10,886 Matching Annotations
  1. Dec 2023
    1. CaCO(s)⟶CaO(s)+

      i don't think this reaction can be balanced. I also don't think CaCO is a thing.

      If the chemical is meant to be CaCO3, the equation makes much more sense.

  2. Nov 2023
    1. A surface integral is similar to a line integral, except the integration is done over a surface rather than a path.

      CRITICAL

      1. Are you satisfied with your present salary? How do you handle interpersonal relationships?
      1. You can sleep naturally
    1. 4.Yes, I like to have a job like Andy's. Because I can control myself time.

    2. 3.to model an interview for English Language students. Practice listening and imitate tone of voice.

    3. 2,ESL students. for listering English

      1. an interview. Because a journalst asking Andy, and Andy answer her.
    1. 6.3. Distribution of sample mean \(p\) for Bernoulli RV.

      1. Sample n points and construct new Binomial RV \(Y = X_1 + \cdots + X_n\). Note \(Y \sim Binomial(p,n)\) with \(\mu = np,\sigma = np(1-p)\).
      2. \(Y\) can be approximated by \(N(np,npq)\) if \(\mu \pm 3\sigma \in (0,n)\), see Wikipedia.
      3. Hence \(Y/n\) ca be approximated by \(N(p,pq/n)\), if \(\mu\pm 3\sigma \in (0,n)\) or \(p \pm 3\sqrt{pq/n} \in (0,1)\).
      4. sample mean \(\hat{p} = \mu_X = \mu_{\bar{X}} = E(\bar{X})\) is
    1. 1.1. BASICS

      1. Population and Sample: Whole set and subset.
      2. Parameter and statistic: Numeric property of Population and Sample respectively.
      3. Descriptive and Inferencial Statistics: Describe sample data and infer about population from sample data.
      4. Qualitative and Quantitive data: Non numeric and numeric.

      1.2. Three main tasks

      Assume "Random Sample" 1. Parameter Estimation. 2. Confidence Interval for Parameter 3. Hypothesis Testing

      2.1. Data Display:

      1. stem and leaf diagrams,
      2. frequency histograms,
      3. relative frequency histograms. (PMF or PDF)
      4. Commulitive frequency graph. (CDF)

      2.2. Measure of central tendancy

      1. Popupation Mean and sample mean
      2. Population Median and sample median
      3. Population mode and sample mode
      4. relation between mean and median gives skewness: left skewed vs right skewed

      2.3. Variability

      1. Range
      2. sample Variance and sample standard deviation. Note denominator.
      3. Population variance and standard deviation.

      2.4. Relative position

      1. Percentile: Pth percentile is $$F_X^{-1}\Big(\frac{P}{100}\Big)$$
      2. Quartile: Q1,Q2,Q3.
      3. Box plot: Also called five number sumarry $${ X_{min}, Q_1, Q_2, Q_3, X_{max} }$$
      4. IQR = Q3-Q1
      5. Z-score. for population and sample $$z(x) = \frac{x-\mu}{\sigma}$$ $$z(x) = \frac{x-\bar{x}}{s}$$

      2.5.1. The Empirical Rule: Assume Data have normal distribution. 1. approx 68% data is in \(\mu \pm \sigma\) 2. approx 95% data is in \(\mu \pm 2\sigma\) 3. approx 99.7% data is in \(\mu \pm 3\sigma\)

      2.5.2. Chebyshev's Theorem: For any distribution, at least \(1-\frac{1}{k^2}\) of the data is in \(\mu \pm k\sigma\)

    1. Romans also formalized instruction in rhetoric,

      so they formalized being obnoxious

    2. Romans both copied and resented the Greeks for the Greek mastery of words

      petty

    3. the Greeks of the Classical Era usually idealized the subjects of art, the Romans came to prefer more realistic and “honest” portrayals.

      and the differences emerge

    4. classical statues were recreated exactly by sculptors,

      prints

    5. one status symbol in Rome was to have a Greek slave who could tutor one’s children in the Greek language and Greek learning.

      wow

    6. admiration for Greek culture,

      but nothing else?

    1. During synaptic plasticity the number and shapes of dendritic spines undergo radical reorganizations. Long-term potentiation (LTP) induction promotes spine head enlargement and the formation and stabilization of new spines. Long-term depression (LTD) results in their shrinkage and retraction."

      very important. Here we see the difference in effect each process has in the body.

    2. he morphology of spines in developing neurons is affected by synaptic activity, hence contributing to the experience-dependent refinement of neuronal circuits, learning, and memory.

      relating to the idea of the role of dendtric spines in relation to learning and memory formation.

    3. "In a developing brain, spines exhibit a high degree of structural and functional plasticity, reflecting the formation and elimination of synapses during the maturation of neuronal circuits.

      speaking on the idea of the theory associated with his section.

    1. molecular absorption spectra

      of course because molecules are capable of experiencing all 4 types of transitions whereas for atoms it's only two

    1. Page formatting is broken in several places and makes the formulas unreadable.

    2. : \[\begin{aligned} \Naturals ~~&=~~ \text{the set of all \textbf{natural} numbers, i.e. the set of nonnegative integers: } 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, \ldots\ \[6pt] \Integers ~~&=~~ \text{the set of all integers: } 0, \pm 1, \pm 2, \pm 3, \pm 4, \ldots\ \[6pt] \Rationals ~~&=~~ \text{the set of all \textbf{rational} numbers $\frac{m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are integers, with $n \ne 0$}\ 6pt] \Reals ~~&=~~ \text{the set of all real numbers}\end{aligned} \nonumber

      HTML formatting is incorrect and renders the formula unusable. This is probably due to following the ":" symbol.

    3. : \[\begin{aligned} \text{instantaneous velocity at $t$} ~~&=~~ \text{limit of average velocity over $\ival{t}{t+\Delta t}$ as $\Delta t$ approaches to 0}\ \[6pt] &=~~ \lim_{\Delta t \to 0} ~\frac{\Delta s}{\Delta t}\ \[8pt] &=~~ \lim_{\Delta t \to 0} ~(-32t ~-~ 16\Delta t)\ \[6pt] &=~~ -32t - 16(0)\ 6pt] &=~~ -32t\end{aligned} \nonumber

      HTML formatting is incorrect and renders the formula unusable. This is probably due to following the ":" symbol.

    4. s(t)=−16t2+100s(t) = -16t^2 + 100: \[\begin{aligned} \dfrac{\Delta s}{\Delta t} ~~&=~~ \dfrac{s(t + \Delta t) ~-~ s(t)} {\Delta t}\ \[8pt] &=~~ \dfrac{-16(t+\Delta t)^2 ~+~ 100 ~-~ (-16t^2 ~+~ 100)}{\Delta t}\ \[8pt] &=~~ \dfrac{-16t^2 ~-~ 32t\Delta t ~-~ 16(\Delta t)^2 ~+~ 100 ~+~ 16t^2 ~-~ 100}{\Delta t}\ \[8pt] &=~~ \dfrac{-32t\Delta t ~-~ 16(\Delta t)^2}{\Delta t} ~~=~~ \dfrac{\cancel{\Delta t} \,(-32t ~-~

      HTML formatting is incorrect and renders the formula unusable. This is probably due to following the ":" symbol.

    1. It is the retinal molecule that changes its conformation when absorbing a photon, resulting in a conformational change of the surrounding protein and the proton pumping action.

      proton pumping action을 만들고 주변 단백질(bacteriorhodopsin)의 구조적 변화를 일으키는 것은 바로 retinal protein

    1. Structures F and G are achiral.

      The red star indicating a chiral carbon on structure F is wrong. The red star should instead be on structure E on the carbon that is attached to the chlorine atom.

    1. Milestones represent what most children can do by specific ages; however, it is important to remember that children do not achieve these milestones at the same exact ages—milestones only represent the average age at which they are achieved. If a child has not achieved specific milestones by a specific age, it does not necessarily suggest a delay or disability; however, there are specific ages where if certain milestones are not achieved, caregivers should encourage the child’s parents to commu

      ai

    1. We see the sky as blue during the day because violet and blue light scatter to a greater extent than other, longer wavelengths of light.

      The less longer Waveleght, the more efficiency the light

    1. Critical Point – the point in temperature and pressure on a phase diagram where the liquid and gaseous phases of a substance merge together into a single phase. Beyond the temperature of the critical point, the merged single phase is known as a supercritical fluid.

      Density of Vapor is great equal to density of liquid

    2. Vaporization (or condensation) curve

      Also shows vapor pressure

    3. resulting in a solid with a lower density than the liquid

      So ice floats on water

    1. The Pvap reaches a value that is equal to the atmospheric pressure (Patm). When these two pressures are equal the vapor bubbles quickly rise to the surface because they are less dense than the liquid itself and the liquid is said to be boiling.

      At boiling point atmospheric pressure equals vapour pressure

    1. Show that the altitude of an equilateral triangle divides it into two congruent right triangles

      test annotation

    1. How you sit is communicating to us. The things that you attach to yourself—a purse, a pen, a fancy car—all these things are communicating. How you look at others communicates

      Everything is a form of communication weather you know it or not

    2. example

      the importance of nonverbal communication this made me think about my childhood and how my mom would teach me how even through I didn’t mean to say something in a hurtful way that some other people might take it differently

    1. How to draw lewis structure of a molecules. Covalent bonds forms molecule. 1. Identity the types of reaction 2. Find the number of valance electrons with lone pair and draw it around symbols. 3. Share the electron so both side have octate configuration. 4. To check the correctness, sum the total number of electrons you draw and divided it by 2. The result should be the total number of bonds there including lone pair.

    1. How to draw Lewis dot structures (for Ionic compound) 1. Identify whether the reaction is going to Ionic or Covalent. Ionic reaction is going to occur between metal and non-metal. 2. Draw the valance electron (outermost electrons) around symbols. 3. Show the exchange of electrons by adding it from metal to non-metal to reach stable electronic configuration.

    1. hybridized

      Mixing of two orbits that may lead to form new type of orbit with different energy level, shape and size

    2. delocalized

      not confined to specific orbit; espic metal electrons, in electrons allows conductivity.

      • Functional group allows us to categorized vast compound on based of their properties and predict their characteristics. Properties that affect Chemical reactions
      • Steric : based on spital (space occupying) 3D arrangements. Affect one step reactions Electro Stastic : based on charge distribution. Affect 2 step reactions
    3. spatial

      Space occuping

    1. number rrr of leading entries of AAA

      The number of leading entries is the rank of the matrix. So this is also the number of nozero rows in the row-echelon form, right?

    2. A remarkable result of this section

      Why is this remarkable? We just saw that when there are free variables all solutions can found by selecting any values for the free variables we want and then calculating the remaining variables(s). That is a linear combination, no?

    1. cinematography.

      Cinematography is capturing the unique visual technique used by the cinematographer, which captures the impactful visual techniques such as the small things that contribute to the overall storytelling of the film. Such as the camera movements, lightning, framing, or shot compositions. It helps the overall vision that the director is striking for.

    1. Mise-en-Scène

      Mise-en-Scéne is the overall visual elements and arrangements that contribute to the overall film scene. It includes arrangements such as decorations, lighting and camera arrangements, costumes, makeup, etc. It is what makes up the overall significance and contribution of the film and helps give the specific look, vibe that the director is going for.

    1. explicit meaning, that is the obvious, directly expressed meaning of a work of art, be it a novel, painting or film, and implicit meaning, the deeper, essential meaning, suggested but not necessarily directly expressed by any one element.

      Whereas explicit is the obvious that the movie, film, painting, etc., directly shows you through through their visuals, or actions, implicit is the opposite, it instead is hidden and may have a deeper meaning or message to convey to the audience.

    2. Cinematic language – just like any other language – is an organic, constantly evolving shared form of communication.

      Cinematic language is like the "language" of movies. It's the way the movies talk to us (audience) by using different visuals. They use cinematic language in order to convey meaning to their films.

  3. Oct 2023
    1. The way cinema communicates is the product of many different tools and techniques, from production design to narrative structure to lighting, camera movement, sound design, performance and editing.

      Cinema is actually a motion of a couple images together that move fast, which is considered "the illusion of movement". All we see is one continuous movement when in reality, it's photographs flashing quick that trick our eyes to just see one movement.

    1. conocimiento.

      Problemas sobre el racionalismo: Podemos considerar que las escuelas que no pertenecen a la maxima casa de estudios asi como al IPN, su sistema es deficiente. En realidad, cada sistema como lo es conalep y bachilleres manejan diferentes sistemas de acuerdo a las necesidades de los alumnos ademas que dentro de las mismas sucursales de las esuclas varea la dinamica de enseñanza.

    1. Differentiate the potential contributing factors for drug misuse and abuse of commonly abused drugs.

      Factors contributing to drug misuse and abuse include genetic susceptibility, environmental influences such as peer pressure, and psychological factors like mental health issues. These factors often interact and may be compounded by early exposure, socioeconomic disadvantages, and the availability of drugs. Prevention and treatment should address this multifaceted interplay to mitigate drug misuse and addiction.

    2. Describe the desired and adverse effects of commonly abused drugs

      Commonly Abused Drugs:

      Alcohol: Euphoria, liver damage, addiction. Tobacco/Nicotine: Relaxation, addiction, health risks. Prescription Medications: Varied effects. Cannabis: Euphoria, memory issues, mental health risks. Cocaine: Euphoria, heart problems, addiction.

    3. Identify the specific types of drugs which are commonly misused and abused

      Alcohol Tobacco/Nicotine Prescription Medications Illicit Drugs

    1. Certain drugs, including opioids and alcohol, cause strong physical reactions in the body when drug use stops.

      withdraw

    2. Differentiate the actions of drugs of abuse in terms of their neurotransmitter effects, neuroanatomy of action, and abuse potential

      Drugs of Abuse: Neurotransmitter Effects: Stimulants: Boost dopamine. Depressants: Enhance GABA. Opioids: Bind to opioid receptors. Hallucinogens: Disrupt serotonin. Abuse Potential: Stimulants: High. Depressants: Moderate to high. Opioids: High. Hallucinogens: Lower.

    3. Describe the neural mechanisms of addiction, including the role of key neurotransmitters (dopamine & endorphins), brain structures & circuits, and genetics

      Addiction's Neural Mechanisms: Dopamine and endorphins are neurotransmitters that cause addiction by providing pleasure and reinforcement. Key brain structures include the mesolimbic pathway, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Addiction vulnerability is influenced by genetic variables that influence neurotransmitter function and drug metabolism.

    4. Define addiction (substance use disorder) in terms of changes in behavior, emotion, and cognition.

      Substance Use Disorder (Addiction): Compulsion, loss of control, and yearning are all symptoms of compulsive usage. Emotions include mood swings, anxiety, and anhedonia. Decision-making and memory are impaired. Addiction is a chronic illness caused by changes in the brain's reward and control systems caused by drug use.

    1. inhalation (i.e., smoking or gaseous anesthesia) and intravenous (IV) in which the drug is injected directly into the vein and hence the blood supply.

      Two of the most rapid routes of administration

    2. A - Administration and Absorption (how the drug gets into the blood), D - Distribution (how the drug gets to the organ of interest – in this case, the brain), M - Metabolism (how the drug is broken down so it no longer exerts its psychoactive effects), and E - Elimination (how the drug leaves the body).

      acronym ADME

    3. Pharmacokinetics refers to how the body processes drugs as they enter the body.

      definition of Pharmacokinetics

    4. Differentiate the major structures of the mesolimbic, "reward" pathway and the role of dopamine in its function.

      Dopamine and the Mesolimbic "Reward" Pathway: VTA, NAc, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala are important regions. Dopamine's functions include pleasure, reinforcement, and motivation. Addiction and mood disorders are potential consequences.

    5. Describe the key elements of pharmacodynamics, particularly drug effects on steps of synaptic transmission and major neural circuitry

      Pharmacodynamics: It's about how drugs affect the body by changing neurotransmitter activity, influencing neural systems and functions. Understanding this helps predict drug effects and therapeutic use.

    6. Compare and contrast the various drug administration methods in terms of potency, latency of action, and abuse potential.

      Oral: Slower, lower abuse potential. IV/Inhalation: Faster, higher abuse potential. Other Routes: Varying characteristics.

    7. Describe the key elements of pharmacokinetics and their relationship to drug action.

      Pharmacokinetics primarily deals with four major characteristics of drug action: Absorption: The process by which a medication enters the body. Distribution refers to how the medicine travels throughout the body. Metabolism is the process by which the body transforms the medication. Elimination: The process by which the medication is removed from the body. These processes have an impact on a drug's efficacy, longevity, and potential side effects.

    1. cannabis, ethanol, opioids, and stimulants such as nicotine, amphetamine, or cocaine.

      recreational drug examples

    2. For example, you may have been prescribed a drug to treat anxiety or depression or an opioid, drug such as codeine for pain (most likely in the form of Tylenol with added codeine). You may also use nonprescription psychoactive drugs, such as caffeine for mental alertness or cannabis (CBD or Marijuana) to treat pain or anxiety.

      real life example of how you have been prescribed psychoactive drugs before.

    3. Agonists are drugs that mimic or increase the activity of particular neurotransmitters. They might act by promoting the synthesis of the neurotransmitters, reducing their reuptake from synapses, or mimicking their action by binding to receptors for the neurotransmitters. Antagonists are drugs that decrease the activity of particular neurotransmitters. They might act by interfering with the synthesis of the neurotransmitters or by blocking their receptors so the neurotransmitters cannot bind to them.

      Agonists & Antagonists definition / how they act

    4. a drug changes the way you feel, think, or behave it is often doing so by acting on your brain and other parts of your nervous system. We call these psychoactive drugs,

      psychoactive drugs

    5. example, the pharmacological treatment of certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer's disease tells us something about the disease itself.

      example of pharmacological treatment

    6. Psychopharmacology is the study of how drugs affect how we think, feel, or behave most often through their actions on the nervous system.

      Defintion of Pychopharmacology

    7. Differentiate drug types based on their neurochemical effects on neurotransmission and behavioral impacts.

      Stimulants increase energy but can cause anxiety and addiction. Depressants: Cause relaxation, however there is a risk of dependence. Opioids: They relieve pain but have a high risk of addiction and overdose. Hallucinogens: These drugs alter perception and can result in unusual experiences. Antidepressants: Treat depression without causing euphoria or addiction. Antipsychotic medications are used to treat psychotic symptoms. Anxiolytics: Reduce anxiety, but long-term usage can lead to dependence.

    8. Explain the criteria for psychoactive drugs and the various types of classification systems.

      Psychoactive Drug Criteria: Psychoactive medicines influence brain function and are classed according to their legal status, method of action, therapeutic usage, chemical structure, dependence potential, and other factors. Classification Techniques: Various systems categorize psychoactive drugs based on these criteria, assisting in their organization and regulation.

    9. Describe the general principles of psychopharmacology.

      Neurochemical Effects: Drugs impact brain chemistry and neurotransmitters. Specific Targeting: Medications are designed to affect specific brain systems. Dosing and Side Effects: Finding the right dose range while managing side effects is vital. Individual Variability: People's responses to drugs can vary. Interactions and Ethics: Consider drug interactions and ethical considerations in treatment. Long-Term Impact: Assess potential long-term effects of medication use.

    10. cannabis, ethanol, opioids, and stimulants such as nicotine, amphetamine, or cocaine.

      recreational drug examples

    11. caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world

      fun fact about coffee and caffeine

    12. d, but you just need to remember that agonist drugs increase and antagonist drugs decrease whatever the typical effect is at a particular synapse,

      agonist increases levels, while antagonist decrease levels

    13. neurotransmitters across the synapse

      psychoactive drugs affect neurotransmitters and how we communicate

    14. the study of how drugs affect the brain and behavior, is a relatively new science, although people have probably been taking drugs to change how they feel from early in human history

      definition of psychopharmacology

    1. __________________________________________________________________
                                Short Term Goals
      
      1. I want to start eat more healthy this week
      2. I would like improve my Reading Comprehension this week
      3. I would like start walking every day at least 30 minutes at day . this week
      4. I want pay organize better the money so I can start save this month
      5. I want do more activities outdoor with my daughter next month
      6. I want to buy another phone , in 2 months
      7. I want to go next year to Colombia for vacation and visit my family
      8. I want to start collage Full time next year.

                               Midterm Goals
        
        1. I want to get better grades
        2. I want to dedicate more time for study
        3. I want to read more fast
        4. I want get approved my credits for this class
                         Long term Goals ,
          
          1. I want to be level College , So I can start the Pre requirements classes
          2. I Would like pass all the classes , and then go inside the Nursing program 3, I want to begin studying for an associate´s degree
          3. I would like Graduate in the nursing program with good grades
          4. I want to get a job in a hospital
                          Checkpoint Exercises
            
      9. I will study more this term

      10. Negative Attitude can prevent students from being successful in collage . Dont be a procrastine student . Lack of self-Confidence . Lack of motivation to study . The bad attitude . Lack of concentration

      3, I think that studying with two classmates, The first classmate with a bad attitude and another classmate with a good attitude, would be super difficult and stressful, because the student with the negative attitude would try to overshadow the group all the time with negative comments, it would be difficult to handle. I think I would definitely try to get each classmate to participate, and I would try to make us be a team, but it wouldn't be easy.

      1. For Juan : I think Juan should organize his time better, it is important to share time with his mother, but it is also important to attend classes, I think he should have a better structured schedule for classes, and dedicate more time to his mother, for example weekend

      For Becky : I think the thesis and the project with the community, are important to find a good job, I think she should give priority to both things, and know how to divide her time for both things.

      James: I think James should be clear about what the most important priority is, it is studying for his exams, it is important to go out and have fun, but the priority is studying right now.

      Sachito : Studying, working and being a mother is very difficult, because Sachito definitely does not have enough time for everything. I think she should continue and know how to organize her schedule with her daughter and her classes at the university.

      1. Things
      2. I cant get focus all the time for study 2, I am mother and wife so I cant seat down all day just for study 3, Is a goal for me study because everything is in another language , so for me is more hard , understand and answer ,
      3. The time, sometimes I feel is not enough for do all the things I have to do in the day
    1. Artificial intelligence

      Lots of people are getting false information from online services instead of picking up a book and reading.

    2. 4 billion people live without internet

      There are many people who don't have internet especially the older generation for one it might not fight their budget and another they don't use computers, tablets and phones that would need internet.

    1. I have a personal computer and/or smartphone with a data plan and internet access.

      Just about all cell phone services offer internet there are lots of students who use their phones for school.

    2. My high school prepared me for college-level research (example: citing sources, plagiarism, finding & evaluating sources

      There are great classes that are being offered in high school that can lead you into getting college credits.

    3. My college library hasn't had major budget cuts.

      Sometimes it is hard for people to attend college because of the cost. Some people don't have the knowledge they need to see if there are programs to help or financial aid.

    1. I thought you might be interested in how much the Los Rios Community College District pays for students to have access to the library's research databases and other library resources.

      Many people still use libraries to go study at and some might even use the internet and computers to research things.

    2. We are active users of technology - I am teaching and you are learning online

      The things being taught now in days are having to learn technology. The world is now using technology for just about everything.

    1. This chapter explores the themes of Indigeneity and migration as they affect social, cultural, and political intra-and-inter group dynamics among Chicanx and Indigenous Latinx communities native to the Americas and Indigenous to this hemisphere.

      Quote 1

    1. The educational system was historically created to sustain and perpetuate notions that equate whiteness and American as synonymous. For people of Mexican descent, the question of race has always been a complicated one. When the peace treaty that ended the U.S. invasion of Mexico was signed and the U.S. annexed ⅓ of Mexico, in exchange, Mexicans in the newly conquered territories were granted federal U.S. citizenship and racially categorized as white (Review Chapter 2: Identities). The racial re-designation of Mexicans under American colonization held no power in everyday life, especially in educational institutions as the practice of segregation of Mexican children is dated back to as early as the 1880s. Education is often perceived as a benevolent system and a gateway to social mobility, however, tracing it’s history allows us to see education as a site used to maintain racialized hierarchies and power. Figure 8.2.1 captures this sentiment today, reading, fight poverty not the poor. This is particularly significant for Latinx communities that continue to endure the historical legacy of colonization, white supremacy, racism, assimilation, xenophobia, and discrimination in schools.

      Whiteness and American are synonymous yet Mexicans who were classified as white were often not treated as Americans in Schools. Education when when used maliciously is a tool to keep groups of people down.

    1. here is a lot of information out there about media bias.

      There are several websites and things online that you can find information about media bias. Everyone will have an opinion,

    2. stuff going on in our own brains that influences the way we take in and interpret information. This is called confirmation bias.

      Everyone processes information in different ways. Some people may take notes some might highlight while other people might be able to grasp things in their head.

    3. tracking your online activity in order to target what they have determined are your information needs.

      Being able to keep up with what you research

    1. ribosome serves as the enzyme that mediates the dehydration synthesis reactions required to build protein molecules, whereas a class of enzymes called proteases is required for protein hydrolysis.

      Ribosome removes the water molecule ( dehydration).

      Proteases ( Adds water ) (Hydrolysis)

    2. ophile) in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. The activation reaction, which we will discuss in subsequent chapters involves the transfer of a phosphate from a phosphoanhydride, ATP, to the carboxylic acid group to

      Nuclphile substation is adding a nucliphile then changing is location . 2 steps/

    3. Proteins are polymers of amino acids that fold into shapes that confer function on the proteins. In biological systems, the amino acids are linked together by a large ribonucleic acid/protein nanoparticle called the ribosome

      Proteins are polymers of amino acids that fold into shapes that can have a different functions. The ribosome linked the nuclacic acids to make specific protein.

    1. some pH, then, the net charge will be 0. This pH is called the isoelectric point (pI). The pI can be determined by averaging the pKa values of the two groups which are closest to and straddle the pI. One of the online problems will address this in more detail

      At some ph the overall charge of the protein becomes 0 net charge . That is called the isoelectric point (pI)

    2. A look at the titration curve for the carboxyl group of Gly (see above) shows that when the pH = pKa, the slope of the curve (i.e. the change in pH on addition of base or acid) is at a minimum. As a general rule of thumb, buffer solutions can be made for a weak acid/base in the range of +/- 1 pH unit from the pKa of the weak acids. At the pH = pKa, the buffer solution best resists the addition of either acid or base, and hence has its greatest buffering ability. The weak acid can react with the added strong base to form the weak conjugate base, and the conjugate base can react with added strong acid to form the weak acid (as shown below) so pH changes on the addition of strong acid and base are minimized. addition of a strong base produces a weak conjugate base: CH3CO2H + OH- ↔ CH3CO2- + H2O addition of strong acid produces weak acid: H3O+ + CH3CO2 → CH3CO2H + H2O

      Buffer solution is made with +or-1 ph unit of the weak acid from the PH=PK . This allows for variations to occur and these can be motnitered. Which makes it the best resists to acid or base.

      Weak acid + Strong base = weak conjugate base. That conjugated base + strong acid= weak acid.

    3. All naturally occurring amino acids in proteins are L, which corresponds to the S isomer

      L correspond to S , D correspond to R.

    4. Again, the d- and l-designations are specific terms used for the way a molecule rotates plane-polarized light. It does not denote the absolute stereo configuration of a molecule. An absolute configuration refers to the spatial arrangement of the atoms of a chiral molecular entity (or group) and its modern stereochemical description e.g. R or S, referring to Rectus, or Sinister,

      L and D for light reflection , Absolute configuration refers to the spatial arrangements of the atoms of a chiral molecule.

    5. All naturally occurring proteins from all living organisms consist of L amino acids, based on their structural similarities to L-glyceraldehyde.

      All natural occurring proteins consist of L . Hmmm a lot of things in the universe are counter clock wise . Very interesting.

    6. The amino acids are all chiral, with the exception of glycine,

      All amino acids are chiral except for glycine, whose side chain is H.

    7. a thioether functional group which generally cannot form a permanent dipole within the molecule and retains low solubility.

      Look up a thither functional group. These can't make permanent dipole with the molecule and retains low solidity.

    8. present in tyrosine increase its reactivity and solubility compared to that of phenylalanine.

      They have different rate of reaction and solubility.

    9. e aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan

      These contain aromatic functional groups

    10. aliphatic amino acids (glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, and proline) typically contain branched hydrocarbon chains with the simplest being glycine to the more complicated structures of leucine and valine.

      Aliphatic amino acids contain branched hydrocarbons. This is important lol ... Glycin is the simplest one !!!!

    11. ers through a nucleophilic attack by the amino group of an amino acid at the electrophilic carbonyl carbon of the carboxyl group of another amino acid. The carboxyl group of the amino acid must first be activated to provide a better leaving group than OH-. The resulting link between the amino acids is an amide link which biochemists call a peptide bond. In this reaction, water is released. In a reverse reaction, the peptide bond can be cleaved by water (hydrolysis). This is illustrated in Figure 3.1.33.1.3\PageIndex{3}.

      Amino acids are linked through the peptide bond(When this happen the H2O is kicked out to make for space for connection. The oppitste happen in hyrdolysis.

    12. hey are not the result of selective cleavage of a larger protein into smaller peptide fragments.

      smORFs are special , I think they are made with a process that is more of a closed system compared to the regular amino acids of adding water and removing water.

    13. These are encoded directly in the genome and are produced by the same processes that produce regular proteins

      They are included int in the genome that's why they are in the DNA transcription process and RNA translation process. Same location. Can environment have an effect on creation?

    14. called smORFs

      Produced in the same process DNA transcription and RNA translation.

    15. tructure is long enough

      When the chain is long enough and can function we can call it a protein

    16. amide link

      The carbonyl carbon-to-nitrogen bond

    17. nucleic acids are polymers of just 4 different monomeric nucleotides

      Nucleotides are polymers which are made out of 4 different monomeric nucleotides.

    18. Proteins are polymers of twenty naturally occurring amino acids

      amino acids make proteins. Different amino acids attached to each other equals different function which that equals different proteins.

    19. The R group side chains may be either nonpolar, polar and uncharged, or charged, depending on the functional group, the pH, and the pKa of any ionizable group in the side chain.

      Depending on the R group the R group side chains can be either non polar, polar, uncharged or charged. This depends on the functional group , the ph and the pka of any ioniczable group in the side chain.

    20. The alpha designation is used to indicate that these two functional groups are separated from one another by one carbon group

      the little a you see means that it is a carbon which is between the amino acid and the amine. Holds both of them . Figure 3.1.1

    21. he major building blocks of proteins are called alpha (α) amino acids. As their name implies they contain a carboxylic acid functional group and an amine functional group.

      Alpha amino acid implies that they are made out of carboxylic acid functional group and amine functional group.

    22. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, polymers of alpha amino acids, arranged in a linear sequence and connected together by covalent bonds.

      Proteins are polymers of alpha amino acids, arranged in a linear sequence and connected together by covalent bonds.

    23. Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules.

      Proteins are the most abundant molecule , it's organic . It has diverse functions which means diverse structures.

    1. Use the interview to ask for the personal side of an issue that you may not be able to find in other resources. Personal narratives about experiences can resonate with an audience.

      I really like this point. When people listen to facts or statistics it may be hard for them to connect to the material. However, when people listen to someone tell a story they can be sucked in and feel an emotional connection. I think especially when giving a persuasive speech, having a personal account of someone connected to the topic can help you influence your audience.

    1. It makes sense that you will enjoy speaking about something that you care about or find interesting. The research and writing will be more interesting, and the delivery will be easier since you won’t have to fake enthusiasm for your topic.

      I feel like this also relates to experience I have had in theatre. When giving a speech, yes you want to stick with what you know. You should even be willing to learn and study more on your topic, when writing a speech. In theatre I was always told "no matter how good you are, someone else is better than you. And sometimes, that person might be in the audience". I feel like it is similar when giving a speech. There will most likely always be someone that knows more than you do, so make sure you are giving true facts because someone in your audience might know better.

    2. Perhaps you have a reputation for being humorous, being able to translate complicated information into more digestible parts, or being interactive with the audience and responding to questions.

      Going along with this, it is important for you to know your strengths. People can and may believe whatever they want. But you should always be aware of what you do well. If people believe you are funny, then you should recognize your potential for humor and practice it. Knowing your strengths can give you confidence and direction for improvement in the goals you have. The more you practice and improve your strengths, the more confident you will be to deliver those strengths no matter the audience.

    3. Since coworkers may expect to hear the same content they hear every time this particular meeting comes around, and classmates have to sit through dozens and dozens of speeches, use your speech as an opportunity to stand out from the crowd or from what’s been done before.

      This is a principle I have seen and used in my life. I have done a lot of musical theatre productions and auditions. Auditions are very similar to this concept except you are only trying to present yourself and your abilities. As stated, when giving a speech or doing an audition, you want to stand out and be memorable. Once you have made yourself stand out, then you want to deliver a presentation that will have a profound influence on who receives it.

    4. In terms of credibility, you want the audience to see you as competent, trustworthy, and engaging.

      This is something that can be helpful in any situation where you are presenting information. I spent a lot of time giving lessons and to a variety of people, most of the time in their own home. Everything we did from the second we had contact with someone, we were trying to build their trust in us. We were respectful, we kept lessons short to value their time, we complimented them and their homes, we offered service, and a host of other things to make sure they knew we could be trusted. All of those things that built our credibility, helped us to be able to keep meeting with people.

    1. Using informal language and breaking social norms we’ve discussed so far wouldn’t enhance your credibility during a professional job interview, but it might with your friends at a tailgate party.

      This is very true from what I have seen. I have a lot of friends that own businesses and do a lot of interviewing. They always judge people by the way they can talk and present themselves. If they can not portray themselves well, they will not be able to communicate with or advocate for customers.

    1. Since both cowboy and change have multiple meanings, they are considered polysemic words. Monosemic words have only one use in a language, which makes their denotation more straightforward. Specialized academic or scientific words, like monosemic, are often monosemic, but there are fewer commonly used monosemic words, for example, handkerchief. As you might guess based on our discussion of the complexity of language so far, monosemic words are far outnumbered by polysemic words.

      This is an interesting concept I have never heard laid out before. I learned how to speak Tagalog, and their language is pretty complex in the sense that they have a lot polysemic words that change depending on the way you say them(very similar to mandarin). They also can be extremely precise in what they're saying by the way they arrange their sentences. It is cool to be diving into English and our way of communicating after having learned how another group of people communicate.

    2. Abby might ask Jasper, “What kind of dog do you have in mind?” This question would allow Jasper to describe his referent, which would allow for more shared understanding.

      This is an extremely great tool when teaching or negotiating. This shows active listening and sincere interest in their opinions, views, and concerns. I was taught this during a time in my life where I did a lot of teaching and it made a huge difference in lessons when we would ask clarifying questions.

    3. Their referents, however, are different. Jasper is thinking about a small dog like a dachshund, and Abby is thinking about an Australian shepherd. Since the word dog doesn’t refer to one specific object in our reality, it is possible for them to have the same thought, and use the same symbol, but end up in an awkward moment when they get to the shelter and fall in love with their respective referents only to find out the other person didn’t have the same thing in mind.

      I could see this way of illustrating our thoughts and even emotions being a terrific tool for kids with special needs. My brother learned so much from his therapy as a kid, but I never knew any of the tools they used or practiced. But I feel like this could help kids not only show what they mean when they something, but could also be a huge help in allowing kids with special needs understand what other people around them mean when they are speaking. People with autism especially need help understanding what people actually mean.

    4. The indirect and sometimes complicated relationship between language and meaning can lead to confusion, frustration, or even humor.

      I see this a lot in my family. Our personalities are very different from one another and we each interpret things differently. What I consider funny, my sister finds offensive. What my brother finds infuriating, I find depressing. This can lead to some arguments and contention if we don't take the time to explain our viewpoint and consider each others interpretations.

    1. Note that (𝑟,𝜃)=(𝑟,𝜃+360∘𝑘)(r,θ)=(r,θ+360∘k)(r,\theta) = (r,\theta + 360^\circ k) for 𝑘=0k=0k=0 , ±1±1\pm\,1 , ±2±2\pm\,2 , ......... , so (unlike for Cartesian coordinates) the polar coordinates of a point are not unique.

      Given the topology of a plane in 2D, it's not precise that polar coordinates accept multiple angles. Polar coordinates that span more than 360 degrees (2 pi) describe something else than the Cartesian plane.

      For example, if I attach a rope to the origin on the plane and I rotate the rope more than once (increase theta), it will not have the same "position" than if I only limit the rotation to 360 degrees. The rope will start to roll onto itself, thus it undergoes a different topology.

      Essentially, beyond 360 degrees, the angle is no longer a coordinate of the orthogonal coordinate system. One cannot achieve such a rolled up position of the rope onto itself in a Cartesian coordinate system by selecting any x,y point to position the rope. One cannot equal apples to oranges.

      An equivalent topology would be to pile up multiple Cartesian coordinate spaces on top of each other to compare with polar system with angle beyond the 360 deg range.

    2. 𝑟=−𝑥2 + 𝑦2‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾√r=−x2 + y2r = -\sqrt{x^2 ~+~ y^2} (i.e. 𝑟rr is negative)

      Given that r is a polar coordinate, r cannot be negative, otherwise it would mean that the polar coordinate system would not be orthogonal, which it is.

    3. convention that 𝑟rr can be negative, by defining (−𝑟,𝜃)=(𝑟,𝜃+180∘)(−r,θ)=(r,θ+180∘)(-r,\theta) = (r,\theta + 180^\circ) for any angle 𝜃θ

      One cannot adopt a convention that contradicts the definition of "coordinates" and the fact that for orthogonal coordinate systems each coordinate do not depend on any other coordinate, otherwise, it would mean that the coordinate system is not orthogonal.

      For this reason, negative r is not a coordinate of a polar coordinate systems, since it needs pi in the angle coordinate, expressed as -r = (r, pi) and that the polar coordinate system is an orthogonal coordinate system.

      Calling -r a coordinate is a travesty.

    1. Women’s take on a “humorous” scenario seem to be far more about the immediate play out or LOOK of and incident rather than a Comprehensive absorption of it. Woman’s humor is seemingly child like.

    2. When you laugh at your friend falling down the stairs, it is PURELY a reflection of YOU and your INHERENT shallowness. There is nothing REVEALING or funny about that. Why is it so obvious to tell when it’s a woman speaking versus when it’s a man … Women laugh at petty things like a friend falling and injuring themselves.

    3. This specific analysis of humor reeks of female sentiment. Women laugh at things that men don’t find funny. Male and female humor is vastly different.

    1. It’s odd and “humorous” that I could detect when the female point of view was speaking versus the male point of view…. Women's humor is often more crude and petty.

    1. his step involves setting aside enough time for reading and breaking assignments into manageable chunks.

      I think that if it is a long reading and if you don't enjoy reading too much breaking the text down into 30mins sessions is a good start

    2. the primary comprehension goal is to identify the main point: the most important idea that the writer wants to communicate

      identifying the main point is a key point when trying to understand a reading

    3. Previewing a text involves skimming over it and noticing what stands out so that you not only get an overall sense of the text,

      I think this is a good point when it comes to reading, I also think that may be why texts have bullet points and bold letters.