Interesting point about the future of work...a more collaborative approach could potentially have other benefits

Premise # 2

Here come the premises!

Ouch

So...we don't have more time, but we do have more things

Rebuttal...

Here comes a counterargument....or refutation...

Do we still hold this view in some way? Is work "good for you"?

Here he's bringing in two more heavyweights in the world of political/economic thought (Jefferson and Marx)

Here Bregman outlines Keynes' conclusion - but doesn't elaborate on why this will be a "challenge" - why do you think this is so?

Note how he is using form here: the one-sentence paragraph. How might this be appealing to readers?

Already introduced as "the greatest economist of the 20th century" in the previous paragraph, here is some more info on Keynes.

Giving some crucial background here about the conclusion Keynes came up with.

This is why you must quit - monopolies are getting too powerful.

This "network effect" he describes is a rebuttal...

Here he outlines the benefits....the refutation to his argument.

Social media is politically nonpartisan but ALWAYS appeals to our base natures.

Here he is looking at the relative connotations of the term "engagement" vs."addition". If we change the wording, perhaps people will better understand what is at stake?

Behaviorism is a blunt instrument that does not foster these qualities in individuals.

Regardless of the research, negative feedback sells more advertising dollars.

Here he defines "social emotions" that could potentially be evoked through our exposure and interaction with social media.

After addressing the mechanics of how behavior modification works, Lanier turns his sights to a second premise: "social pressure"

A mix of positive and negative feedback leaves you in a pattern-seeking abyss.

Lanier loves a corny joke!

Strong line

He is spending a lot of time to define this term and bolster the premise here that Behavior modification is why social media is destroying our collective free will.

Why does he switch from "we" to "you"?

Read the following two quotes with this in mind: why did Lanier choose to include them? What are they doing for his argument?

Main argument

Here is a quick video on B.F. Skinner and his influence:

https://youtu.be/YIEt6TrjJXw

What is he doing here? What rhetorical device is this?

Here is is defining "advertising" as opposed to "direct manipulation" - they are not the same thing.

"Priming" refers to a psychological principle) whereby exposure to one form of stimuli leads to an unintentional and/or subconscious action (i.e., I see a commercial for pizza and decide to go out for pizza later that day).

Mass data allows for machines to detect patterns and thus...predict behavior.

Vivid image - use of pathos.

What does he mean by "engineered" in this context?

Here he is referring to the Amazon Echo or similar

"The Cage" (as we shall see in the next paragraph) is a metaphor for the smartphone

May mean a boarder under the king's protection or may refer to an obligation to provide the king food and drink (if one defaults on this obligation, he is to pay 20 shillings).

A “grinding slave” was presumably one whose job it was to prepare meal from grain; she had a higher status than a simple house slave , but a lower status than the king’s own slaves.

Ah, this is just lovely.

Here he is going to detail the life of St. Anselm, an Italian Benedictine monk, who would become the archbishop of Canterbury from 1093 to 1109.

Eadmer was "was an English historian, theologian, and ecclesiastic."

This was a quite popular form of medieval literature.

Grosseteste "was an English statesman, scholastic philosopher, theologian, scientist and Bishop of Lincoln."

Curious as to how this whole thing resolved? Here is an excerpt from this source:

"...despite being put under considerable pressure, Margery (who was staying with her family while Richard was on the run) consistently attested that vows had indeed been exchanged. While the issue of whether the marriage had been consummated was an issue to the family, ultimately the issue of the vows that had been spoken was of paramount legal importance. As a consequence of Margery's consistent testimony the bishop finally upheld the marriage."

Here he is referencing Marjory's mother - who he works for.

What would a love letter be without a little hyperbole?

The Paston Letters are significant as they provide both a uniquely candid and detailed insight into the life of this family, who while being a member of the landed gentry (and far from common) were not aristocrats. For more information see: Paston Letters

She is well known from this collection of letters for her refusal to marry a succession of men her family pushed upon her. Eventually, she does marry Sir Robert Poynings.

Also called Athena in Greek pantheon - the goddess of wisdom and warfare.

Reference to the Egyptian goddess Isis, though she is not exactly an equivalent to Ceres (she was associated with other functions in addition to safeguarding the harvest).

Here, in many ways, is the crux of many feminist arguments of Pisan's day - it is utterly ridiculous to think of women as "lesser" beings because they are the sources of life (Eve), redemption (Mary) and sustenance (Ceres). In many ways, they are thus the cornerstones of culture and human betterment.

This is a reference to the goddess of the harvest, Ceres )(know as Demester in the Greek pantheon); her name comes from the Indo-European root meaning "to satiate, to feed", which is also the root for Latin crescere "to grow" and through it, the English words create and increase. And of course, cereal. Yum.

Here, she is referencing Thomas de Pisan, a native of Venice who would become Charles V's court astrologer/doctor.

She was a well-known law professor as was her sister, Bettina.

This is a key theological point: if Eve had not set the wheels in motion...humanity would never have needed to be redeemed and so Christ would not have been visited upon earth to proclaim his teachings and sacrifice himself for the good of mankind. Amelia Lanyar will take up a similar argument elsewhere in this textbook...

This reminds me of Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Herland (1915). I highly recommend!

This is very true and was persistent; see: Gender Relations from this textbook for examples from English writers (several centuries later).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhCEOr8yUZY

She is referring to this author and his antifeminist work (he argued that marriage made men's lives miserable).

Pizan's most famous work was a response to Roman de la Rose, which was controversial for its sensual langugae. Pizan here creates a "city of ladies" - prominent women throughout the ages whose worth to society is self-evident. She also advocates for comprehensive education of young women and girls.

You can hear it in the original French here.

Well-known author and proto-feminist; de Pizan was a moralist and philosopher who wrote scathing social commentary in addition to ballads.

Here are two of them (they have a fascinating history - definitely worth further investigation):

i.e., greed

How long must widowers mourn?

How do you interpret the word "bound" in this context?

I think even he knew he went too far in the previous sentence...this is a convenient addendum.

Like a pick-axe: "an agricultural tool shaped like a pickax, with an adze and a chisel edge as the ends of the head."

"property inherited from one's father or male ancestor"

We can witness this in the laws above - nuns were often targeted and generally were quite vulnerable as they lived in isolation and were ill-equipped to fend off individual attacks let alone invading forces.

Also called "Andrew the Chaplain" is most famous for this work (called De Amore in the original Latin) which - contrary to this title - is a rather cynical take on love.

These are called "marriage banns" and were put in place so that the community could "object" if they knew of any reason why the couple could not be married.

"children of unbelief" refers to the inhabitants of Sodom and Gomorrah, whose destruction is told in Genesis 19.

This was a meeting of Church leadership to define rules and regulations for the Christian world; two major decisions were made: trasnsubstatiation was defined and Jews/Muslims living in Christian lands were compelled to dress distinctively from their Christian neighbors.

This is quite progressive (especially in comparison to Cnut's laws).

"a tribute paid to a lord out of the belongings of a tenant who died, often consisting of a live animal or, originally, military equipment that he had been lent during his lifetime."

Presumably, if there is some doubt, as opposed to getting caught in flagrante.

hey, hey! What happened to the Wergild?

"Wergild" is man-price or "blood-money" - a restitution paid to the victim's family or owner of the stolen property.

Cnut the Great (995-1035) was king of the "North Sea Empire" (England, Norway and Denmark), and has been recorded by at least one historian as "the most effective in Anglo-Saxon history".

...as you do...

So, after kidnapping, he is allowed to "buy" consent for the marriage.

"the term morning gift refers to an old custom in which the husband would give a present to his wife the morning after the marriage was consummated."

This was the generic term for an unmarried virgin at the time (it does not relate to lady-in-waiting or maid-servant necessarily).

This sounds rather broad...

"Freemen" were peasant who owned their own land - usually very small portions that allowed for them to subsistence farm independent from overlords.

"A sceat was a small, thick silver coin minted in England, Frisia and Jutland during the Anglo-Saxon period."

According to this helpful source, 50 shillings would have bought you a helmet during these times (and is roughly eqivalent to 5,000 Pounds Sterling in today's money).

Aethelberht (550-614) was an Anglo-Saxon king and was the first British ruler to convert to Christianity. The influence of Roman/Latin culture compelled him to be the first king to write down any laws - so the following is an excerpt of the earliest written code in any Germanic language.

There are two striking images here - that of a rose which has "failed" and withered and a pearl whose very existence began with the closing of its "coffin" (or clam shell).

She is the "pearl" and he, as her father, is the "jeweler" - how do you interpret this metaphor?

She is in heaven where no "sin" can "enter".

"equipped, dressed, arrayed"

He is wondering what to say so that she might stay a little while..how he can use his "voice" to "forestall" her departure.

He recognizes her very expression.

This is one of the most striking images of the poem and was immortalized (in minature illustration) in the Cotton manuscript itself:

What is he referring to here as "her"?

Strong line (and lovely example of alliteration).

A mineral (the green variety, emerald, is the most highly prized of its type):

"Essay" being used here in its original French meaning of "attempt" or "try" (from which we draw the composition genre)

"An archaic musical instrument whose exact form is uncertain, generally shown with four strings."

tree trunks

Here, the narrator has fallen asleep in his garden (his dream vision will begin in the next part).

Note that "corn" (as we know it) is not brought to Europe until the discovery of the Americas. Here, "corn" is actually another term for wheat.

I am reminded here of the cycles of birth and rebirth in the eastern Buddhist tradition...

What is he referring to here?

truthfully

i.e. "make" - "make my sorrow go away/flee"

This scene has been the subject of a lot of artistic interpretation; for example:

This is a key point - there were A LOT of vacant lands in the years after the plague - one of the proposals was for this vacant land to become "communal property" among the common folk.

Wat Tyler (Walter the Tiler) was the leader of the revolt.

Also known as Richard of Bordeaux; he succeeded his grandfather (Edward III) at the age of 10. While modern historians no longer regard him as "insane" he likely suffered from a mood disorder and is remembered for the last two tyrannical years of his reign before being disposed and starved to death in captivity.

He is arguing for dissolution of the social/economic classes here.

Note these descriptions as you read Canterbury Tales (coming up!)

Sounds like an age-old argument...here's David Cameron's campaign tagline from 2010:

A person who shoes horses.

Said to have been written by John Ball.

A travelling preacher) who insisted on social equality and was a English Lollard priest.

Even during the plague, the English and Scots managed to wage war against each other. The hate is real.

Note that the "s" here stands for shilling; "d" for pence. You can find out more about medieval currency here.

Basically, so many are dying so quickly that it is impossible for them to confess before they die - here the pope gives special dispensation that everyone is "sinless" at the point of death to ensure they go to heaven.

Salty.

Here is an animated map of the spread across the Mediterranean.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EEK6c9Bh5CQ

"Vulgar" meaning "common" - likely referring to English here when he says "vulgar tongue" or else to Vulgar Latin.

Medieval bishop and chancellor of Oxford university.

A European unit of measurement; in England, it was roughly the equivalent of 1 league = 3 miles.

"Edward the Black Prince" was remembered as one of the most chivalrous and worthy knights of his age. He would not live long enough to succeed his father, Edward III, as king and so his son (Richard II) would inherit the throne.

This is quite the enduring image.

A medieval author and court historian; his recollections (as here) of the 100 Years' War are among the best records we have of this time period.

This is a rather complicated war (that lasted over a hundred years and forever changed the face of Europe); here is a brief explanatory video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGn3QEQU6Nc

A famous military corps in the middle ages that regularly acted as mercenaries for other European nations - famous for their crossbow:

According to hagiography, he was Bishop of Paris and is today known as the patron saint of France.

"make a military observation of (a region)."

It wouldn't be until 1322 that England was back to its former standing.

In astrology, Saturn is associated with challenges and difficulties; to this day, astrologers document the patterns of Saturn to anticipate major challenges or changes in one's life (i.e., Saturn return).

It may have gone even farther...there were reports of cannibalism during this time.

It is worth noting that the 11-13th centuries were times of widespread prosperity throughout all of western Europe. The official "end" is documented here - this famine was just as widespread.

Now known historically as the "Great Flood and Famine of 1315-1317".

While we now know many explained natural disasters (in previous eras) on the capriciousness of gods, a recent study suggests that gods were invented in the first place as a result of widespread famines/floods (which would explain the "great flood" motif in world mythology).

A sign/warning of oncoming calamity (something bad is about to happen...)

food provisions

The history of the English (and later Great British) parliament is an interesting one - it was one of the only bodies of its kind in Europe during this time and its power would eventually supercede (and, as a result, restrict) the power of the monarchy.

The poem itself - mirroring its subject matter - seems to trail off in decay...

The "xxx" below indicate lines that were lost.

are gone

Yet another translation for "wyrd" - "fate" or "destiny" or "happenings".

These difficult lines have been read as a particular reflection, imagining the mental state of her distant beloved, or as a general reflection on the double-faced nature of the world.

Or even "earthen barrow" or "earthen grave"

hatred

"live here" - or "live in a (pagan) shrine"

also translated as "my exile"

"make this song"

Better translation: One can easily split/ What was never united/ The song of the two of us.

"puppy" or "cub"

troops

i.e.,"devour" "kill"

Interestingly, the Old English "lac" can also mean "battle"

The name means either "beloved" or "wild beast" and nothing else is known of this character.

King of the Goths who died around 375; in legend, he is the uncle of Theodoric and had a reputation for incredible cruelty.

"wolfish wit"

"Many knew that" - Theodoric was king of the Ostrogoths and ruled from 493-526. He would become the legendary Dietrich von Berne.

Actually, we know nothing of Maethhild.

In the world of legend, it turns out better than you might expect: she is reconciled with Wayland and their child, Widia became famous as one of Dietrick von Berne's warriors in the Norse Thidreskssaga.

The old English line is almost passive: "it passed away with respect to that; so may it with respect to this."

Wayland the Smith was the famous smith of Northern legend; his story is told in the Volundarkvida, the Edda and Thidrekssaga; King Nithhad (also mentioned here) is so greedy for Wayland's work that he cuts the smith's hamstrings to prevent his escape. In revenge (as we read in the next stanza) Wayland kills the king's sons, fashioning a bowls out of their skulls and presents this to the king. He then rapes and impregnates the king's daughter before escaping by means of a flying coat made of feathers.

Meaning either "by sorrow" or "by worms" or "by hindrances" (translators cannot agree).

The final lines shift in tone - it seems that the poem is actually a sermon of sorts (that is, the voice of a preacher rather than a seafaring narrator).

Or "full of fire". Translators note that there may be something missing here as it makes little sense.

sturdy foundations

tremble

Another kenning meaning "posterity"

"that which is best for someone or something."

At this point, the sea voyage is revealed to be a journey of spiritual discovery, as in the Hiberno-Latin Voyage of St. Brendan. Irish monks often boarded small boats, trusting in God to safely land them somewhere - some reached Iceland or farther afield. Many likely died in this attempt.

Love this kenning; the idea is that a thought "flies out" from one's subconscious mind, or their truest self.

The disjunction between what has come before and what comes after this line is so great that it has been proposed that a second speaker is introduced here (there are no quotation marks in the manuscript that could clarify).

"There" is the word "forpon" which points both forwards and backwards (meaning "therefore" or "because"); this creates difficulties for translators who are attempting to correctly translate the progression of events).

"the high seas"

A half-line may be missing here. There is no break in the manuscript or the sense of the poem, but the line has only two stresses instead of the expected four.

"Pinched cold"

"Hard heartache"

stability

"keeps his word/faith" - these last lines offer an answer to the Wanderer's unresolved melancholy--the wisdom of self-control and the hope of Christian salvation.

Could also mean "the one who was wise in his mind"

Ruined buildings are called "the work of giants" (enta geweorc) in several places in Old English literature.

topple

"why my spirit should not grow dark"

Translators consider this to be an intense and "hallucinatory" scene whose meaning is not entirely clear.

The Old English "ponne maga gemynd mod geondhweorfeo" could also mean "when the mind surveys the memory of kinsmen."

What might this term mean in the context of "waves"? How does it relate to the speaker's condition?

a "winter-bound spirit"

i.e., "gold giving friend"

Again, the term here is wyrd (see above note for definition).