While often used on its own or in parallel to science, IK is alsoincreasingly interwoven with data collected via the scientificmethod, and vice versa (that is, scientific methods are incorpo-rated into contemporary processes underlying IK generation).
The explanation that a convergence is occurring between scientific methods and IK addresses the intersection between different methodologies.
. IK is often augmented with contemporary obser-vations and experiences that refine accumulated knowledge andallow for flexibility and adaptability in the context of environ-mental and social change.
The process of modifying and adapting existing knowledge through modern observation and experience clearly pertains to tools and methods.
Thevaried contributions of IK stem from long periods of observation, interaction, and experimentation with species, ecosystems, andecosystem processes.
The process of forming IK is based on observation, interaction, and experimentation, which describes the methodology of knowledge creation.
Application ofthese broad and deep knowledges in a scientific context hasled to many contributions to the literature in ecology,evolution, and related fields
This sentence shows how IK has contributed to various academic disciplines, emphasizing IK as a knowledge system specific to certain fields.
IK in itsbroad scope also includes “Traditional Ecological Knowledge”(TEK) and “Indigenous Ecological Knowledge” (IEK) whenknowledge relates to ecology.
It explains the internal categorization of IK—such as Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) and Indigenous Ecological Knowledge (IEK)—within the ecological context, highlighting detailed knowledge types within the knowledge system.
IK is distinct from science, localknowledge, and citizen science in that it includes not only directobservation and interaction with plants, animals, and ecosystems,but also a broad spectrum of cultural and spiritual knowledgesand values that underpin human–environment relationships(Berkes 2018
By distinguishing IK from science, local knowledge, and citizen science, it clearly demonstrates that IK is a complex knowledge system with its own unique characteristics.
Despite its millennia-long and continued application by Indigenous peoples to environ-mental management, non- Indigenous “Western” scientific research and management have only recently considered IK.
It indicates that IK has long been used for environmental management, and explains that Western science has only recently come to recognize this knowledge.
Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is the collective term to represent the many place-based knowledges accumulated across generationswithin myriad specific cultural contexts.
This description shows that place-based knowledge has been accumulated over generations, indicating that Indigenous Knowledge (IK) is an independent system of knowledge in its own right.
Least developed coun-tries should develop and test tools and methods with a global support that direct policy anddecision-making for climate change mitigation, adaptation and early warnings.
It emphasizes the need for policy adoption and tool development in least developed countries, highlighting the necessity of place-specific knowledge.
Efforts in developing countries aimed at improving institutionaltraining, strengthening institutions and improving capacity of research on climate change willincrease awareness, promote adaptation and sustainable development.
It is a sentence about capacity building in developing countries, illustrating regional disparities and the need for context-specific policy implementation.
creation of global opportunity through international cooperation that supportsleast developed and developing countries towards the accessibility of renewable energy, energy ef-ficiency, clean energy technology and research and energy infrastructure investment will reduce thecost of renewable energy, eliminate barriers to energy efficiency (high discount rate) and promotenew potentials towards climate change mitigation.
It specifically mentions least developed and developing countries, demonstrating an awareness of national and regional conditions.
Nevertheless, the cost, price, political environment and market conditions have becomebarriers preventing developing, least developed and developed countries to fully utilize its poten-tials.
It distinguishes between developed countries, developing countries, and least developed countries, and mentions the different conditions and barriers specific to each nation.
Reducing our carbon footprint through the changes in lifestyle and behaviour patterns can con-tribute a great deal to the mitigation of climate change.
Changes in lifestyle and behavior patterns to reduce carbon footprints represent normative goals for climate change mitigation.
Enhancing international cooperation and support for developing countries towards the expan-sion of infrastructure and upgrading technology for modern supply and sustainable energy ser-vices as a way of mitigating climate change and its impacts.
It describes the normative goal of providing sustainable energy services through international cooperation and for the mitigation of climate change.
It is evident from Figure 5 that a major barrier towards the use of renewable energysource depends on a country’s policy and policy instrument which in turn affect the cost and tech-nological innovations
It reflects the differences of place by highlighting that the main barriers to renewable energy use vary depending on national policies and policy instruments.
A qualitative research was em-ployed by reviewing papers in the scope of the study.
It specifies a methodology for reviewing papers using qualitative research methods.
The return-to-renewables will help mitigate climate change is anexcellent way but needs to be sustainable in order to ensure a sustainable future for generations tomeet their energy needs.
It represents fundamental knowledge about the role of renewable energy in climate change mitigation.
Access concerns need to be understoodin a local context and in most countries there is an obvious difference between electrification in theurban and rural areas, this is especially true in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian region
It emphasizes that the issue of electricity accessibility should be understood in the local context, which corresponds to knowledge of specific regions.
Renewable energy sources are evenly distributed around the globe as compared to fossilsand in general less traded on the market.
This part includes regional knowledge about the global distribution of renewable energy sources.
employment from renewableenergy technologies was about 2.3 million jobs worldwide, which also has improved health, educa-tion, gender equality and environmental safety
The jobs created by renewable energy and the resulting social and environmental improvements emphasize the normative goals of sustainable development.
a stableenergy supply is of importance to the political world and a technical and monetary challenge forboth developed and developing countries
The importance of energy supply and the political, technical, and financial challenges it poses reflects the normative goals of policy and development.
The United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change defines climate change as being attributed directly or indirectly to human activitiesthat alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which in turn exhibits variability in naturalclimate observed over comparable time periods
This sentence deals with the knowledge system related to climate change. Since it explains the concept of climate change using the definition provided by the UNFCCC, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
Renewable energy reduces energy imports and contributediversification of the portfolio of supply options and reduce an economy’s vulnerability to price vola-tility and represent opportunities to enhance energy security across the globe.
The explanation of energy supply portfolio diversification represents a structural approach to the energy supply system through renewable energy.
The sustainable development goal seven (affordable and clean energy) seeks to ensure that energyis clean, affordable, available and accessible to all and this can be achieved with renewable energy
This sentence explains the normative goal related to Sustainable Development Goal 7. (The sentence continues further on.)
Distributed grids based on the renewable energy are generally more competitive in rural areaswith significant distances to the national grid and the low levels of rural electrification offer substan-tial openings for renewable energy-based mini-grid systems to provide them with electricity access
This sentence presents an approach using distributed power grid technologies based on renewable energy.
The change in total GHG emissions in European EnvironmentalAgency (EEA) countries for 1990–2012 and their GHG emissions per capita are depicted in Figures 2and 3.
It presents specific figures on greenhouse gas emission changes and demonstrates the methodology to track them.
Wind energy harnesses kinetic energy from movingair.
The principle of wind is explained in this sentence, showing fundamental knowledge of energy physics.
provide opportunities in energy security, social and economic development, energy access, climate changemitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts
This sentence presents an overall knowledge system about the impact of renewable energy sources on sustainable development and the opportunities they provide.
energy security is based on the idea that there is a continuous supplyof energy which is critical for the running of an economy
The concept of energy security and its importance in economic operations is explained, addressing fundamental knowledge in the field.
Geothermal gradient averages about 30 °C/km.
The average geothermal gradient represents a physical knowledge system related to geothermal resources.
The yield of biomass and its potential varies from country to country, from medium yields intemperature to high level in sub tropic and tropic countries.
The explanation of regional differences in biomass yield reflects a systematic knowledge of geographic energy resources.
Bioenergy is a renewable energy source derived from biological sources.
The basic concept and sources of bioenergy are explained, forming an established knowledge system in the field.
Wind turbines convert the energy of wind into electricity.
It explains the method of electricity generation using wind, specifically describing the conversion tools and technologies.
The ocean stores enough en-ergy to meet the total worldwide demand for power many times over in the form of waves, tide,currents and heat.
The theoretical abundance of ocean energy resources corresponds to a knowledge system related to energy resources.
Solar energy technology is obtained from solar irradiance to generate electricity using photo-voltaic (PV) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016d) and concentrating solar power (CSP), to producethermal energy, to meet direct lighting needs and, potentially, to produce fuels that might be usedfor transport and other purposes
Photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) are explicitly mentioned as direct technological means.
Heat is mined from geothermal reservoirs using wells and other means.
It explains specific methods for extracting geothermal resources.
Proper operational management, can bring about some positive effects whichincludes enhanced biodiversity (Baum, Leinweber, Weih, Lamersdorf, & Dimitriou, 2009; Schulz,Brauner, & Gruß, 2009), soil carbon increases and improved soil productivity
The notion that bioenergy management can contribute to environmental improvement presents intended normative outcomes.
With biomass, a lot of research is focus-ing on an environmentally acceptable and sustainable source to mitigate climate change
The environmentally acceptable and sustainable development of biomass aligns with global norms for addressing climate change.
Biomass has a large potential, which meets the goal of reducing greenhouse gases and could insurefuel supply in the future.
The goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring future fuel supply embody normative objectives.
The greater part of thispotential is located in South America and Caribbean (47–221 EJ/year), sub-Saharan Africa (31–317 EJ/year) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S) and Baltic states (45–199 EJ/year).
Knowledge about the regional potential of bioenergy clearly corresponds to knowledge of regional energy resources.
There are areas of the earth’s interior which areaccessible by drilling, and where the gradient is well above the average gradient
Information about specific areas where geothermal energy can be utilized constitutes place-based knowledge.
water is drained from lakes and watercourses andtransported through channels over large distances and to pipelines and finally to the turbines thatare often visible, but they may also go through mountains by created tunnels inside them
This sentence explains the flow path and method of water for hydropower generation, describing the methodology for constructing hydropower facilities and directing water movement.
In countries wheresubstantial plants or tree covers are flooded during the construction of a dam, there may be forma-tion of methane gas when plants start rotting in the water, either released directly or when water isprocessed in turbines
This sentence discusses how, during the construction of hydropower plants, vegetation and tree cover may be submerged depending on regional characteristics, potentially leading to methane formation.
Hydroelectric structures affect river body’s ecology, largely by inducing a change into its hy-drologic characteristics and by disturbing the ecological continuity of sediment transport and fishmigration through the building of dams, dikes and weirs
This sentence explains the environmental impact of hydropower structures and emphasizes the norm that environmental considerations must be taken into account.
Hydropower generation does not produce greenhouse gases and thus mostly termed as a greensource of energy.
This sentence represents an overall understanding of hydropower and explains the knowledge system that classifies hydropower as “green energy” because it does not produce greenhouse gases.
Hydropower dischargespractically no particulate pollution, can upgrade quickly, and it is capable of storing energy for manyhours
Since it demonstrates the technical and environmental ideals pursued in the field of hydropower, it falls under norms.
Turbines are constructed for an optional flow of water
Since this sentence refers to the attempt to achieve efficiency through the introduction of technical methods such as hydropower facility design (turbine design), it falls under tools and methods.
Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these re-sources decreases environmental impacts, produces minimum secondary waste and are sustaina-ble based on the current and future economic and social needs.
This sentence explains the characteristics and effects of renewable energy technologies. As it deals with the knowledge system related to renewable energy, it can be classified as a body of knowledge.
Fortunately, the continuous technological advances in computer hard-ware and software are permitting scientific researchers to handle these optimization difficulties usingcomputational resources applicable to the renewable and sustainable energy field
This sentence addresses a method of solving problems using computer hardware, software, and optimization techniques. Since it mentions the use of computational resources to address “optimization difficulties,” it falls under tools and methods.
Hydropower technologies are technically mature and its projects exploit a resource that vary tem-porarily. The operation of hydropower reservoirs often reflects their multiple uses, for example floodand drought control (Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, & Jayaweera, 2015; Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, &Rufangura, 2015), irrigation, drinking water and navigation (Edenhofer et al., 2011). The primaryenergy is provided by gravity and the height the water falls down on to the turbine. The potentialenergy of the stored water is the mass of the water, the gravity factor (g = 9.81 ms−2) and the headdefined as the difference between the dam level and the tail water level. The reservoir level to someextent changes downwards when water is released and accordingly influences electricity produc-tion.
As it presents technical knowledge about the principles, history, and design of hydropower technology, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
For more than a decade, the objective of keeping global warming below 2 °C has been a key focusof international climate debate
This sentence addresses the international goal of keeping global warming “below 2°C” to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change. As this goal has been adopted as an international norm, it falls under norms.
Hydropower generation technical annual potential is 14,576 TWh, with an estimated total capacitypotential of 3,721 GW;
As it presents knowledge about the theoretical and technical potential of hydro resources as energy resources, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
It’s also timely for New York state, where floating solar could be considered as an alternative to terrestrial solar and is the source of debate and exploration.
It presents a clear place-based knowledge by addressing policy and technology discussions in the regional context of New York State.
three ponds at the Cornell Experimental Pond Facility
This experiment was conducted at a specific site (Cornell Experimental Pond Facility)
Grodsky and collaborators covered three ponds at the Cornell Experimental Pond Facility with solar panels, at 70% coverage, and found that, almost immediately, methane and carbon dioxide emissions
This sentence provides a detailed explanation of the experimental method, including the experimental site (Cornell Experimental Pond), experimental conditions (70% panel installation), and measurement indicators.
The data is particularly important because much of the floating solar development in the U.S. is currently happening on small lakes and ponds
This sentence emphasizes the regional context of the U.S., particularly the expansion of the technology on small ponds and lakes.
The idea here is to nip that in the bud and re-envision the way we approach this energy transition.
As a proposal aimed at avoiding the repetition of past environmental damage, it carries a strong normative character by advocating for a new approach to transition.
“If you look at the history of energy transitions – from wood to fossil fuels, for example – everything was based on energy production, and the environment wasn’t taken into consideration
By explaining the historical background of the energy transition and criticizing how past knowledge systems neglected environmental considerations, this sentence proposes a new direction for the evolving body of knowledge.
“It’s all about trade-offs,” Grodsky said. “But we need to be aware of what’s happening to be able to adapt – maybe siting differently, or designing the panels differently, or changing the percentage of cover.”
It presents a sustainable direction and emphasizes the need for design changes to reduce environmental impacts, thereby demonstrating the normative goals of the study.
This is the first manipulative study to produce empirical results.
It states that a manipulative study was conducted.
The study offers some bright sides for floating solar: When comparing floating solar to terrestrial solar in total emissions cost, from site development to maintenance and disposal
It explains the scope of the comparative study (from development to disposal), thereby illustrating the category of evaluation methods.
“There have been a flurry of papers about floating solar, but it’s mostly modeling and projections,” said Steven Grodsky
This sentence points out that existing studies have mostly been limited to modeling and forecasting, thereby indicating the limitations of current academic knowledge.
While floating solar – the emerging practice of putting solar panels on bodies of water – is promising in its efficiency and its potential to spare agricultural and conservation lands, a new experiment finds environmental trade-offs.
By highlighting the attention that the technology of floating solar has received for its efficiency and land-saving benefits, this sentence presents the broader academic background surrounding this technology.
Least developed coun-tries should develop and test tools and methods with a global support that direct policy anddecision-making for climate change mitigation, adaptation and early warnings.
It emphasizes the need for policy adoption and tool development in least developed countries, highlighting the necessity of place-specific knowledge.
Efforts in developing countries aimed at improving institutionaltraining, strengthening institutions and improving capacity of research on climate change willincrease awareness, promote adaptation and sustainable development.
It is a sentence about capacity building in developing countries, illustrating regional disparities and the need for context-specific policy implementation.
creation of global opportunity through international cooperation that supportsleast developed and developing countries towards the accessibility of renewable energy, energy ef-ficiency, clean energy technology and research and energy infrastructure investment will reduce thecost of renewable energy, eliminate barriers to energy efficiency (high discount rate) and promotenew potentials towards climate change mitigation.
It specifically mentions least developed and developing countries, demonstrating an awareness of national and regional conditions.
Nevertheless, the cost, price, political environment and market conditions have becomebarriers preventing developing, least developed and developed countries to fully utilize its poten-tials.
It distinguishes between developed countries, developing countries, and least developed countries, and mentions the different conditions and barriers specific to each nation.
It is evident from Figure 5 that a major barrier towards the use of renewable energysource depends on a country’s policy and policy instrument which in turn affect the cost and tech-nological innovations
It reflects the differences of place by highlighting that the main barriers to renewable energy use vary depending on national policies and policy instruments.
Enhancing international cooperation and support for developing countries towards the expan-sion of infrastructure and upgrading technology for modern supply and sustainable energy ser-vices as a way of mitigating climate change and its impacts.
It describes the normative goal of providing sustainable energy services through international cooperation and for the mitigation of climate change.
Reducing our carbon footprint through the changes in lifestyle and behaviour patterns can con-tribute a great deal to the mitigation of climate change.
Changes in lifestyle and behavior patterns to reduce carbon footprints represent normative goals for climate change mitigation.
A qualitative research was em-ployed by reviewing papers in the scope of the study.
It specifies a methodology for reviewing papers using qualitative research methods.
The return-to-renewables will help mitigate climate change is anexcellent way but needs to be sustainable in order to ensure a sustainable future for generations tomeet their energy needs.
It represents fundamental knowledge about the role of renewable energy in climate change mitigation.
Renewable energy sources are evenly distributed around the globe as compared to fossilsand in general less traded on the market.
This part includes regional knowledge about the global distribution of renewable energy sources.
Access concerns need to be understoodin a local context and in most countries there is an obvious difference between electrification in theurban and rural areas, this is especially true in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asian region
It emphasizes that the issue of electricity accessibility should be understood in the local context, which corresponds to knowledge of specific regions.
employment from renewableenergy technologies was about 2.3 million jobs worldwide, which also has improved health, educa-tion, gender equality and environmental safety
The jobs created by renewable energy and the resulting social and environmental improvements emphasize the normative goals of sustainable development.
The United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change defines climate change as being attributed directly or indirectly to human activitiesthat alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which in turn exhibits variability in naturalclimate observed over comparable time periods
This sentence deals with the knowledge system related to climate change. Since it explains the concept of climate change using the definition provided by the UNFCCC, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
Hydropower generation technical annual potential is 14,576 TWh, with an estimated total capacitypotential of 3,721 GW;
As it presents knowledge about the theoretical and technical potential of hydro resources as energy resources, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
The sustainable development goal seven (affordable and clean energy) seeks to ensure that energyis clean, affordable, available and accessible to all and this can be achieved with renewable energy
This sentence explains the normative goal related to Sustainable Development Goal 7. (The sentence continues further on.)
a stableenergy supply is of importance to the political world and a technical and monetary challenge forboth developed and developing countries
The importance of energy supply and the political, technical, and financial challenges it poses reflects the normative goals of policy and development.
Distributed grids based on the renewable energy are generally more competitive in rural areaswith significant distances to the national grid and the low levels of rural electrification offer substan-tial openings for renewable energy-based mini-grid systems to provide them with electricity access
This sentence presents an approach using distributed power grid technologies based on renewable energy.
Renewable energy reduces energy imports and contributediversification of the portfolio of supply options and reduce an economy’s vulnerability to price vola-tility and represent opportunities to enhance energy security across the globe.
The explanation of energy supply portfolio diversification represents a structural approach to the energy supply system through renewable energy.
The change in total GHG emissions in European EnvironmentalAgency (EEA) countries for 1990–2012 and their GHG emissions per capita are depicted in Figures 2and 3.
It presents specific figures on greenhouse gas emission changes and demonstrates the methodology to track them.
energy security is based on the idea that there is a continuous supplyof energy which is critical for the running of an economy
The concept of energy security and its importance in economic operations is explained, addressing fundamental knowledge in the field.
provide opportunities in energy security, social and economic development, energy access, climate changemitigation and reduction of environmental and health impacts
This sentence presents an overall knowledge system about the impact of renewable energy sources on sustainable development and the opportunities they provide.
The ocean stores enough en-ergy to meet the total worldwide demand for power many times over in the form of waves, tide,currents and heat.
The theoretical abundance of ocean energy resources corresponds to a knowledge system related to energy resources.
Wind energy harnesses kinetic energy from movingair.
The principle of wind is explained in this sentence, showing fundamental knowledge of energy physics.
Geothermal gradient averages about 30 °C/km.
The average geothermal gradient represents a physical knowledge system related to geothermal resources.
The yield of biomass and its potential varies from country to country, from medium yields intemperature to high level in sub tropic and tropic countries.
The explanation of regional differences in biomass yield reflects a systematic knowledge of geographic energy resources.
Bioenergy is a renewable energy source derived from biological sources.
The basic concept and sources of bioenergy are explained, forming an established knowledge system in the field.
Wind turbines convert the energy of wind into electricity.
It explains the method of electricity generation using wind, specifically describing the conversion tools and technologies.
Heat is mined from geothermal reservoirs using wells and other means.
It explains specific methods for extracting geothermal resources.
Solar energy technology is obtained from solar irradiance to generate electricity using photo-voltaic (PV) (Asumadu-Sarkodie & Owusu, 2016d) and concentrating solar power (CSP), to producethermal energy, to meet direct lighting needs and, potentially, to produce fuels that might be usedfor transport and other purposes
Photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP) are explicitly mentioned as direct technological means.
Proper operational management, can bring about some positive effects whichincludes enhanced biodiversity (Baum, Leinweber, Weih, Lamersdorf, & Dimitriou, 2009; Schulz,Brauner, & Gruß, 2009), soil carbon increases and improved soil productivity
The notion that bioenergy management can contribute to environmental improvement presents intended normative outcomes.
With biomass, a lot of research is focus-ing on an environmentally acceptable and sustainable source to mitigate climate change
The environmentally acceptable and sustainable development of biomass aligns with global norms for addressing climate change.
Biomass has a large potential, which meets the goal of reducing greenhouse gases and could insurefuel supply in the future.
The goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and ensuring future fuel supply embody normative objectives.
There are areas of the earth’s interior which areaccessible by drilling, and where the gradient is well above the average gradient
Information about specific areas where geothermal energy can be utilized constitutes place-based knowledge.
The greater part of thispotential is located in South America and Caribbean (47–221 EJ/year), sub-Saharan Africa (31–317 EJ/year) and the Commonwealth of Independent States (C.I.S) and Baltic states (45–199 EJ/year).
Knowledge about the regional potential of bioenergy clearly corresponds to knowledge of regional energy resources.
In countries wheresubstantial plants or tree covers are flooded during the construction of a dam, there may be forma-tion of methane gas when plants start rotting in the water, either released directly or when water isprocessed in turbines
This sentence discusses how, during the construction of hydropower plants, vegetation and tree cover may be submerged depending on regional characteristics, potentially leading to methane formation.
Hydroelectric structures affect river body’s ecology, largely by inducing a change into its hy-drologic characteristics and by disturbing the ecological continuity of sediment transport and fishmigration through the building of dams, dikes and weirs
This sentence explains the environmental impact of hydropower structures and emphasizes the norm that environmental considerations must be taken into account.
water is drained from lakes and watercourses andtransported through channels over large distances and to pipelines and finally to the turbines thatare often visible, but they may also go through mountains by created tunnels inside them
This sentence explains the flow path and method of water for hydropower generation, describing the methodology for constructing hydropower facilities and directing water movement.
Hydropower generation does not produce greenhouse gases and thus mostly termed as a greensource of energy.
This sentence represents an overall understanding of hydropower and explains the knowledge system that classifies hydropower as “green energy” because it does not produce greenhouse gases.
Hydropower dischargespractically no particulate pollution, can upgrade quickly, and it is capable of storing energy for manyhours
Since it demonstrates the technical and environmental ideals pursued in the field of hydropower, it falls under norms.
Turbines are constructed for an optional flow of water
Since this sentence refers to the attempt to achieve efficiency through the introduction of technical methods such as hydropower facility design (turbine design), it falls under tools and methods.
Hydropower technologies are technically mature and its projects exploit a resource that vary tem-porarily. The operation of hydropower reservoirs often reflects their multiple uses, for example floodand drought control (Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, & Jayaweera, 2015; Asumadu-Sarkodie, Owusu, &Rufangura, 2015), irrigation, drinking water and navigation (Edenhofer et al., 2011). The primaryenergy is provided by gravity and the height the water falls down on to the turbine. The potentialenergy of the stored water is the mass of the water, the gravity factor (g = 9.81 ms−2) and the headdefined as the difference between the dam level and the tail water level. The reservoir level to someextent changes downwards when water is released and accordingly influences electricity produc-tion.
As it presents technical knowledge about the principles, history, and design of hydropower technology, it falls under bodies of knowledge.
For more than a decade, the objective of keeping global warming below 2 °C has been a key focusof international climate debate
This sentence addresses the international goal of keeping global warming “below 2°C” to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change. As this goal has been adopted as an international norm, it falls under norms.
Renewable technologies are considered as clean sources of energy and optimal use of these re-sources decreases environmental impacts, produces minimum secondary waste and are sustaina-ble based on the current and future economic and social needs.
This sentence explains the characteristics and effects of renewable energy technologies. As it deals with the knowledge system related to renewable energy, it can be classified as a body of knowledge.
Fortunately, the continuous technological advances in computer hard-ware and software are permitting scientific researchers to handle these optimization difficulties usingcomputational resources applicable to the renewable and sustainable energy field
This sentence addresses a method of solving problems using computer hardware, software, and optimization techniques. Since it mentions the use of computational resources to address “optimization difficulties,” it falls under tools and methods.