This is

Applications

BBC News Chinese

Conclusively

Conclusion

For instance, BBC News once reported a Portuguese slavery ship was found in the sea 100 meters outside the coastline of Cape Town. Chains, iron bars, and wooden pulleys remaining on the ship would be exhibited in a local museum

For instance, BBC News once reported a Portuguese slavery ship was found in the sea 100 meters outside the coastline of Cape Town. Chains, iron bars, and wooden pulleys remaining on the ship would be exhibited in a local museum

For instance, BBC News once reported a Portuguese slavery ship was found in the sea 100 meters outside the coastline of Cape Town. Chains, iron bars, and wooden pulleys remaining on the ship would be exhibited in a local museum

as."

Archaeologists found many wrecked slavery ships near Cape Town, which also makes it a perfect location for the memorial. Because items and artifacts salvaged from those ships can be directly displayed in the museum in Cape Town

Middle Passage of the Southwest Indian Ocean: A Century of Forced Immigration From Africa to the Cape of Good Hope:

The humanization of memorials to the Middle Passage are just as, if not more important than numerical data.

Markup Bodies,

combination of numerical data

memorials to atrocities that the United States has committed are few and far between.

.”

These memorials would not refer to the enslaved people as ‘slaves,’ they would be referred to as people who were wrongly taken from their homes and forced into conditions that dehumanized them.

s’.

he true intentions of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade will be impossible to gloss over and ignore

Works Cited

because they received the highest amount of enslaved people in North America.

s.

heir memory.

This

Seabed

Hall concludes that without reminders like these, we will stay ignorant and make the same mistakes instead of learning from the past.

he states this to establish that we will “wallow” and “revel” in our own ignorance while striving for personal fulfillment if we stop remembering the dead; which, is what she means by mentioning the “last-man so feared by Nietzsche”.

Remembrance

”.

This is because it is where the majority of the deaths occurred.

All Voyages Deaths,

map

we lost (xv).

Their resting place is in the middle of the Atlantic, meaning it is impossible to build a traditional graveyard for these people; which is why they need a protected stretch of seabed dedicated to their suffering and death

most important action.

Since their death place

Although many people believe that putting memorials for the enslaves on the ship ports is the most appropriate

I say

Innocent African natives were stolen from their homeland, families were separated and a whole race of human beings were dehumanized

https://www.encyclopediavirginia.org/slave_ships_and_the_middle_passage

http://abolition.nypl.org/essays/us_slave_trade/3/

A memoria

slave trade

Two of the United States

he Zong. In 1781 The Zong

ithout a human e

This illustration of how many people were forced to fit on one ship might give the viewer an idea of how uncomfortable it was, better than looking at numbers and data are able to. 

Data and numbers can help us to start processing this information,

https://blog.richmond.edu/livesofmaps/2014/11/11/map-of-the-week-slave-trade-from-africa-to-the-americas-1650-1860/

that the data that has been

of first hand accounts obviously brings into question the accuracy, and the motivation behind the narrative, which can make the act of creating a memorial that is historically accurate, as well as thought provoking and sensitive to those who were affected by these events, particularly difficult. As Jessica Marie Johnson states in Markup Bodies, Black [Life] Studies and Slavery [Death] Studies at the Digital Crossroads,"The archive of Atlantic slavery—images, numbers, and texts created by slave owners, traders, investors, abolitionists, and the enslaved themselves—haunts efforts to render black people as huma

Qualitative data is important to take into account due to the possibilities of decreasing the true impact and horror that took place during the Middle Passage by trying to represent it with only data and statistics.

e questione

Qualitative data

Something went wrong, the map did not load correctly.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade - Database, Emory University

Social Text,

Foy, Charles, "Ports of Slavery, Ports of Freedom: How Slaves Used Northern Seaports’ Maritime Industry To Escape and Create Trans-Atlantic Identities, 1713-1783" (2008). Faculty Research & Creative Activity

https://blog.richmond.edu/livesofmaps/2014/11/11/map-of-the-week-slave-trade-from-africa-to-the-americas-1650-1860/

32, 3 (1965), 254-287.

fineartamerica.com/featured/slavery-abolition-granger.html

www.marintheatre.org/productions/august-wilsons-gem-of-the-ocean/the-middle-passage-and-the-city-of-bones

Remembrance of the Middle Passage

I noticed

According to Cohn, Philip D. Curtin estimated in his book The Atlantic Slave Trade

An example of this is a study conducted by Lucian Leahu, Steve Schwenk and Phoebe Sengers called “Subjective Objectivity: Negotiating Emotional Meaning.” Their research focused on how people interpret “objective” representations, like maps.

However,

My argument

Conclusion

Anecdotal Advantages

Statistics Advantages:

recent projects like the Johnson Project

quantitative measure only or qualitative measure only

died on the ship alone

Hundreds

America’s.

A Story Map

hia

The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database possesse

seas as “cargo.”

he dilemma of traditional versus digital humanities reaches closer to a conclusion in determining a place of commemoration.

attempting to memorialize in the contemporary er

Middle Passage of the Atlantic triangular trade

revolt

“I am resolved it is better to die than to be a white man's slave.”

The

United States v. The Amistad,

African captives on board.

, we have a tendency to erase genocides and their consequences.

In this focus on the telling of slave stories and their effects, Johnson captures what the monument should be about.

ondemns it.

odification, countering the presumed neutrality of the digital” (58-59).

. The story could be any story,

the monument

history’s biggest atrocitie

a data based approach

objective badness

How should the memorial look? I suggest that these memorials take the form of small museum-like structures situated in these cities/towns, with a mixture of text and images of the trade to really put people in a slave's place. It would also be important to include tables and graphs of the numbers of enslaved people around the world, focusing on the prevalence of each city as its former colonizer's largest hub for slavery throughout three centuries.

Five of the biggest empires all had their share of transportation of millions of innocent people across the grueling journey of the Atlantic, and the acknowledge of this suffering has often been minimized or completely forgotten by the people of our time.

825, as well as the locations in Africa where the most slaves were taken from by each respective country. I used the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database plus Excel’s data parsing abilities to accomplish this task

have him lynched

For example

Buried beneath cities like Havana lies the inhumanity of the trade, and this brutality that every single one of the slaves on the Middle Passage had to endure can be captured by various stories from these slave ports

("Old Square")

Numbness

“firsthand”

include source

pain, sorrow, and trauma experienced by those aboard the Zong. These works can be displayed throughout the memorial to humanize such an inhumane, barbaric event.

crucial t

This i

. This

She

This

This

Thus, they decided to jettison some slaves in order to save the rest of the ship and claim insurance under the principle that a captain who jettisons some of his cargo to save the rest can claim for insurance.

”,

130 African slaves were murdered

Give Background on Middle Passage/Atlantic Slave Trade/ impacts

de. Source: "La France Maritime" by Amédée Gréhan (ed.), Paris 1837 )

any diving viewers

As its history becomes commonplace in American memory, its significance fades, and in a sense, the commodification of the enslaved continues to propagate (Johnson 71).

ubsequently, its current population and cultures have been deeply affected by the history that the Middle Passage forced upon it.

After all, it is likely that the community present in the region will have had a deep history with the Middle Passage that reverberates to this day

landed after having endured the Middle Passage

Image: https://flickr.com/photos/patripics/92702507/in/photostream/)

The l

Given the multifaceted nature of a memorial, both kinds of data can be represented by different aspects of one.

This worry is one that is present in all manners of remembrance, such as when potential memorials are considered.

Too much emphasis on qualitative data can risk losing sight of the scale of the tragedy, while emphasis on quantitative data can allow the sheer personal pain of each enslaved individual to be forgotten (Johnson 61)

When approaching remembrance of the history of the trade of enslaved people and the associated Middle Passage, ethical issues arise around the use of historical data.

A Story Map

The Children of Whitney. Slavery and Remembrance.

Wikipedia, Wikipedia.org

. (Johnson, 64)

Most extant slave ship manifests provide incomplete information about gender and age of enslaved Africans. In reality, evidence from the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database suggested that more enslaved women and children crossed the Atlantic than previously assumed, and insights gained from the advanced computation offered by the database further clarified the significance of African women and youth

Data and its visualization are necessary to describe some historical facts like the scale and length of the trade, making people remember

Slave Voyages. Emory University, 2019, slavevoyages.org. Accessed 09 Nov 2019.

(Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Or Gustavus Vassa, the African, 9 Nov 2019)

Olaudah Equiano

That is why we will need primary sources and qualitative materials to view the cruel trade from the eyes of victims

archetypes, caricatures, and nameless numbered registers

.” (Johnson, 61)

Jessica Marie Johnson, the author states

Frontispiece of the autobiography of Olaudah Equiano. Small Island Red 2007. http://www.bristolreads.com/small_island_read/read_more/olandah_equiano.htm. Access 07 Nov. 2019

. 1794.

Also, I suggest the memorial needs to locate at a port city that a slave ship visited frequently.

Because valid archaeological evidence like narratives can provide a more precise and straightforward historical background

using and analyzing data is the best approach to reveal the history of the Middle Passage for people.

unpack their lives

ere sold to traders from the Americas for tremendous profits.

millions of Africans

A Story Map

he locations of these memorials remain very significant places in the history and lives of African Americans, and many of those places remain majority African American today.

ountries often have difficulties representing historic situations in which they are the oppressor

These are the major ports that were used in the Americas for the Atlantic Slave Trade

These memorials would not refer to the enslaved people as ‘slaves,’ they would be referred to as people who were wrongly taken from their homes and forced into conditions that dehumanized them and attempted to quantify human life

a memorial in Africa, their home,

e oppressor

This i

ften, in the creation of memorials or monuments, the enslaved people’s entire existence is framed around slavery

he people who were kidnapped there to acknowledge their existence outside of slavery

hese are the major ports from which people were taken in Africa

he destination.

Building a memorial in only Africa avoids blame and responsibility, and can be seen as taking the side of the oppressor

Memorials should be placed in both places

ome major ports in Africa were located near West Central Africa and the Gold Coast. There were various ports on the coast of South Carolina, one in New Orleans, one in Richmond, Virginia, and one in New York, among several other smaller ones up and down the East Coast

used most frequently

●● A Story Map

As Johnson stat

A suggested memorial display

Charleston South Carolina, and Savannah Georgia.

Of course there are no accounts of this event from the enslaved on the ship who did make it to land

hen some of the enslaved began to die from disease and malnutrition the captain, believing that he could write them off as insured losses, began throwing the enslaved overboard. 132 enslaved people were thrown overboard, in a perfect example of the ways that the Africans were treated as property, and less than human.

fit on board.

The image to the right is a drawing of how the enslaved would have had to lie or sit below deck, in order for them all to fit.

accumulation

Work Cited:

erpetuating the violence that began over 400 years ago. 

"(65).

his

we must rely on data and second- hand accounts, or the accounts of the slavers and ship captains themselves

middle passage.

ned.

ple audiences

research article, Markup Bodies by Jessica Johnson, she

immensity of the evil

ennsylvania Gazette,

Citations 

ead to the information shared in the memorial resonating with an individual more than viewing it in a museum. 

I believe it is significant to establish memorial gardens close to the areas where the slave ports where in order for an individual to analyze the wicked events that took place in an area that may not be recognizable due to the immense amounts of changes it underwent to look as it does during modern times

of people brought over during the 18th century may be hard to grasp.

Pennsylvania Gazelle, there were over 1,100 slave imports from Africa from in the 18th century

Data on Slave Ports

quantitative data which in results devalues the significance of the memorial

Quantitative data cannot be edited or tampered with via bias of a source which in turn makes it more reliable than qualitative data when analyzing the Middle Passage

The strengths of using data and large scale approach are that one can take into account the raw data of transatlantic slave trade such as people brought over in a ship at once, ages of those encaptured and amount of time spent on the voyage to America when considering the magnitude of the Middle Passage

memorial garden close to the ports where ships landed when reaching America via the Middle Passage

quantitative and qualitative data. T

ideas

slave voyage websites