Every student should put his books under his desk,” the teacher obviously means students of both sexes but may be sending a subtle message that boys matter more than girls.

sexist language

kissu

linguistic

preindustrial societies

Politics over official

subcultures

underscore

Culture was defined earlier as the symbols, language, beliefs, values, and artifacts that are part of any society

force us to react in some way to their characters

Finally, any character in a story can be an archetype. We can define archetype as an original model for a type of character, but that doesn't fully explain the term.

Remember that an antagonist doesn't have to be a person – it can be a nation, a group, or even a set of ideas.

they are in our hands, ready to listen to our assessment.

we are probably impatient to find our own voice.

we agree or disagree

the RICE diagram is:

n proceeds and thus they are not kept in the equilibrium constant.

The second term ( e−EaR⁢T) has a value between 0 and 1 and accounts for the fraction of molecules that have enough energy to overcome the activation barrier.

energy difference between the final state (products) and the initial state (reactants) is independent of the path.

In a first order rate law, the rate of consumption of a reactant is proportional to the consumption of a reactant and the rate constant has units of 1/t, like 1/sec. (14.5.13)R⁢a⁢t⁢e=−Δ⁡[A]Δ⁡t=k⁡[A]1=k⁡[A]

You of course know that this must be false. Why else would you look your very best when you go for a job interview?

ople generally prefer to maximize their own outcomes by attempting to gain as many social rewards as possible and by attempting to minimize their social costs. Such behavior is consistent with the goal of protecting and enhancing the self

Across the country, we have seen so many cases of teachers openly expressing their political beliefs in the classroom.

If it isn’t always true that the First Amendment guarantees freedom of speech, then we cannot necessarily conclude that teachers in classrooms are guaranteed freedom of speech.

Does the First Amendment really guarantee absolute freedom to say whatever we want in any situation?

Imagery is language that makes an appeal to the senses. It can apply to any of the five senses or a combination of multiple senses.

Rhetorical devices are words that serve a special function in the text. Authors include them in order to convey a meaning to the reader.

You will also want to keep an author's tone in mind as you read.

What would fiction be without dialogue?

All prose is written in one of three points of view: first-person narration, third-person limited narration, and third-person omniscient narration.

The narrator, or the person telling the story, is one of the most important aspects of a text. A narrator can be a character in the story, or he or she might not appear in the story at all. In addition, a text can have multiple narrators, providing the reader with a variety of viewpoints on the text.

We can define the "setting" of a story as the geographical location or locations in which the events of the narrative takes place, as well as the time in which those events are set.

Many stories actually have smaller climaxes before the main one.

inciting incident, exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and dénouement.

A plot is a storyline. We can define plot as the main events of a book, short story, play, poem, etc. and the way those events connect to one another. Conflicts act as the driving forces behind a plot.

Some of these fiction genres are taught in literature classrooms and some are not usually taught

controversial or not.

clearer picture

If we choose a more dramatic and precise verb like “calls for,” “criticizes,” “describes,” “argues,” or “questions,”

basic data on the sample border argument with the phrase

some basic information about the argument

high solute concentration = low free water concentration; conversely, low solute concentration = high free water concentration.

prose is

When analyzing character , the terms dialogue, monologue, and soliloquy take on increased importance. Conversation between two or more characters is referred to as dialogue (usually the majority of speech in plays consists of dialogue). A monologue is when one character delivers a speech to convey his or her thoughts, although other characters may remain on stage in scene. Similar to a monologue, a soliloquy is a speech made by one character but delivered when he or she is alone on stage. Knowing the root words of each term can help clarify the distinction. Monologue comes from the Greek words monos (single) and legein (to speak); soliloquy comes from the Latin words solus (alone) and Ioqui (to speak).

All prose is written in one of three points of view: first-person narration, third-person limited narration, and third-person omniscient narration.

First-person narration is written in the first person mode, meaning that that story is told from the viewpoint of one person who often uses language like “I,” “you,” or “we.”

Third-person narration is related by someone who does not refer to him or her self and does not use “I,” “you,” or “we” when addressing the reader.

the narrator and author are different.

The narrator, or the person telling the story, is one of the most important aspects of a text. A narrator can be a character in the story, or he or she might not appear in the story at all. In addition, a text can have multiple narrators, providing the reader with a variety of viewpoints on the text.

mood

Pavel's

antithesis

"Clock-hands join(ing) palms in respectful greeting," mimicking the Indian gesture of namaste.

indissolubly

How important is setting in this case? How does Rushdie's narrative style help us to evaluate the significance of the setting?

the geographical location or locations in which the events of the narrative takes place, as well as the time in which those events are set

internalized setting.

tone is a way of getting that feeling across.

mood, or the general feeling we get from a story.

We can define the "setting" of a story as the geographical location or locations in which the events of the narrative takes place, as well as the time in which those events are set. Location can refer to wider geographical entities such as countries or cities as well as to smaller entities such as households or domestic interiors.

Mood is the feeling we get from a story; tone is a way of getting that feeling across.) For instance, Edgar Allan Poe portrays a very dark, oppressive setting in “The Fall of the House of Usher,” which makes the reader share the narrator's feelings of confinement and depression.

The most basic definition of setting is one of place and time. You want to ask yourself, “Where and when does the story take place?

Thus, you should look for “the bigger picture” in a book, poem, or play by reading for plot.

Dénouement:

Falling Action:

Many stories actually have smaller climaxes before the main one. Like the main climax, these are turning points in the story.

The climax allows characters to solve a problem.

events that build up to the climax of the story.

Exposition can take place throughout a story as characters reveal more about themselves.

the inciting incident is a moment in a story that starts the main conflict.

Most stories contain many conflicts, so you will have to identify the main conflict before you can identify the inciting incident.

inciting incident, exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and dénouement.

A flashback (not shown in the diagram) is a device used to give the reader background information that happened in the past.

Dénouement: The word dénouement comes from the French “to untie” and the Latin “knot,” which gives us an indication of its purpose. It serves as the unraveling of a plot – a resolution to a story. In the dénouement, the central conflict is resolved.

Falling Action: The events that take place after the climax are called the falling action. These events show the results of the climax, and they act as a bridge between the climax and the dénouement.

Climax: The climax has often been described as the “turning point” of a story. A good way to think of it is the incident that allows the main conflict of a story to resolve. The climax allows characters to solve a problem. It take many forms, such as an epiphany the protagonist has about himself, a battle between the protagonist and antagonist, or the culmination of an internal struggle.

Rising Action: The rising action is comprised of a series of events that build up to the climax of the story. It introduces us to secondary conflicts and creates tension in the story. You can think of the rising action as the series of events that make the climax of the story possible.

Exposition: This is the part of the story that tells us the setting. We find out who the main characters are and where the story takes place. The exposition also hints at the themes and conflicts that will develop later in the story. Exposition can take place throughout a story as characters reveal more about themselves.

Inciting Incident: This is the event that sets the main conflict into motion. Without it, we could have no plot, as all the characters would already be living “happily ever after,” so to speak. Most stories contain many conflicts, so you will have to identify the main conflict before you can identify the inciting incident.

A plot is a storyline. We can define plot as the main events of a book, short story, play, poem, etc. and the way those events connect to one another. Conflicts act as the driving forces behind a plot.

An interesting detail is the capitalization of nouns, which was a common feature of enlightenment literature.

“Why do you have so many images of flayed animals and animal skins in your poems?” to which the poet replied, “Do I?” After rereading his poems, he said, “Yes, I see that I do,” and he then tried to find a reason for those images, but clearly he was taken by surprise at what he himself had written.

Of course, anyone who needs to read a play to learn that important lesson probably has other, more serious problems.

Consequently, when people read literature, they are afraid that they are not getting what it “really” says.

developed the Ecological Systems Theory, which provides a framework for understanding and studying the many influences on human development (Bronfenbrenner, 1979). Bronfenbrenner recognized that human interaction is influenced by larger social forces and that an understanding of these forces is essential for understanding an individual. The individual is impacted by several systems including:

Keep in mind that archetype simply means original pattern and does not always apply to characters. It can come in the form of an object, a narrative,

antagonist doesn't have to be a person – it can be a nation, a group, or even a set of ideas.

They can be animals, divine beings, personifications, etc

static

In this respect the author's skill at characterisation is crucial.

what happened next.

Characters and Characterization

The test of a round character is whether it is capable of surprising in a convincing way. If it never surprises, it is flat. If it does not convince, it is a flat pretending to be round. It has the incalculability of life about it – life within the pages of a book. And by using it sometimes alone, more often in combination with the other kind, the novelist achieves his task of acclimatization, and harmonizes the human race with the other aspects of his work.

We can think of theme, in its most basic definition, as the message the author tries to send their readers.

It can apply to any of the five senses or a combination of multiple senses. Although imagery often comes in phrases or complete sentences, a word can evoke the senses.

If you see a word or phrase appear more than once, make a note of it – it is likely that the author included the repetition intentionally.

Rhetorical devices are words that serve a special function in the text

is Planck’s constant,

Writers write in a style that reflects their individual view of the world.

tone i

connotation

denotation

Adverse impact | Refers to employment practices that may appear to be neutral but have a discriminatory effect on a protected group.

Marcus Garvey

as we agree how to interpret these words, a shared language and thus society are possible

Lawsuits are thus uncommon;

If beliefs about voting for an African American had not changed, Barack Obama would almost certainly not have been elected in 2008

In the United States, abortion was not illegal until 1828,

Values are another important element of culture and involve judgments of what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable.

generally felt that abortion was not murder if it occurred within the first several weeks after conception.

rituals are not limited to preindustrial societies.

If a boy being circumcised shows signs of fear, he might well be ridiculed

In many societies, rituals help signify one’s gender identity

Even nudity is considered terrible, and people on Inis Beag keep their clothes on while they bathe. The situation is quite different in Mangaia, a small island in the South Pacific. Here sex is considered very enjoyable, and it is the major subject of songs and stories.

Table manners are a common example of informal norms, as are such everyday behaviors as how we interact with a cashier and how we ride in an elevator.

We already saw that the nature of drunken behavior depends on society’s expectations of how people should behave when drunk. Norms of drunken behavior influence how we behave when we drink too much.

et the body of work supporting contact theory suggests that efforts that increase social interaction among people from different cultural and ethnic backgrounds in the long run will reduce racial and ethnic tensions.

To what extent does language influence how we think and how we perceive the social and physical worlds? T

More generally, the use of racist terms may reinforce racial prejudice and racial stereotypes.

Language and sexism.

One of the most important developments in the evolution of society was the creation of written language

Humans have a capacity for language that no other animal species possesses. Our capacity for language in turn helps make our complex culture possible.

Whereas many cultures attach no religious significance to these shapes, for many people across the world they evoke very strong feelings of religious faith. Recognizing this, hate groups have often desecrated these symbols.

However, the same gesture can mean one thing in one society and something quite different in another society

As this definition suggests, there are two basic components of culture

patriotism

n the United States, some people consider a common language so important that they advocate making English the official language of certain cities or states or even the whole country and banning bilingual education in the public schools

Perhaps our most important set of symbols is language. In English, the word chair means something we sit on. In Spanish, the word silla means the same thing.

Recent studies of college students provide additional evidence that social contact can help overcome cultural differences and prejudices

While many societies frown on homosexuality, others accept it. Among the Azande of East Africa, for example, young warriors live with each other and are not allowed to marry. During this time, they often have sex with younger boys, and this homosexuality is approved by their culture.

Some of the most interesting norms that differ by culture govern how people stand apart when they talk with each other

As these examples indicate, shared symbols, both nonverbal communication and tangible objects,

Other objects have symbolic value for religious reasons. Three of the most familiar religious symbols in many nations are the cross, the Star of David, and the crescent moon, which are widely understood to represent Christianity, Judaism, and Islam, respectively.

Different cultures also have different rituals, or established procedures and ceremonies that often mark transitions in the life course. As such, rituals both reflect and transmit a culture’s norms and other elements from one generation to the next. Graduation ceremonies in colleges and universities are familiar examples of time-honored rituals.

Are rituals more common in traditional societies than in industrial ones such as the United States?

Our examples show that different cultures have different norms, even if they share other types of practices and beliefs.

For most Americans, the flag is not just a piece of cloth with red and white stripes and white stars against a field of blue. Instead, it is a symbol of freedom, democracy, and other American values

Some of our most important symbols are objects. Here the U.S. flag is a prime example.

In the United States, if we make an “O” by putting our thumb and forefinger together, we mean “OK,” but the same gesture in certain parts of Europe signifies an obscenity. “Thumbs up” in the United States means “great” or “wonderful,” but in Australia it means the same thing as extending the middle finger in the United States.

In the United States, for example, if we nod our head up and down, we mean yes, and if we shake it back and forth, we mean no. In Bulgaria, however, nodding means no, while shaking our head back and forth means yes!

A more important topic on which norms have changed is abortion and birth control

Contraception was also practiced in ancient times, only to be opposed by early Christianity. Over the centuries, scientific discoveries of the nature of the reproductive process led to more effective means of contraception and to greater calls for its use, despite legal bans on the distribution of information about contraception.

Other types of cultural beliefs also change over time

Japanese do their best to minimize conflict by trying to resolve the disputes amicably.

By the 19th century, Americans had come to view hard work not just as something that had to be done but as something that was morally good to do

as U.S. residents were especially likely to think that hard work brings success.

If Americans believe hard work brings success, then they should be more likely than people in most other nations to believe that poverty stems from not working hard enough. True or false, this belief is an example of the blaming-the-victim ideology. Figure 1.1.3.12 presents WVS percentages of respondents who said the most important reason people are poor is “laziness and lack of willpower.” As expected, Americans are much more likely to attribute poverty to not working hard enough.

shows that U.S. residents are more likely than those in nations with more traditional views of women to disagree with this statement.

___________

______

______________________________________________

________________

_________

Americans are faced with a choice: either we open our borders or we turn our backs on the needs of desperate people.

Across the country, we have seen so many cases of teachers openly expressing their political beliefs in the classroom

The First Amendment guarantees the right of free speech to all Americans.

Because of interracial reproduction going back to the days of slavery, African Americans also differ in the darkness of their skin and in other physical characteristics.

little of DNA

race is a social construction, a concept that has no objective reality but rather is what people decide it is

But where is the logic for doing so

The belief in their inferiority helped justify the harsh treatment they suffered in their new country. Today, of course, we call people from all three backgrounds white or European.

In several Latin American nations, however, Obama would be considered white because of his white ancestry.

A cautious view is that affirmative action may not be perfect but that some form of it is needed to make up for past and ongoing discrimination and lack of opportunity in the workplace and on the campus. Without the extra help that affirmative action programs give disadvantaged people of color, the discrimination and other difficulties they face are certain to continue.

American whites enjoy certain privileges merely because they are white. For example, they usually do not have to fear that a police officer will stop them simply because they are white, and they also generally do not have to worry about being mistaken for a bellhop, parking valet, or maid.

African Americans are much more likely than whites to be poor, to live in high-crime neighborhoods, and to live in crowded conditions, among many other problems. As this chapter discussed earlier, they are also more likely, whether or not they are poor, to experience racial slights, refusals to be interviewed for jobs, and other forms of discrimination in their everyday lives. All these problems mean that African Americans from their earliest ages grow up with a great deal of stress, far more than what most whites experience. This stress in turn has certain neural and physiological effects, including hypertension (high blood pressure), that impair African Americans’ short-term and long-term health and that ultimately shorten their lives. These effects accumulate over time: black and white hypertension rates are equal for people in their twenties, but the black rate becomes much higher by the time people reach their forties and fifties. As a recent news article on evidence of this “hidden toll” summarized this process, “The long-term stress of living in a white-dominated society ‘weathers’ blacks, making them age faster than their white counterparts” (Blitstein, 2009, p. 48).Blitstein, R. (2009). Weathering the storm. Miller-McCune, 2(July–August), 48–57.

The individual and institutional discrimination just discussed is one manifestation of this inequality. We can also see stark evidence of racial and ethnic inequality in various government statistics. Sometimes statistics lie, and sometimes they provide all too true a picture; statistics on racial and ethnic inequality fall into the latter category.

the South during segregation.

Consider height requirements for police. Before the 1970s, police forces around the United States commonly had height requirements, say five feet ten inches. As women began to want to join police forces in the 1970s, many found they were too short.

institutional discrimination, or discrimination that pervades the practices of whole institutions, such as housing, medical care, law enforcement, employment, and education. This type of discrimination does not just affect a few isolated people of color. Instead, it affects large numbers of individuals simply because of their race or ethnicity. Sometimes institutional discrimination is also based on gender, disability, and other characteristics.

individual discrimination, or discrimination that individuals practice in their daily lives, usually because they are prejudiced but sometimes even if they are not prejudiced

the fatal shooting of Trayvon Martin in February 2012 was a deadly example of individual discrimination.

Usually prejudice and discrimination go hand-in-hand, but Robert Merton (1949) stressed this is not always so. Sometimes we can be prejudiced and not discriminate, and sometimes we might not be prejudiced and still discriminate.

Those who cite lack of motivation are more likely than those who cite discrimination to believe the government is spending too much to help blacks.

Instead, it involves stereotypes about African Americans, a belief that their poverty is due to their cultural inferiority, and opposition to government policies to help them

But that does not mean that prejudice has disappeared. Many scholars say that Jim Crow racism has been replaced by a more subtle form of racial prejudice, termed laissez-faire, symbolic, or modern racism, that amounts to a “kinder, gentler, antiblack ideology” that avoids notions of biological inferiority

recent research indicates that the racial views of (white) women and men are in fact very similar and that the two genders are about equally prejudiced

prejudice arises from competition over jobs and other resources and from disagreement over various political issues. When groups vie with each other over these matters, they often become hostile toward each other. Amid such hostility, it is easy to become prejudiced toward the group that threatens your economic or political standing.

unwittingly

sociological explanation emphasizes conformity and socialization and is called social learning theory. In this view, people who are prejudiced are merely conforming to the culture in which they grow up, and prejudice is the result of socialization from parents, peers, the news media, and other various aspects of their culture.

Several psychology experiments find that when people are frustrated, they indeed become more prejudiced

According to this view, authoritarian personalities develop in childhood in response to parents who practice harsh discipline. Individuals with authoritarian personalities emphasize such things as obedience to authority, a rigid adherence to rules, and low acceptance of people (out-groups) not like oneself

racism, or the belief that certain racial or ethnic groups are inferior to one’s own.

Prejudice is the attitude, while discrimination is the behavior. More specifically, racial and ethnic prejudice refers to a set of negative attitudes, beliefs, and judgments about whole categories of people, and about individual members of those categories, because of their perceived race and/or ethnicity

1875 Page Act. The act targeted Chinese and other Asian women suspected of prostitution from entering the United States

“American dilemma.”

The Kerner Commission’s 1968 report reminded the nation that little, if anything, had been done since Myrdal’s book to address this conflict. Sociologists and other social scientists have warned since then that the status of people of color has actually been worsening in many ways since this report was issued (Massey, 2007; Wilson, 2009).Massey, D. S. (2007)

conflict between the American democratic ideals of egalitarianism and liberty and justice for all

During the 1830s, white mobs attacked free African Americans in cities throughout the nation, including Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh. The mob violence stemmed from a “deep-seated racial prejudice…in which whites saw blacks as ‘something less than human’” (Brown, 1975) and continued well into the twentieth century, when white mobs attacked African Americans in several cities, with at least seven antiblack riots occurring in 1919 that left dozens dead.

comet Hale-Bopp

________

Costumes provide us with a glimpse into a character before they have a chance to speak

I just like it.

In terms of affect: I LOVE it! In terms of behavior: I frequently eat chocolate ice cream. In terms of cognitions: Chocolate ice cream has a smooth texture and a rich, strong taste.

We may like to ride roller coasters in part because our genetic code has given us a thrill-loving personality and in part because we’ve had some really great times on roller coasters in the past. Still other attitudes are learned via the media (Hargreaves & Tiggemann, 2003; Levina, Waldo, & Fitzgerald, 2000) or through our interactions

Try It Yourself! 1.2.3.1

This law covers people who are age forty or older. It does not cover favoring an older worker over a younger worker, if the older worker is forty years or older.

Ionic solids exhibit a crystalline structure and tend to be rigid and brittle; they also tend to have high melting and boiling points, which suggests that ionic bonds are very strong. Ionic solids are also poor conductors of electricity for the same reason—the strength of ionic bonds prevents ions from moving freely in the solid state. Most ionic solids, however, dissolve readily in water. Once dissolved or melted, ionic compounds are excellent conductors of electricity and heat because the ions can move about freely.

ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell.

Folly