“a pupil of . . . I’d say, Russkiydom, in the broad sense of that word.” He described Putin as “the presi-dent of our hopes,” for Russian “professional” patriots like himself.33

Not surprisingly, the KGB, not just the interior ministry, was heavilyinvolved in the debates and interpretations of the Russian Idea in thisperiod. Embracing the Orthodox Church became very popular in KGBcircles

Church representatives spoke of Orthodoxy as the essentialcore of the Russian Idea and of the religion’s ability to fill the spiritualand ideological vacuum in Russian society. Interior ministry officialsdiscussed Orthodoxy’s potential to combat alcoholism and crime

gave testimony calling for the protection andpromotion of “ethnic Russianness

Even though there is no direct evidence that this book is the progeni-tor of some of the core ideas about the state and the Russian Idea inPutin’s Millennium Message, the conceptual and substantive overlap

historical continuity

Unfortunately, the group did not make much progress in coming upwith a Russian Idea

The Russian Communist Party presenteditself as the “party of the restoration

“Society desires the restoration of the guidingand regulating role of the state.”

Over the next several years, the elite debate about pulling Russia outof its crisis settled on the concept of finding a national idea to bring thecountry’s political factions together. The concept of a Russian Idea hadmany prominent proponents before Putin featured it in the MillenniumMessage

n many respects, Putin’s December29, 1999, Millennium Message could be viewed as an echo of this move-ment’s principal ideas.

The idea of a Russian elite with a specific role or function in Rus-sian politics has been around since the nineteenth century. Over time itbecame synonymous with the Russian concept of the intelligentsia—aterm that educated Russians in the nascent revolutionary movementsof the 1890s used to describe themselves.9 Nineteenth-century Russian“intelligents” saw themselves as the only group truly committed to theimprovement of public welfare.

Putin belongs to a very extensive but completely politically untrans-parent [sic], unseen, unrepresented layer of people who after theend of the 1980s were looking for [a] revanche in connection withthe fall of the Soviet Union.

Putinmeans the politically and socially active segment of society—the peoplewith a vested interest in how the state is structured and functions.

Historyrecruited them to carry out a special operation for the resurrectionof our Great Power [Derzhava], because there has to be balance inthe world,

are viewed as the central elements in the Russian state apparatusor bureaucracy. In Russia, they are collectively known as the silovyyestruktury, the “force” or the “power structures”—which could be ren-dered in English as the “power ministries.” Russians, like Vladimir Putin,whose careers originated in these ministries, are commonly known as thesiloviki. In the KGB/FSB, many individuals have cultivated a myth aboutthemselves and their institution as being the ultimate Russian patriotsand proponents of a strong state.

The twist in Russia is that whileMother Russia must be protected, she does not necessarily protect herown citizens. In Russia, the state is primary

Agosudarstvennik, a person who believes that Russia must be and musthave a strong state, has a particular resonance in Russia. It does notimply someone who engages in politics.

Putin promised to restore that role. He declared himself to bea gosudarstvennik, a builder of the state, a servant of the state.

One of Putin’s main points in his manifesto was that throughouthistory, the Russian state lost its status when its people were divided,when Russians lost sight of the common values that united them anddistinguished them from all others. Since the fall of communism, Putinasserted, Russians had embraced personal rights and freedoms, freedomof personal expression, freedom to travel abroad. These universal valueswere fine, but they were not “Russian.”

Putin sees himself as someone who belongs to a large cohort of peopledemanding the restoration of the state.

The first key to Vladimir Putin’s personality is his view of himself as aman of the state,

Most of the Russiandomestic and foreign policy priorities that Putin would adopt when hebecame president were already identified by the Russian political elitein the same period.

If we had been allowed in, that decision never would have been made.We never would have agreed to that type of interference in the internal affairs of another country.That sort of behavior simply cannot be justified, even for so-called humanitarian reasons.

. From our perspective, itwould change for the better, and from theirs, possibly for the worse

In sum, I don't see any reason why cooperation between Russia and NATO shouldn't developfurther; but I repeat that it will happen only if Russia is treated as an equal partner

We can consider it, but not at this moment. It's a question of what kind of NATO we're talkingabout.

Many have forgotten, by the way, that when NATO was created at the end of the 1940s, the SovietUnion indicated its intention to enter this bloc. But we weren't let in.

They are trying to change it or supplant it for example, with decisions from NATO. We mustnot agree to that

President Kravchuk’s immediate priority was state building. Under his stewardship, Ukraine quickly established its armed forces and the infrastructure of an independent state. Citizenship was extended to the people of Ukraine on an inclusive (rather than ethnic or linguistic) basis. Ukraine received widespread international recognition and developed its diplomatic service. A pro-Western foreign policy was instituted, and official pronouncements stressed that Ukraine was a “European” rather than a “Eurasian” country. The state symbols and national anthem of the post-World War I Ukrainian National Republic were reinstituted. Yet at the same time that independent Ukraine was acquiring the attributes of statehood, it faced a number of contentious issues that severely strained the fledgling country: the nature of its participation in the CIS, nuclear disarmament, the status of Crimea, and control of the Black Sea Fleet and its port city of Sevastopol. While inflaming passions on both sides of the border, these issues also helped to define Ukraine’s new relationship with Russia.

made some important steps in the process of democratization, and established itself as a member in good standing of the international community.

Ukraine also had withstood political pressure from Moscow to reconsider its course toward independence and enter into a restructured Soviet Union.

In the summer of 1993 the government pulled out of the ruble zone, effectively reducing Russian influence over many of the former Soviet republics.

positively invariant

backward bifurcation

OR

This resulted in many difficulties for our simulations, so wecircumvented the problem by using semi-stochastic approxima-tions to the model treating W as a continuous variable (Xiao et al.,2006)

he population is assumed to belarge enough to be modeled deterministically

We also assume thatthere are no fast progressors, i.e. individuals who immediately be-come hard drug users after an initiation.

pizza

While we were developing common sense, she studied theblade

when defining a subclass

import

What is a wrapper class for a primitive type?

s between primitive types and reference types?

“Please, go!” I scream, even as the security guard tackles me tothe ground. From the blackness of the oor, I see them all, faintlyluminous, moving about in their husks. But they remain. Theydon’t move, they never mov

hat night, after my son is in bed, my husband reaches his handacross the couch and slides it up my leg

“He is not a bad man, and that, I realize suddenly, is the root of my hurt,” the narrator says. “He is not a bad man at all. To describe him as evil or wicked or corrupted would be a deep disservice to him. And yet — ”

How can a practice like the husband stitch be warned against if there’s no official discussion of it, no record of it, no language around it, nothing to point at, to teach?

Oh, she saidto herself, I did not know. The songs all along had been beloved. Thewhole club pressed against her and she thought of Little Touch; hereyes traveled to all the places she was kissed, places all over theworld

The ideal thing to watch as you held a baby having an hour-longseizure was the Hallmark Channel, which had just begun to roll outits holiday programming.

She could try to pray. She could put on a white nightgown, kneeldown, and fold her hands—though she doubted that her cries wouldbe heard, considering how recently she had written in the portal thatjesus was a thot and a hoe.

Her cousin, born the odd year before her, was autistic, at a timewhen they still blamed refrigerator mothers. Before he got toostrong and was sent away, her aunt had built for him in the basementof her mansion a miniature kitchen. It was thought, somehow, thatthis bright and well-ordered corner of verisimilitude would help himbreak into real life.

Everyone was making fun of it, but then it wassaid to be designed for autistic people, and then no one made fun ofit anymore, but made fun of the people who were making fun of itpreviously.

These changes meant lenders had to incorporate new aspects of the program in their origination process, which created some delays in underwriting. The changes also introduced new operational elements that required time to incorporate.

n comparison, the average PPP loan was just $101,000, suggesting that Main Street succeeded in targeting firms that were too large for the PPP but too small to access the bond market.

Much of this borrowing reflected firms drawing against their credit lines with banks. Larger firms were most able to increase their borrowing in this way. Most corporate firms have committed lines from a bank for working capital and to back their commerical paper. Those firms switch betweeen bank and public debt according to which is cheaper; they are not very bank dependent because they have alternatives. In contrast, more detailed, firm-level data suggested at the time that some of the credit needs of smaller firms might be going unmet, despite the surge in total credi

Instead, manufacturers wrung a bit more out of their existing processes. They ran plants at nearly 100-percent capacity and restarted idled machinery. Some streamlined their product offerings, reducing machine downtime and, in particular, shifting to large-roll products that could get more paper to households without costly changes to machinery.

LIQUOR * GIRLS * DANCING * CLEAN ROOMS * CHEAP EATS * RIFLE RANGE * READYOUR FORTUNE * MONEY TO LOAN *BURLESQUE * 4 SHOWS DAILY * PENNYARCADE * BEDS * BAR * FOLLIES THEATER * COCKTAILS 15¢ * WE BUY SELL &TRADE * DIAMONDS * BEER * MORE FOR LESS * GAYETY THEATER * STAR THEATER

it would be likeclimbing back into a vice.

mydishonor stiff between us like a sword.

Buddy, you oughtta look at them down there:milling around, going nowhere,nowhere to go, no one telling them.’

He dreamt of a giant staircase made of sleeping platforms, each covered inheavy bedding, each holding people too large for the space. Their feet hangin the faces of those below; their blankets spill down; there is rancor,disagreement. Then it all pulls away and we see the stair is open, withoutbanisters, and is hundreds of feet high, going up – and down – as far as theeye can see.

He’d sleep out on the roof, these nights,and stare at this citythat’s too big to measure,has too many windows to watch.

I think of her all the time, back on the island. Wonder what she’s doing. Keep a piece of oakthat I carved at work, worked into a heart. Maybe I’ll send it to her.

My friend shakes his head. ‘Some guy.’

The point is that anybody can do it. You just have to want to. It’s justabout money. It’s not about good honest people like you or about whetherus Chicanos or Asians get a bum rap or whether third world countriesdeserve dictators or whether we should make the world safe for democracy.It’s about selling things: Reebok, Pepsi, Chevrolet, AllState, Pampers, PolloLoco, Levis, Fritos, Larry Parker Esq., Tide, Raid, the Pillsbury Doughboy,and Famous Amos.

Every morning, she swept this mound of dead and wiggling things tothe door and off the side of the veranda and into the dark green undergrowthwith the same flourish. Occasionally, there was more of one species or theother, but each somehow always made its way back into the house. Theiguana, the crab, and the mouse, for example, were always there.Sometimes they were dead; sometimes they were alive. As for the scorpion,it was always dead, but the snake was always alive. On some days, itseemed to twirl before her broom communicating a kind of dance thatseemed to send a visceral message up the broom to her fingertips. Therewas no explanation for any of it. It made no difference if she closed thedoors and shutters at the first sign of dusk or if she left the houseunoccupied and tightly shut for several days. Every morning when thehouse was thrown open to the sunlight, she knew that she and the boy hadnot slept alone that night. Hummingbirds and parakeet

I tried to stand on ptoeto get a beer look,

She likes to feel sorry for them having tolive in a city, having to put up with rudeness and pollution. She wouldlike to widen the horizons of these children doomed to become sensible,middle-class people, at once servile and authoritarian. Doomed to becowards

I’m not a doormat, a slavecontent to clean up the shit and puke of little brats. Only black women dowork like that now.’

She looks at the child’s pale face and apologises for her negligence.‘My little one, my angel, my sweet.’ She cuddles her, covers her withkisses, holds her tight against her chest.

She starts scrubbing the lamp, holding it with such forcethat she almost rips it off the ceiling

Of those in the lowest quintile in 1974, 68.7percent were still in the lowest quintile one year later and fully 90.8 percent werein the two lowest quintiles.16 Thus, while there is mobility out of the lowest quintilein one year, it is small and movement was not very far.

50 percent of the total increasein inequality for men and 23 percent of the change for females

Increases in inequality duringthe 1990s, therefore, do not reflect further increases in the experience premiumfor men

"experience pre-mium" increased for both males and females in the 1970s.

During this period, inequality between education groupswas reducing overall income inequality,

earnings gap between blacks and non-blacks narrowed from more than 40 percentin the early 1960s to less than 15 percent in 1975, but progress ceased after thispoint

ne striking point about Figure 3 is that the back-to-back recessions in theearly 1980s do not particularly show up as periods where inequality is growingmore rapidly. Inequality has increased both in years when unemployment wasrising and when it was falling. Moreover, unemployment levels by the mid-1990sare comparable to those in the late 1980s and the late 1970s—yet inequality issubstantially higher now than it was then.

Changes in the demographic composition of the population, such as the increasein female-headed households, are also partially responsible for the rise in povertyrates.

operating in markets that other large food retailers tended to avoid.

From the womb-like safety of our house, all of this seemed unreal.The impasse was as sleepy as ever. At siesta-time you could hear thebirds chirruping in the branches, a breeze stirred the leaves and thevenerable rubber fig trees offered welcome shade. Nothing hadchanged. We carried on playing and exploring. The heavy rains wereback. The vegetation was lush and verdant once more. The treesbowed under the weight of ripe fruit, and the river flowed full.

scolopendrawas crawling along the middle of the room. “Piece of filth!” Papashouted, crushing the giant centipede.

My home? But that was here. Yes, I was the son of a Rwandanwoman, but my reality was Burundi, the French school, Kinanira, ourstreet.

He was half-Rwandan like me, but secretly I envied himbecause he spoke fluent Kinyarwanda and knew exactly who he was.

You look like a street urchin.

Mamie berated Maman for not speaking to us in Kinyarwanda. Shebelieved that the language would allow us to hold onto our identity,despite living in exile, otherwise we would never become goodBanyarwandas (“those who come from Rwanda”). Maman didn’t buythose arguments: in her eyes we were white kids, with skin the colorof pale caramel, but white all the same. Whenever we spoke a fewwords of Kinyarwanda, she immediately made fun of our accent.

Maman wouldfire back that her children were French kids, and it was pointlessboring us with their Rwandan stories.

The stars of Maman’s youthrubbed shoulders with those of Pacifique’s: France Gall betweenMichael Jackson and Jean-Pierre Papin; a photo of Pope Jean-PaulII visiting Burundi encroaching on one of Tina Turner’s legs and JimiHendrix’s guitar; a Kenyan toothpaste advert covering a poster ofJames Dean.

he RPF didn’t care about his diplomas. As far as theywere concerned, he was just another soldier. He died there, one ofthe brave, for a country he didn’t know, where he had never set footbefore.

He worshippedthe French crooners we heard constantly on the radio, singing aboutlove, or sadness, or sadness in love

While the farmer was still talking,Innocent walked toward me, grabbed the bike, and loaded it into theback of the pick-up. His irritation was apparent as he coldly advisedthe family to confront the person responsible for their misfortune,currently to be found in prison in Cibitoke

I’d never really learned Kirundi, because everybodyspoke French in Buja. Donatien was from Kivu in Zaire, and theZaireans from Kivu often speak only Swahili or classic Sorbonne-style French.

As you know, the money I paid for yourtreatment will be docked from next month’s wages,” said Papa,matter-of-factly.

Maman never wastedwords on restaurant staff, she sent telegrams instead. Waiters didn’twarrant the benefit of verbs.

Not a day goes by withoutthe country calling to me. A secret sound, a scent on the breeze, acertain afternoon light, a gesture, sometimes silence is enough tostir my childhood memories.

But the fact is, you’re a lie.

The contexts areoflc.::n alien. particularly to marginaJjzed groups, because ofthe predomjnance of dead whhe male perspectives;