We use the term characterisation to describe the strategies that an author uses to present and develop the characters in a narrative.
The method the author uses in order to reaver and develop there traits of the characters in the story. Including their action and thoughts.
tropic hormones
The anterior pituitary is known as the "master gland" because it creates tropic hormones and growth hormone, controlling other endocrine glands. As the "master" of the "master gland," the hypothalamus regulates both the anterior and posterior pituitaries.
endocrine system
Although being distinct from the neurological system, the endocrine system uses hormones to affect bodily functioning. These hormones have long-lasting effects and impact different cells as they move through the bloodstream.
Cranial nerves (Figure 4.5.34.5.3\PageIndex{3}) are in the head and neck and connect directly to the brainstem. There are twelve cranial nerves,
The middle part of the brain is connected to a total of twelve cranial nerves, which regulates motor and sensory processes in the head and neck. Some handle both roles.
The spinal cord serves as an information superhighway.
Reflexes are controlled by the spinal cord, which also sends instructions from the brain to the body.
gray matter of the human brain
Gray matter makes up the cerebrum, which affects conscious processes including memory, reasoning, and perception. It consists of deeper areas as well as the cerebral cortex.
increasingly complex
The organization of the nervous system is based on the growth of an embryo, and it goes from an easy structure to a complicated one.
Bipolar neurons
I do want to know what role does the biopolar neutrons play in sensory perception?.
Using a Lewis approach, the Na+Na+Na^+ ion can be viewed as an acid because it is an electron pair acceptor, although its low charge and relatively large radius make it a very weak acid.
If there were more charges to Na+ would it change in low to a high charge, and why does a large radius mean "very weak"?
Depending on the acid–base properties of its component ions, however, a salt can dissolve in water to produce a neutral solution, a basic solution, or an acidic solution.
Why does the pH of a salt solution depend on the strength of the acid and base that formed the salt? For example, why does a salt like potassium cyanide produce a basic solution, while ammonium chloride produces an acidic solution, even though both salts are dissolved in water?
Our stomachs contain a solution of roughly 0.03 M HCl, which helps us digest the food we eat.
I thought HCL was bad which is why in lab we use gloves, so how much of it can we have in our system that'll cause issues in our stomach?
Because the ratio includes the initial concentration, the percent ionization for a solution of a given weak acid varies depending on the original concentration of the acid, and actually decreases with increasing acid concentration.
Why does the percent Ionization of a weak acid decrease as the Initial concentration increases?
Repetition is another powerful rhetorical device.
Why is it considered powerful? Is repetition a better rhetorical device than similies or metaphors?
Authors include them in order to convey a meaning to the reader
Why rhetorical devices are used.
Rhetorical devices are words that serve a special function in the text.
What a rhetorical device is.
If the Earth was a flat surface facing the sun, every part of that surface would receive the same amount of incoming solar radiation. However, because the Earth is a sphere, sunlight is not equally distributed over the Earth’s surface, so different regions of Earth will be heated to different degrees. This differential heating of Earth’s surface occurs for a number of reasons. First, because of the curvature of Earth, sunlight only falls perpendicularly to the surface at the center of the sphere (equatorial regions). At any other point on Earth, the angle between the surface and the incoming solar radiation is less than 90o. Because of this, the same amount of incoming solar radiation will be concentrated in a smaller area at the equator, but will be spread over a much larger area at the poles (Figure 8.1.38.1.3\PageIndex{3}). Thus the tropics receive more intense sunlight and a greater amount of heating per unit of area than the polar regions.
Yeah, and that’s why the tropics stay warm while the poles are freezing. But if the Earth wasn’t tilted, would we even have seasons at all?
Lesbian and gay refer to women and men who are primarily or exclusively attracted to other women and men
Bisexual (or bi) was historically defined as someone attracted to both women and men, though this conceptualization has been problematized as a binary approach to sexuality that excludes individuals who do not identify as men or women. Some bisexual-identified people prefer to describe it as an attraction to more than one gender.
Pansexual (or pan) is an identity marked by sexual attraction to people of any gender, or attraction regardless of gender
Asexual (or ace) is an identity marked by a general lack of sexual attraction or attraction that develops after a meaningful connection (demisexual) or that varies (graysexual).
Polyamorous (or poly or polyam) or ethically nonmonogamies (or ENM) identities refer to people who have relationships that are open or non-exclusive. Poly and ENM individuals may have multiple consensual and individually negotiated sexual and/or romantic relationships at once
Queer as an identity term refers to a non-categorical sexual identity in which people prefer not to be boxed into a specific category.
SEXUALITY
LGBTQ+ individuals: (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer, plus other identities such as two-spirit, asexual, pansexual, and so on). The term was historically used in a derogatory way but was reclaimed as an affirmative and self-referential term in the 1990s United States.
Cisgender (or cis) refers to individuals who identify with the gender assigned to them at birth.
chapter 2 (DOS)
Nonbinary and genderqueer refer to gender identities beyond binary of woman or man. The term genderqueer became popularized within queer and trans communities in the 1990s and 2000s, and the term nonbinary became popularized in the 2010s (Roxie 2011). Agender, meaning without gender, can describe people who do not have a gender identity, have an undefinable identity, are gender-neutral, or feel indifferent about gender (Brooks 2014). Genderfluid people experience shifts between gender identities and/or expressions.
Gender Transgender (or trans) generally refers to individuals who identify as a gender other than the one that they were assigned at birth. The term is used as an adjective (e.g., “a transgender woman” rather than “a transgender”); however, some individuals may describe themselves by using transgender as a noun. The term transgendered is not used because it emphasizes ascription and undermines self-definition. The term transsexual is also not preferred as it has been medicalized and emphasizes biological sex rather than gender. Transition – the process of revealing one’s true gender – can be internal, social, legal, and/or medical. Trans* is an umbrella term that encompasses all gender-diverse identities (Tompkins 2014), and thus is intended to be inclusive and denote that trans includes nonbinary identities rather than only the binary identities of trans woman and trans man
GENDER chapter 2: identities and other terms
By recognizing the complexity of the social world, Women, Gender, Sexuality Studies advocates for social change and provides insight into how this can be accomplished. WGSS is interdisciplinary – involving multiple academic disciplines – as feminist scholars include biologists, anthropologists, sociologists, historians, chemists, engineers, economists and researchers from just about any identifiable department at a university. Disciplinary diversity among scholars in this field facilitates communication across the disciplinary boundaries within the academy to more fully understand the social world.
Chapter 1
they see systems of oppression working in concert rather than separately. For instance, the way sexism is experienced depends not only on a person’s gender but also on how the person experiences racism, classism, ageism, and other forms of marginalization within particular historical and cultural contexts.
SEXISM Chapter 1 (UNO)
In subsequent decades, contributions of women of color, immigrant women, women from the global south, poor and working class women, and lesbian and queer women became integral to Women’s Studies. More recently, analyses of gender diversity, sexualities, disabilities, masculinities, religion, science, incarceration, indigeneity, and settler colonialism have become centered in the field. As a result of this opening of the field to incorporate a wider range of experiences and objects of analysis, many Women’s Studies departments have renamed themselves “Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies” departments.
chapter 1 ( Uno)
important critiques of transnational, post-colonial, queer, trans and feminists of color, most contemporary WGSS scholars strive to see the world through the lens of intersectionality.
Chapter 1 (UNO)
Feminist scholars recognize the inextricable connection between the notions of gender and sexuality in U.S. society, not only for women but for people of all genders,
chapter 1
But to save trees, much less forests, more has to happen. When the decision is made to use recycled input, the virgin alternative ought to be conserved in a way that preserves ecosystems and people. Preservation isn’t achieved if the virgin stock is directed into a new product that hasn’t existed before;
paper factories save money for paper now can up their production for other goods since they can just buy paper and recycle it can use the trees they still buy for other lucrative products
the manufacturer is going to use the secondary material to make things. So far, so good.
Idea is great but outcome of reality is not sweet and happy
Both movements have been rightly critiqued for failing to consider questions of power and equity in people’s health, dignity, and livelihoods.
Both lying to the public, hiding the truth of how the corporation is doing both to blind the consumer or worker from the truth that they are benefiting and making more money while lying to you about the effects of their production, environment still losing resources and workers getting paid poorly even with the company saving money.
There are a series of assumptions behind the familiar assertion that recycling saves resources and energy, and in so doing, protects the environment. These assumptions are in the motto, “recycling saves trees.” With recycling – one assumes – used materials stand in for raw materials. This way, recycled content cuts down on the need to extract (conservation), which in turn prevents some of the environmental damage from extraction that would be taking place without recycling (preservation).
The topic is introduced, is recycling really in the end conserving natural recourse and preserving our world
I would urge all who are interested in this kind of thing to move away from binaries. The alternative is uncertain and less morally satisfying. It requires taking multiple perspectives, and wading through material complexity, power relations, institutional arrangements, and ideological maneuvering around recycling, asking again and again how, or even if, this or that initiative — often proudly and cheerfully announced by a consortium of producers — preserves things that matter. It also means looking at how recycling actually takes place in any particular place and time, not just under modelled conditions.
The call to action from the writer
hen we read something, we first understand it at its most basic, literal level. This is called denotation.
Denotation is the basic meaning of something?
When analyzing character , the terms dialogue, monologue, and soliloquy take on increased importance.
Important to analyzing a character.
narrator and author are different.
Important difference to keep in mind
You already know how to look for major plot points, identify the setting, and list possible themes, but you should also keep in mind who is telling you the story.
Keep the narrator in mind when reading.
: The events that take place after the climax are called the falling action. These events show the results of the climax, and they act as a bridge between the climax and the dénouement.
falling in action is like putting things into place after the climax occurs
y. These sub-climaxes can be minor turning points in the main conflict that help build and release suspense during the rising action.
sub climax is a minor turning point
position:
depicts future events and conflicts
plot is a storyline. We can define plot as the main events of a book, short story, play, poem, etc. and the way those events connect to one another. Conflicts act as the driving forces behind a plot.
baseline of the story
Inciting Incident: This is the event that sets the main conflict into motion.
is a key moment in a story that disrupts and sets the main conflict into motion.
A plot has several main elements: inciting incident, exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and dénouement.
typical plot in a story. It outlines the key stages that most stories go through, from beginning to end.
Inciting Incident: This is the event that sets the main conflict into motion. Without it, we could have no plot, as all the characters would already be living “happily ever after,” so to speak. Most stories contain many conflicts, so you will have to identify the main conflict before you can identify the inciting incident. Remember, the inciting incident and conflict are two separate things – the inciting incident is a moment in a story that starts the main conflict. For instance, a person throwing the first punch can be considered the inciting incident to the conflict of a long fistfight. In addition, the inciting incident can happen before a story takes place, in which case it is related to the reader as a past event. Exposition: This is the part of the story that tells us the setting. We find out who the main characters are and where the story takes place. The exposition also hints at the themes and conflicts that will develop later in the story. Exposition can take place throughout a story as characters reveal more about themselves. Rising Action: The rising action is comprised of a series of events that build up to the climax of the story. It introduces us to secondary conflicts and creates tension in the story. You can think of the rising action as the series of events that make the climax of the story possible. Climax: The climax has often been described as the “turning point” of a story. A good way to think of it is the incident that allows the main conflict of a story to resolve. The climax allows characters to solve a problem. It take many forms, such as an epiphany the protagonist has about himself, a battle between the protagonist and antagonist, or the culmination of an internal struggle.
The definition of each of the main events
dénouement.
What is denoument?
inciting incident, exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and dénouement
What the plot should look like in order.
A plot is a storyline. We can define plot as the main events of a book, short story, play, poem, etc.
What a plot means.
“Yes, you will notice that the European traders have ‘tainted’ souls, Marlow has a ‘pure’ soul, but I am to accept that mine is ‘rudimentary’?” He shakes his head. “Towards the end of the 19th century, there was a very short-lived period of ambivalence about the certainty of this colonising mission, and Heart of Darkness falls into this period. But you cannot compromise my humanity in order that you explore your own ambiguity. I cannot accept that. My humanity is not to be debated, nor is it to be used simply to illustrate European problems.”
Again, generalizing his culture
"the real question is the dehumanization of Africa and Africans which this age-long attitude has fostered and continues to foster in the world. And the question is whether a novel which celebrates this dehumanization, which depersonalizes a portion of the human race, can be called a great work of art. My answer is: No, it cannot" (Chinua Achebe, "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness,'" in Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays (New York: Anchor, 2012)). In other words, Achebe insists that the text’s aesthetic qualities cannot and should not redeem its cultural and racial attitudes. Such a commitment to the political and social implications of literature characterizes much ethnic criticism.
Western culture denounces the rest of the world in the sense that Americans assume they're superior to everyone else instead of seeing other as their equal
Most famously, Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe wrote in "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness" that the novella "projects the image of Africa as 'the other world,' the antithesis of Europe and therefore of civilization, a place where man's vaunted intelligence and refinement are finally mocked by triumphant bestiality" (Chinua Achebe, "An Image of Africa: Racism in Conrad's 'Heart of Darkness,'" in Hopes and Impediments: Selected Essays (New York: Anchor, 2012)).
American and western ideology is pretty ignorant to most of the world around us typically.
Wheatley is an interesting example because her work speaks to the concerns of scholars interested in the African American literary tradition and scholars interested in issues of conquest and colonialism. Wheatley wrote, after all, when Massachusetts was a British colony, and she came to Massachusetts after being forcibly seized from her home in either Senegal or Gambia, in West Africa.
She used her writing to express the way she was feeling in a masterful way.
By associating black people with Cain, white people implied that Black people were inferior both physically and morally — marked as "other" than white people, whom they considered normal.
You can see this in the system of oppression, they seen slaves as less than human
Then "appropriate whites had to authenticate the writer's mental and moral capacity, and then the slave's master had to agree that the slave could publish the work. Moreover, the slave's offering was carefully censored to ensure that it was in no way incendiary" (Sondra O’Neale, "A Slave's Subtle War: Phillis Wheatley's Use of Biblical Myth and Symbol," Early American Literature 21, no. 2 (1986): 144–45). In other words, Wheatley could not write a bald condemnation of slavery; her owners held absolute sway over both her writing and her person, and to be published, she had to write within the constraints imposed on her by white people invested in keeping the slave system intact.
There was even limits to how she could portray her thoughts, not just her but all of the others in the same or similar situations
We might even accuse Wheatley of mimicry, or attempting to imitate the language and (as you can see in the following engraving) dress of the ruling class.
It seems to me that she was mocking her oppressors rather than mimicking them.
These Others are sometimes portrayed as excessively bad (demonic others) and sometimes as excessively beautiful (exotic others), but neither view actually builds a true picture of non-Western societies or people. In other words, literary critics are wary of texts in which a foreign society is portrayed as ideal, just as they are when a foreign society is portrayed as depraved.
I feel like people tend to fetishize over certain minorities ex. abgs or Latinas w attitudes
Taking a slightly different focus, the critic Edward Said coined the term Orientalism, which refers to a set of false assumptions and stereotypes that Western cultures maintain about societies other than themselves
Also, trying to break down stereotypes and letting people be their own self.
Though minority and non-Western writers are now studied regularly, they still occupy relatively small places in most literature classrooms and curricula.
The change is a slow burn but it is still happening.
Though it has happened more slowly than many cultural critics would like, the literary canon has shifted in the past decades to reflect a wider sense of who writes literature and what we should learn from it.
There's a shift from white authors running the field, there's more diversity now.
these scholars have demonstrated how the literary canon excludes the voices of minority and non-Western writers, thinkers, and subjects. They have exposed attitudes of prejudice within canonical works.
Breaking barriers for minorities in literature
characterisation
is the process by which an author or creator develops and presents a character in a story.
important type of minor character is called a foil.
character who contrasts with another character, usually the protagonist, to highlight specific qualities or traits in that character.
protagonist and antagonist.
The protagonist is the main character or hero of the story.
The antagonist is the character that opposes the protagonist, creating conflict.
characterisation to describe the strategies that an author uses to present and develop the characters in a narrative.
Definition of characterization
What do you think he meant by these terms?
Before I continue to read, I assume round is equal to dynamic characters and flat is equal to static.
protagonist and antagonist.
Protagonist - A main character who is often the hero of the story
Antagonist - The rival to the protagonist.
a story that contains a series of conflicts can contain several protagonists – no story is limited to just one.
There can be multiple protagonists in one story.
These kinds of characters are sometimes known as dynamic. Other characters, often described as static, may be much less thoroughly-drawn; they may be introduced to the narrative primarily to perform a particular narrative or thematic function, and will probably undergo little or no change in the course of the story.
Dynamic characters change throughout the story while static characters stay the same.
characterisation to describe the strategies that an author uses to present and develop the characters in a narrative.
What characterization means.
known as dynamic. Other characters, often described as static,
>Dynamic: Undergo change throughout the story. > Static: Remain unchanged and often serve specific narrative or thematic purposes.
characterisation
The techniques an author uses to create and develop characters.
The frame of reference in which the story occurs is known as setting.
What setting means.
setting. The most basic definition of setting is one of place and time.
Setting: time and place
. Mood is the feeling we get from a story; tone is a way of getting that feeling across.)
They are two separate things don't get these confused.
As Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil points out, we’ve had thousands of years to hone our person-to-person interactions, but only 20 years of social media. “Offline, we have all these cues from facial expressions to body language to pitch… whereas online we discuss things only through text. I think we shouldn’t be surprised that we’re having so much difficulty in finding the right way to discuss and cooperate online.”
In person we can interact with facial expressions and gestures. Online the message is picked up through text.
After collecting data, including from people who had engaged in trolling behaviour in the past, Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil built an algorithm that predicts with 80 per cent accuracy when someone is about to become abusive online. This provides an opportunity to, for example, introduce a delay in how fast they can post their response. If people have to think twice before they write something, that improves the context of the exchange for everyone: you’re less likely to witness people misbehaving, and so less likely to misbehave yourself.
Counter to Bad behavior online: Delay the potential internet troll response time. Make them think before they post.
Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil has been investigating the comments sections below online articles. He identifies two main triggers for trolling: the context of the exchange – how other users are behaving – and your mood. “If you’re having a bad day, or if it happens to be Monday, for example, you’re much more likely to troll in the same situation,” he says. “You’re nicer on a Saturday morning.”
Potential troll behavior just could come down to how your day is going.
Another way of addressing the low reputational cost for bad behaviour online is to engineer in some form of social punishment. One game company, League of Legends, did that by introducing a “Tribunal” feature, in which negative play is punished by other players. The company reported that 280,000 players were “reformed” in one year, meaning that after being punished by the Tribunal they had changed their behaviour and then achieved a positive standing in the community. Developers could also build in social rewards for good behaviour, encouraging more cooperative elements that help build relationships.
Counters to bad behavior online like discipline could lower chance of behavior to continue.
Much antisocial behaviour online stems from the anonymity of internet interactions – the reputational costs of being mean are much lower than offline. Here, bots may also offer a solution. One experiment found that the level of racist abuse tweeted at black users could be dramatically slashed by using bot accounts with white profile images to respond to racist tweeters. A typical bot response to a racist tweet would be: “Hey man, just remember that there are real people who are hurt when you harass them with that kind of language.” Simply cultivating a little empathy in such tweeters reduced their racist tweets almost to zero for weeks afterwards.
Potential swaying racists tweets with a bot to scold them and test on their moral.
His team is not interested in inventing super-smart AI to replace human cognition. Instead, the plan is to infiltrate a population of smart humans with dumb-bots to help the humans help themselves.
Can a dumb down sense of AI help humans become human again?
Christakis turned this around simply by giving each person a little bit of control over who they were connected to after each round. “They had to make two decisions: am I kind to my neighbours or am I not; and do I stick with this neighbour or do I not.” The only thing each player knew about their neighbours was whether each had cooperated or defected in the round before. “What we were able to show is that people cut ties to defectors and form ties to cooperators, and the network rewired itself and converted itself into a diamond-like structure instead of a graphite-like structure.” In other words, a cooperative prosocial structure instead of an uncooperative structure.
more facts on the society structure experiment.
Christakis has designed software to explore this by creating temporary artificial societies online. “We drop people in and then we let them interact with each other and see how they play a public goods game, for example, to assess how kind they are to other people.” Then he manipulates the network. “By engineering their interactions one way, I can make them really sweet to each other, work well together, and they are healthy and happy and they cooperate. Or you take the same people and connect them a different way and they’re mean jerks to each other and they don’t cooperate and they don’t share information and they are not kind to each other.”
Experiments that make "fake social societies " and creates different situations and records their reactions.
“If you take carbon atoms and you assemble them one way, they become graphite, which is soft and dark. Take the same carbon atoms and assemble them a different way, and it becomes diamond, which is hard and clear. These properties of hardness and clearness aren’t properties of the carbon atoms – they’re properties of the collection of carbon atoms and depend on how you connect the carbon atoms to each other,” he says. “And it’s the same with human groups.”
The connection of how human groups work could be a good source.
Someone who’s thought a great deal about the design of our interactions in social networks is Nicholas Christakis, director of Yale’s Human Nature Lab, located just a few more snowy blocks away. His team studies how our position in a social network influences our behaviour, and even how certain influential individuals can dramatically alter the culture of a whole network.
Potential source on how social media can influence our behavior.
This is compounded by the feedback people get on social media, in the form of likes and retweets and so on. “Our hypothesis is that the design of these platforms could make expressing outrage into a habit, and a habit is something that’s done without regard to its consequences – it’s insensitive to what happens next, it’s just a blind response to a stimulus,” Crockett explains.
Highlight how we also base some forms of approval off of virtual "likes" and "retweets"
“Content that triggers outrage and that expresses outrage is much more likely to be shared,” Crockett says. What we’ve created online is “an ecosystem that selects for the most outrageous content, paired with a platform where it’s easier than ever before to express outrage”.
Back up theory that we are drawn together when it comes to collectively disliking something.
I trudge a couple of blocks through driving snow to find Molly Crockett’s Psychology Lab, where researchers are investigating moral decision-making in society. One area they focus on is how social emotions are transformed online, in particular moral outrage. Brain-imaging studies show that when people act on their moral outrage, their brain’s reward centre is activated – they feel good about it. This reinforces their behaviour, so they are more likely to intervene in a similar way again. So, if they see somebody acting in a way that violates a social norm, by allowing their dog to foul a playground, for instance, and they publicly confront the perpetrator about it, they feel good afterwards. And while challenging a violator of your community’s social norms has its risks – you may get attacked – it also boosts your reputation.
very important source to build my thesis off.
“There is a lot of evidence that cooperation is a central feature of human evolution,” says Rand. Individuals benefit, and are more likely to survive, by cooperating with the group. And being allowed to stay in the group and benefit from it is reliant on our reputation for behaving cooperatively.
Mention this game and the group's impact on human behavior.
Over the years, scientists have proposed various theories about why humans cooperate so well that we form strong societies. The evolutionary roots of our general niceness, most researchers now believe, can be found in the individual survival advantage humans experience when we cooperate as a group. I’ve come to New Haven, Connecticut, in a snowy February, to visit a cluster of labs where researchers are using experiments to explore further our extraordinary impulse to be nice to others even at our own expense.
Ask the question can we do research to produce more nice-ness out of people.
This passage highlights the traditional gender roles that place women in the domestic roles, specifically in the kitchen. Even though it is a women's role the man still gets the credit for the recipe
Gender criticism, following Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick's articulation, is an extension of feminist literary criticism. It focuses not just on women but on the construction of gender and sexuality, especially LGBTQ issues, which gives rise to queer theory. Gender criticism suggests that power is not just top down or patriarchal, for example, a man dominating a woman. It suggests that power is multifaceted and never just in one direction. For example, in the nineteenth century while many women argued for suffrage (or the right to vote), at the same time those very women who were white could be dominating or holding power over African Americans in the American slave system.
This passage outlines gender criticism, which builds on feminist literary theory by focusing on the construction of gender and sexuality, including LGBTQ issues. The example with white women's involvement in both the suffrage movement and the oppression of African Americans shows how gender and power can intersect in complex ways.
Like feminism, gender criticism examines how gender is caught between the notion of essentialism, the belief that women are naturally and fundamentally different than men based on their biological sex and that nonheterosexual identities are deviant from the biological heteronormative distinction between male and female, and constructionism, the belief that gender is not essentialist or based on biological nature but is constructed through culture.
It used to be believed that women were inferior to men biologically
The only women that used to even remotely have some power were wealthy white women
A woman's identity is determined by Her husband even if she has her own hobbies
choroid plexus
đám rối mạch mạc
lateral horn
contains cell bodies cho **autonomic nervous system **
thoracic, upper lumbar, and sacral regions
Thoraical (cột sống ngực) gồm 12 đốt sống sau đốt sống cổ (sau Ceravical - kí hiệu C1 - C7), kí hiệu T1 đến T12, T1 nhỏ nhất) - T12 lớn nhất
Lumbar (cột sống thắt lưng)
Sacral (cột sống chậu/xương cùng)
ventral root
rễ bụng - rễ vận động
dorsal root
Rễ sau của dây thần kinh tủy sống (hoặc rễ sau của dây thần kinh tủy sống hoặc rễ cảm giác ) là một trong hai "rễ" mọc ra từ tủy sống
anterior median fissure
separating the spinal cord into two symmetrical halves
foramen magnum
lỗ chẩm - the largest foramen of the skull (Lỗ lớn nhất của hộp sọ) - kết nối thuỳ chẩm (occipital lobe) và cột sống (spinal cord) => Ở cả hai bên lỗ chẩm là lồi cầu chẩm (occipital condyle). Các lồi cầu này tạo thành khớp với đốt sống cổ thứ nhất. These condyles form joints with the first cervical vertebra. khả năng là form an information passage to exercise movement decisions since spinal cord nối với hệ thần kinh vận động?
autonomic ganglia
chia thành hạch cạnh đốt sống (chuỗi) paravertebral (chain) ganglia và hạch trước đốt sống (bên cạnh) prevertebral (collateral) ganglia
Hạch thần kinh tự chủ
Các hạch form hệ thần kinh tự chủ (autonomic nervous system) -một phần của hệ thống thần kinh ngoại biên. Nó kiểm soát các quá trình cơ thể không tự chủ cụ thể, chẳng hạn như hơi thở, huyết áp hoặc nhịp tim
insulation
tạo môi trường insulation (tiếp điện)
synaptic end bulb
contact other's neurons
synapses
Synapse is the junction that allows signals to pass from a nerve cell to another cell or from one nerve cell to a muscle cell. The synaptic cleft is the gap between the membrane of the pre- and postsynaptic cell. In a chemical synapse the signal is carried by a diffusable neurotransmitter. The cleft between the presynaptic cell and the postsynaptic cells is 20 to 40 nm wide and may appear clear or striated. Recent studies have indicated that the cleft is not an empty space per se, but is filled with carbohydrate-containing material.
Synaptic vesicles are small spherical organelles in the cytoplasm of neurons that contain neurotransmitter and various proteins necessary for neurotransmitter secretion. Vesicles containing inhibitory neurotransmitter are often flat or elliptical whereas vesicles that contain excitatory neurotransmitter are usually more spherical.
vertebral column
spine: cột sống
vertebral cavity
khoang đốt sống
cranial cavity
khoang sọ: houses the Brain, Meninges, and the Cerebrospinal Fluid
Defenitions Frq 🙏🏼
Several of these endocrine glands are also discussed in greater detail as they relate to other topics in separate chapters.
This is very interesting that the endocrine system has many different glands that produce different hormones and each hormone has a specific job.
The PNS is divided into two major systems, called the autonomic nervous system and the somatic nervous system. Both systems of the PNS interact with the CNS and include sensory and motor neurons, but they use different circuits of nerves and ganglia.
When talking about the PNS it was very easy to remember the two major systems. Somatic was things that you can tell your body too like for example grab water and autonomic is when the body monitors itself like when it gets hot we don't tell our body to sweat it automatically does that.
The brain contains an estimated 86 billion neurons (Lent et al., 2012), and each neuron has thousands of synaptic connections to other neurons.
The brain has a lot of neurons around 86 billion! As you can see the brain has many folds and these folds are called the gyrus. The reasoning behind the gyrus is because these folds give the brain more surface area to fit more neurons in the skull and also enable higher functions.
The telecephalon will become the cerebrum. The diencephalon gives rise to several adult structures; two that will be important are the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
The telencephalon is the largest portion of the brain in which this portions main function is speech and language. The diencephalon function is to release hormones and is also a processing center for sensory information and autonomic control.
The meninges also contain cushioning cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
The csf is a protective measure for the brain that is able to absorb shock. Every day the human body produces about 500ml of csf a day.
Neurons are responsible for the electrical signals that communicate information about sensations, produce movements in response to those stimuli, and induce thought processes within the brain.
Neurons are a very complicated and interesting part of our body's. One thing about neurons that sticks with me the most is action potential which I learned heavily in my physiology class. Action potential is basically a quick electrical pulse that happens when a neuron sends a signal.
focuses narrowly on the literary work as a well-wrought urn.
crafted beautifully and self contained.
a close reading demonstrates how a literary work's meaning is unified, balanced, and harmonized by its aesthetic—or literary—structure.
there is balance in literary work, again emphasis on fluidity and harmony.
Remember, a close reading will examine a literary work and find some objective meaning (a theme) that is harmonized with structure, thus balancing theme and form.
There is a great emphasis on the fluidity of readings; they should guide the reader.
concentrated on summarizing a work's plot rather than analyzing its meaning.
more often than not its easy to mix summarizing as a form of analyzing.
and they should also eliminate their emotional involvement in the reading experience.
When critics are tasked to disregard there true emotions, it would prove to be ironic. As a critic you should be honest and with that feelings that may may influence a fallacy will be disregarded of. though it wouldn't be the full truth.
other poet returns to the same metaphor 118 years later.
regarding my last annotation, ironically this metaphor with urns is passed down as if a legacy with this metaphor transcends different generations.
provides a metaphor that is useful for close reading.
urns become metaphorical, which can be interpreted as memories or a legacy.
use the image of the urn in their poetry
Urns contain the remains of someone. Maybe the urn represents the "story" of what is contained inside it?
paradox or irony
Contradictions may be a much easier component of literature to spot, but what does it mean to metaphorically use language, other than to use a metaphor?
tension or ambiguity—the issue or problem
Examining open ends of the text? Perhaps seeing how the author leaves details to the reader contributes to the text just as much as the given details.
heresy of paraphrase
Heresy is often used in religious (mainly catholic) scenarios where one acts against the church and its beliefs. Seeing it used in terms of literature frames it in a more religious and serious way by people who firmly believe in literature.
Critics, then, should stick closely to the work of art, eliminating the author's intention from consideration,
Letting emotion and opinion into consideration of a work's meaning can skew and bias what their interpreted meaning is.
biographical fallacy
Literature should be observed and analyzed in a vacuum, isolated from other references unless needed to understand what is being said.
intentional fallacy occurs when readers claim to understand an author's intended meaning for a work of literature.
Different works of literature will have different meaning depending on the reader and their knowledge/experience.
meaning and form interweave into a total artistic effect, the well-wrought urn
The "unity" of the work contributes to its meaning.
urn contains not only beauty but also truth: a work of literature has some objective meaning that is integral to its artistic design
The urn remains a metaphor for what literature contains, and analyzing the literature clarifies its value.
unity of that work.
Different elements of the story do contribute to the direction and unity of a work. Now I learned that looking at it in this perspective is New Criticism.
hold poetic meaning.
So the urn in this case simply contains and preserves that poetic meaning.
metaphysical poet
Metaphysical poet? As in spiritual...?
You can also reference personal experience. It's a good idea to have a mixture.
I agree with that - in many debates, appealing to wider audiences can help them like you and knowing your audience can help them relate to similar experiences. For example, if I were appealing to fellow women, I'd say something about men most women have experienced.
There are two sides to every argument. This means not everyone will agree with your viewpoint. So try to form a common ground with the audience.
I would also like to add that sometimes when outlining an argument, it would be helpful to think about the other side and what they may say in order to be more effective.
However, what distinguishes an argument from a descriptive essay or "report" is that the argument must take a stance; if you're merely summarizing "both sides" of an issue or pointing out the "pros and cons," you're not really writing an argument.
This can help improve an argument so the discussion has multiply perspectives.
ifferentiated marketing, means that you may differentiate some aspect of marketing (offering, promotion, price) for different groups of customers selected.
so its like having favorites?
spending some time with the prompt will help keep us from becoming overwhelmed.
yes!! spending time and deciding carefully
Conversely, how do we mention multiple sources in different paragraphs and use them to support a central idea?
how ?
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As discussed previously, glucose is stored in the body as glycogen. While glycogen provides a ready source of energy, lipids primarily function as an energy reserve. As you may recall, glycogen is quite bulky with heavy water content, thus the body cannot store too much for long. Alternatively, fats are packed together tightly without water and store far greater amounts of energy in a reduced space
Now I understand when decide to cutting, the fast fat (carbs) energy goes first and you have a small sensation of losing a little weight, but then after this period of fast energy burn, to burn the calories and really lose some fat "the compacted and dense fat" is harder, takes more time
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veintidós