father–child dyads where the child was older, male and developmentally more mature in the domains of cognition, language, motor and social-emotional skills.

developmen