pH

When you deliver an informative speech, your primary purpose is to give your audience information that they did not already know, or to teach them more about a topic with which they are already familiar.

Steps are being taken to reduce the burning of wood.

emissions of sulfur dioxide totaled 24.1 million tons in the United States

Biomass or waste plant parts may also be used as a source of fuel. In some areas solid waste incinerators are also used as a source of heat.

we give our conflict partner reasons to support our request or suggestion, meaning there is more information exchange,

Being able to manage conflict situations can make life more pleasant rather than letting a situation stagnate or escalate.

Just as large groups of people create cultures through shared symbols (language), values, and rituals, people in relationships also create cultures at a smaller level

We have different needs that are met through our various relationships.

grew

symmetric

When looking at nature, it is important to ask why things in nature have the properties that they do.  This is especially important when thinking about organisms.  Why do organisms possess the traits that they do?  Why do birds have feathers?

Why do humans and other animals move, why do they have particular mental capabilities and not others, and what laws or principles govern the organization of behavior and mental processes?

kin selection) favors our altruistic side including prosocial behaviors such as caring, giving, sharing, and cooperation

individual selection) favors the self-interested side of human nature

The evolved behavioral and mental traits of an organism are its psychological adaptations

The heritable features which organisms use to solve problems of survival and reproduction are called adaptations.

sexual selection--selection based on the "attractiveness" of potential sexual partners.

the environment presents challenges to survival such as disease, predators, and insufficient supplies of resources such as energy (in the form of sunlight for plants, or food for animals), territory, and water.

environmental selection--selection by the environment of which genetic variants in a population will survive long enough to have a chance to reproduce

"Fit" in this context does not mean the healthiest or the strongest, rather it is a reference to the ability to pass one's genes on to the next generation.

In this way, evolution is not random as some who don't understand the process are apt to claim--natural selection gives it direction.

The minds and behavior of organisms have been shaped by evolutionary forces over millions of years, just like their anatomical and physiological features.

Listenable messages are orally delivered messages that are tailored to be comprehended by a listener

What are my goals for listening to this message?”

Active listening

Aggressive listening is a bad listening practice in which people pay attention to a speaker in order to attack something they say.

Eavesdropping

After all, we can move something to our long-term memory by repetition and then later recall it without ever having understood it.

Listening is a process and as such doesn’t have a defined start and finish.

short-term memory

Action-oriented listeners

Empathetic listening

Getting integrated: Listening is a learned process and skill that we can improve on with concerted effort. Improving our listening skills can benefit us in academic, professional, personal, and civic contexts.

Empathetic listening is the most challenging form of listening and occurs when we try to understand or experience what a speaker is thinking or feeling. Empathetic listening is distinct from sympathetic listening. While the word empathy means to “feel into” or “feel with” another person, sympathy means to “feel for” someone.

to focus on messages sent by other people or noises coming from our surroundings; to better our understanding of other people’s communication; to critically evaluate other people’s messages; to monitor nonverbal signals; to indicate that we are interested or paying attention; to empathize with others and show we care for them (relational maintenance); and to engage in negotiation, dialogue, or other exchanges that result in shared understanding of or agreement on an issue.

The most serious consequences of prenatal drug or alcohol exposure involve newborn addiction and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Fetal alcohol syndrome affects both physical and mental development, damaging neurons within the brain and often leading to cognitive impairment and below-average weight.

the mind is a collection or bundle of information processing "organs" or "modules" each of which has evolved, over our evolutionary history as a species, to process particular kinds of information from the environment in quite specific ways to help us to survive and reproduce our genes.

The following quote from Steven Pinker (1997) expresses these ideas eloquently:

Brain development is more rapid during this critical or sensitive period than at any other, with more than 700 neural connections created each second. Herein, complex gene –environment interactions (or genotype–environment interactions, G×E) serve to increase the number of possible contacts between neurons, as they hone their adult synaptic properties and excitability.

Nutrients can reverse or change DNA methylation and histone modifications, thereby modifying the expression of critical genes associated with physiologic and pathologic processes, including embryonic development, aging, and carcinogenesis.

Since the child is being raised by parents who are genetically different from his or her biological parents, the influence of the environment shows in how similar the child is to his or her adoptive parents or adoptive siblings vs. how similar the child is to his or her biological parents and siblings.

Common abnormalities include Down syndrome (caused by an extra chromosome #21), Klinefelter syndrome (caused by an extra X chromosome), and Turner syndrome (caused by a missing X chromosome). Genetic counseling is available for families in order to determine if any abnormalities exist that may be passed along to offspring

it is shaped like a double helix, made of sequences of nucleic acids attached to a sugar phosphate backbone. Genes are subsections of DNA molecules linked together that encode a particular characteristic.

strictly increasing function

People may not understand your words, but they will certainly interpret your nonverbal communication according to their accepted norms. Notice the word their. It is their perceptions that will count when you are trying to communicate, and it’s important to understand that those perceptions will be based on the teachings and experiences of their culture—not yours.

people have expectations about the appropriateness of nonverbal behavior, which is learned and culturally driven.

Different perceptions of time can vary dramatically when it comes to arranging meetings. Some Mexican American friends may invite you to a barbecue at 8 p.m., but when you arrive you are the first guest, because it is understood that the gathering actually doesn’t start until well after 9 p.m.

It's not just how we drive that may be different, but as well what it is we use our cars for.

He and his brother had placed bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon,

2015, the "Boston bomber", Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, was sentenced to death. He and his brother had placed bombs near the finish line of the Boston Marathon, resulting in multiple deaths and injuries. At the trial, his involvement in setting the bombs was not at issue; he admitted his guilt. The question was if he would be sentenced to life in prison or to death.

“body language”

It is likely that most individuals would be surprised to learn how important nonverbal behavior is in conveying messages during conversations.

One of the most common forms of gestures involve greetings and departures, which have rituals that are largely nonverbal, such as shaking hands or waving. These tend to vary across cultures. In Japan, for example, it is common to bow when greeting someone, with the nature of the bow (how deep and how long) being determined by the nature of the occasion and social connection of the persons involved.

The caution in using gestures extends to those which may be widespread in a culture,

Any interference in the communication process is considered noise.

The components of the communication process are

1

Identify covalent and ionic compounds.

selenium monoxide

sulfur hexafluoride

dioxygen difluoride

nitrogen dioxide

PCl3

F2

a(OH)

N2O

Na3PO4Na3PO4\ce{Na_3PO_4}

Na2O

1-heptyne

2-hexene

n-octane

disulfur decafluoride

silicon tetrachloride

OF2

N2O5

IF7

15.2.1c

KMT

alkane

Communicating and Meeting Personal Needs

Meeting Personal Needs

Attitude

Intention

Attention

40 to 50% of all table-service restaurant customers arrive in pairs 30% of the customers come alone or in parties of 3 20% of the customers arrive in groups of 4 or more

Quick Service

A parking lot should also convey a sense of safety, keeping criminals out as it draws customers in.

Theories

Gage became irritable, irreverent, rude and profane, aspects that were not part of his way of being

company's most capable employee, with a well-balanced mind and a sense of leadership

used to look at brain activity or communication in a living patient

pictures of the brain. An MRI does not use Xrays

used to locate brain tumors, injury, or atrophy. However, the CT scan uses Xrays to provide an image of the brain

overall electrical activity of the brain

Phineas Gage and invention of methods such as the electroencephalogram (EEG) and computed tomography (CT or CAT) scans

Donald Hebb wrote his influential book, The Organization of Behavior, where he introduced the first comprehensive theory on how the brain might create and control complex psychological functioning

Knight Dunlap used the term "psychobiology" to explain the role of biology in behavior.

Like many early psychologists, James had extensive training in physiology

specific psychological and behavioral processes are localized to specific regions and networks of the brain

biological psychology, behavioral neuroscience, physiological psychology, neuropsychology, and psychobiology

the study of biological mechanisms of behavior and mental processes

We now know that damage to a small area less than the size of a quarter at the very base of your brain results in disruption of feeding and regulation of body weight.  Damage to another area of the brain located near your temples disrupts your ability to form new memories for facts and events, while leaving your ability to learn new motor tasks (such as skating or riding a bike) completely unaffected.  Damage to another brain area causes face blindness, or prosopagnosia, a disorder in which the afflicted individual can still see normally except that they cannot recognize familiar faces, even the faces of close family members or even their own face in a photograph.

Biopsychology is the study of biological mechanisms of behavior and mental processes.

(−1)n−1n3n−2∑n=1∞(−1)n−1n3n−2\sum_{n=1}^\infty (-1)^{n-1}{n\over 3n-2}

extensive or intensive.

Structural imaging techniques are useful in many situations such as locating tumors, sites of physical brain damage, or finding size differences between the structures of the brain between various groups. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), for example, is one such technique that is commonly used to study the brain and to diagnosis knee and shoulder injuries. Structural imaging techniques allow us to look inside the brain (or body) without having to go inside.

Functional imaging techniques allow researchers to learn about the brain activity during various tasks by creating images based on the electrical activity or the absorption of various substances that occurs while a subject is engaging in a task.

Alkalis were extracted from ashes,

refinement

So, it is extremely difficult to determine what exactly each cell does through single cell recordings. Recording from one area ignores what is happening everywhere else in the brain.

This magnetic field travels through the skull and scalp and affects neurons near the surface of the brain. When the magnetic field is rapidly turned on and off, a current is induced in the neurons, leading to depolarization or hyperpolarization, depending on the number of magnetic field pulses. Single- or paired-pulse TMS depolarizes site-specific neurons in the cortex, causing them to fire.

This allows researchers to construct a three-dimensional image of the areas of the brain that have the highest metabolic needs, typically those that are most active.

Electroencephalography (EEG) is one technique for studying brain activity.

Computed (or computerized) tomography (CT) is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays in order to reveal small details about structures in the body.

In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an “X-ray” image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists around the world quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-rays were widely used to detect a variety of injuries and diseases.

visual aids

information overload

Most people won’t be bored by a brief review, but many people become lost and give up listening if they can’t connect to the information right away or feel it’s over their heads.

Being a successful informative speaker starts with choosing a topic that can engage and educate the audience.

Persuasive speaking

Remember that speakers have ethical obligations to the audience and should take the opportunity to speak seriously.

Deductive reasoning

cognitive dissonance

We also discussed the importance of evaluating the strength of a warrant, because strong warrants are usually more persuasive.

des

allosterically

phosphorylation

you’ll have to train yourself to do it well.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of starting with a quote? What about the advantages and disadvantages of starting with a quote from the President? How would other readers respond to this technique? Would certain readers (say Democrats or liberals) appreciate an essay that started with a quote from President Obama better than other readers (say Republicans or conservatives)? What would be the advantages and disadvantages of starting with a quote from a less divisive person? What about starting with a quote from someone more divisive?

These are all reasonable questions to ask.

The goal is to carefully consider the choices the author made and the techniques that he or she used, and then decide whether you want to make those same choices or use those same techniques in your own writing. Author and professor Wendy Bishop explains how her reading process changed when she began to read like a writer:

Say you’re reading an essay in class that begins with a short quote

The goal as you read like a writer is to locate what you believe are the most important writerly choices

trying to understand how the piece of writing was put together

Instead of reading for content or to better understand the ideas in the writing

The idea is to carefully examine the things you read, looking at the writerly techniques in the text in order to decide if you might want to adopt similar (or the same) techniques in your writing

I realized writing is a word-by-word, sentence-by-sentence process.

For most college students RLW is a new way to read, and it can be difficult to learn at first. Making things even more difficult is that your college writing instructor may expect you to read this way for class but never actually teach you how to do it.

How to Read Like a Writer

When you read like a writer, you are trying to figure out how the text you are reading was constructed so that you learn how to “build” one for yourself.

Isotopes

by communicating identity to other nearby cells.

heuristic

Too much indulgence or too little stimulation may lead to fixation.

The Perry Preschool Project which began in 1962 is an example of a longitudinal study that continues to provide data on children’s development.

cohort

Science offers a more systematic way to make comparisons guard against bias.

Read the following sentence aloud: Paris in the the spring Are you sure that is what it said? Read it again: Paris in the the spring If you read it differently the second time (adding the second “the”) you just experienced one of the problems with personal inquiry; that is, the tendency to see what we believe. Our assumptions very often guide our perceptions, consequently, when we believe something, we tend to see it even if it is not there. This problem may just be a result of cognitive ‘blinders’ or it may be part of a more conscious attempt to support our own views. Confirmation bias is the tendency to look for evidence that we are right and in so doing, we ignore contradictory evidence.

Can we justify turning our backs on the needs of desperate people? There is no justification for such selfishness. The time has come to open our borders.

Does the First Amendment really guarantee absolute freedom to say whatever we want in any situation?

We can check an argument by looking for possible exceptions to any generalization it makes

A generalization tells us that something is true for a group of cases that have something in common.

The argument would be more transparent and less manipulative if it tried to prove that other ways of helping desperate people, such as direct aid in people’s countries of origin, would not do enough. We can critique a loaded question with a sentence like this: The question _____________ assumes that _____________, when, in fact, it could be that_____________.

The entire argument is not invalidated just because there are counterexamples. As we saw in Section 2.8: Finding the Limits on the Argument, many arguments limit their claims to acknowledge exceptions. The claim in the example above would need to be limited, perhaps by revising the central claim to "many of this country's teachers” in front of “teachers.” Of course, the validity would still depend on whether there really are so many such cases.

If we see a general statement, we should ask ourselves whether it is always true or whether we can identify any case that doesn’t fit the pattern. If there is an exception that the argument hasn’t accounted for, that may point us to a weak spot that we should mention in our assessment.

If the writer is arguing for something that obviously has downsides, they may present it as the lesser of two evils

The entire argument is not invalidated just because there are counterexamples.

But is the general statement always true?

Sometimes an argument asserts that there are only two or three options, when in fact there may be others. This is often called a false dilemma or false choice fallacy.

A generalization tells us that something is true for a group of cases that have something in common.

If there is an exception that the argument hasn’t accounted for, that may point us to a weak spot that we should mention in our assessment.

Teachers may not tell students to go out and shoot the president. "Hate speech" is also prohibited: a teacher does not have the right to spout racial slurs.

If there is an exception that the argument hasn’t accounted for, that may point us to a weak spot that we should mention in our assessment. Often, a particular claim or reason may sound plausible, but we need to slow down and ask if it is true in all cases. For example, take the following argument:

“We cannot do without it

Sometimes an argument asserts that there are only two or three options, when in fact there may be others. This is often called a false dilemma or false choice fallacy.

An assessment could critique this argument for not acknowledging that.  However, there may well still be enough examples of teachers expressing political beliefs

If we see a general statement, we should ask ourselves whether it is always true or whether we can identify any case that doesn’t fit the pattern

Slaves were considered the property of slave owners, property that could be bought, sold, punished, or even killed.

Individuals were born into slavery, and it was rare to escape slavery.

Physiological needs form the base of the hierarchy of needs. The closer the needs are to the base, the more important they are for human survival.

13

R2,P3

we need only shift the indices in our second term

Even though each cell has identical copies of all of the same genes, different cells express or repress different genes.

the opposite is likely true: the extent that people differ in arm number is likely the result of accidents and, therefore, environmental.

no other question has caused so much controversy and offense: We are so concerned with nature–nurture because our very sense of moral character seems to depend on it.

It focuses primarily on psychological adaptations: mechanisms of the mind that have evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction.

doing something like offering a gift might represent more than a nice gesture. Just as chimpanzees will give food to mates to show they can provide for them, when you offer gifts to your dates, you are communicating that you have the money or “resources” to help take care of them.

Bipedalism, or upright walking, was the first morphological trait on the road to humanity. Human bipedalism is the primary form of moving around (this is called habitual bipedalism).

The mechanisms of the origin of life on Earth are a particularly difficult problem because it occurred a very long time ago, and presumably it just occurred once.

An individual may carry a very beneficial genotype with a resulting phenotype that, for example, increases the ability to reproduce (fecundity), but if that same individual also carries an allele that results in a fatal childhood disease, that fecundity phenotype will not be passed on to the next generation because the individual will not live to reach reproductive age.

Over time, only long-necked tortoises would be present in the population, as short-necked animals failed to survive and reproduce.

products of combustion are molecular species that exhibit broad absorption bands and particulates that scatter radiation from the sourc

F=drlabdt

d2Rdt2

an be viewed as a process of action and consequence. Skinner used this basic principle to st

“Young people live in constant fear that they’ll never be able to pay off their debt. We’re not buying houses or able to afford the hallmarks of the American dream,”

“There is so much fear of sharing the reality of their financial situation and the devastation it is causing in every facet of their lives,” she says. “The consequences of coming forward can result in social pushback and possible job–related complications, which only deepen their suffering.

“Alienation impacts mental health issues,” says New York mental health counselor Harriet Fraad. “As long as they blame themselves within the system, they’re lost.”

Simone confirms that she has “worked with debtors who were suicidal or had psychological breakdowns requiring psychiatric hospitalization.”

She is a perfect, and enthusiastic housekeeper, and hopes for no better profession. I verily believe she thinks it is the writing which made me sick!

I used to lie awake as a child and get more entertainment and terror out of blank walls and plain furniture than most children could find in a toy-store.

If a physician of high standing, and one’s own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression—a slight hysterical tendency—what is one to do? My brother is also a physician, and also of high standing, and he says the same thing.

A colonial mansion, a hereditary estate, I would say a haunted house, and reach the height of romantic felicity—but that would be asking too much of fate!

It encompasses the branch of biology that deals with the anatomy, biochemistry, molecular biology, and physiology of neurons and neural circuits. It also encompasses cognition (thinking) and human behavior.

And here was the main point of this curious story: Gage became irritable, irreverent, rude and profane, aspects that were not part of his way of being. His mind had changed radically. His transformation was so great that everyone said that “Gage is no longer himself.”

One of the most important questions given Cajal's neuron doctrine was the mechanism for communication between neurons. The role of electricity in nerves and electrical communication between neurons was first observed in dissected frogs by Luigi Galvani. In 1780, he showed that an electrical stimulus applied to the motor nerve of a frog's nerve cell produced a twitch. This experiment suggested that electricity was an important functional element of the nervous system (Klein and Thorne, 2006).