Evaluation Summary:

This is a valuable manuscript that addresses an important question and provides interesting mechanistic insights into the roles of specific regions of the IR and IGF1R in their activation. While many of the data convincingly support the conclusions, in some areas the data are incomplete so we are left with an unfinished picture of the mechanisms of activation of the IR and IGF1R, and why they differ.

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Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript reports useful data on how human papillomavirus 8E6 protein regulates DSB repair pathways in human cells. The data support the claim that 8E6 promotes alternative end-joining through binding and destabilizing the p300 acetyltransferase, but the study remains relatively descriptive and incomplete as it is not yet clear which alternative end-joining pathway is involved lacking a test of a direct involvement of DNA polymerases theta (POLθ).

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Evaluation Summary:

This is an interesting and timely paper that presents thermodynamic and structural (NMR) analyses of six KOW domains from the NusG superfamily of transcription factors. The authors identify a second fold-switching member of the NusG superfamily, VcRfaH, and investigate the physical basis of this fold-switching transition. The authors also compare the thermodynamic and structural properties of six fold-switching and single-folding KOW domains from different organisms, and show that fold-switching domains are less thermodynamically stable than their single-folding counterparts. This work will be of great interest for scientists in the fields of protein folding (theory and experiment), structural biophysics, and advanced protein NMR spectroscopy.

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Evaluation Summary:

This is a useful quantification of the links of vascular disease on the development of subsequent mental health issues. It uses a robust dataset to quantify this association. Further work to focus the analyses, ensure claims are supported by the data, and consider alternative explanations is needed.

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Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript has the potential to be of interest to a broad range of behavioral scientists. It provides insights into how biases can affect value-based behavior in invertebrates, similar to what has been reported in humans. However, there are a number of potential confounders that need to be addressed before drawing robust conclusions from the data reported.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1, Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #4 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This is a valuable paper that uses solid computational modeling approaches to link plasticity in the hippocampal circuit with behavioral learning. The work focuses on reinforcement learning, a theoretical framework for how animals can optimize learning by extracting the statistical structure of the sensory environments. While a vast range of experimental data regarding the physiological properties of neurons in the hippocampus exists, reinforcement learning often lacks such physiological details. The manuscript begins to fill this gap, by developing a spiking computational model of the hippocampus that can implement reinforcement learning and capture some features of hippocampal physiology.

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Evaluation Summary:

In this elegant study, Leyhr et al. identify the first potent nkx3.2 jaw joint enhancer, which they show to be deeply conserved across gnathostomes and likely to be absent from jawless fishes. The data support the hypothesis that this enhancer arose with the origin of hinged jaws during vertebrate evolution and is required for some aspects of early joint development in zebrafish. The work has important implications both for our basic understanding of enhancer function and evolution as well as potential genetic causes of craniofacial defects in humans.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to readers who perform extracellular recordings with high-density electrodes. It provides a proof of principle that high-density recordings allow assessing the interactions of pairs of neurons within local cortical networks in nonhuman primates.

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Evaluation Summary:

The authors identify a new FOXP2-CPED1 gene fusion in prostate cancer that leads to the increased expression of FOXP2 and subsequent transformation of non-cancer cells. Increased FOXP2 was shown to promote prostate cancer in part through the increased expression and activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase MET, a known driver of prostate cancer. Notably, the authors created new genetically engineered mouse models of FOXP2 and FOXP2-CPED1 overexpression in prostate luminal epithelial cells which was sufficient to cause prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia in these mice with lesions that confirmed increased MET signaling. Oncogenes are typically interesting drug targets or interact with possible drug targets, and the manuscript could thus have a significant societal impact on better understanding drivers of the disease.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The authors combined atomistic simulations and continuum mechanics models to probe how structural features of the M2 channel impact the local membrane properties and stability of the channel in membranes of different curvatures. The insights gained in this work can potentially lead to novel strategies that screen for drug molecules that stabilize fission-incompetent conformations of the M2 channel. The multi-scale computational approach will find utility to many problems in membrane reshaping.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript is a timely contribution to the CRISPR/Cas field: the mode of function of the type III-E Cas7-11 CRISPR-Cas system. This is an RNA-guided RNA targeting system only characterized last year. In contrast to Cas13 systems, Cas7-11 does not possess collateral damaging activity, hence does not show cytotoxicity when introduced into human cells. These are highly desirable traits in practical applications. High resolution mechanistic studies would be essential for driving the further development of Cas7-11 based biotechnology applications.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This important study shows that methods currently used to predict which animals species might be at risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2, by looking at features of the host cell receptor the virus binds to, are fundamentally flawed, with exceptionally strong support for this conclusion. Much work on the potential host range of SARS-CoV-2 has focused on measuring the susceptibility of different species' ACE2 receptors to sarbecovirus entry and extending predictions to other unmeasured species based on ACE2 sequence features. Mollentze and colleagues show that ACE2 sequences are not more than a proxy for generic species relationships. In other words, species phylogeny alone can provide equivalent predictive power, allowing for predictions of mammalian susceptibility to sarbecovirus infection for the many species for which ACE2 sequences are not known yet.

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Evaluation Summary:

By integrating a range of computational techniques, the authors generated a structural model for the AT3 domain, which is predicted to adopt a new fold. The key features of the structural model are consistent with the activity of the enzyme as an acyltransferase, with a transmembrane channel that can accommodate an acyl-CoA donor, and an outer cavity formed with a second domain that can accommodate a nascent LPS molecule as substrate. Overall, the study will help stimulate specific experimental analyses that can further evaluate and improve the model for better mechanistic understanding of this class of enzymes. The work will be of interest to structural biologists, and all studying acyltransferase enzymes.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The authors dissect the phenotypes of bone-marrow derived myeloid cells in a murine model of pulmonary vasculitis with relevance to human disease, revealing the association of novel phenotypic subsets associated with lung injury, yet the role of these subsets in regulating or contributing to tissue injury is less clearly determined.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewer remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The work presented by Masson et al. highlights experimental approaches using spatial indentation and contrast-enhanced 3-D x-ray imaging to topographically map cartilage thickness in mouse knee joints. This methods described have the potential to impact the field of musculoskeletal biomechanics, especially for researchers using mouse models to study cartilage wear and disease, given the high resolution and sensitivity of the described approaches.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This work describes mouse ovary morphogenesis from E14.5 to birth using recently developed methods combining CUBIC and iDISCO and optimized 3D imaging using light sheet microscopy. The manuscript is of interest to all developmental biologists as it will serve as a reference to whole embryo morphogenesis, in particular vertebrate ovary morphogenetic processes.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Grande and colleagues provide new insights into how different regions of the entorhinal cortex functionally interact with specific cortical brain areas and how, in turn, subregions of the entorhinal cortex interact with the hippocampus during 'scene' and 'object' processing. This paper is relevant to cognitive neuroscientists with an interest in the entorhinal cortex - hippocampal pathways and 'scene' and 'object' representation in the medial temporal lobe. The study is well-motivated, well-designed and appropriately analysed to address the research questions. Most conclusions of the paper are well supported by the data.

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Evaluation Summary:

The authors use an elegant experimental design to study genetic variation in the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation system in yeast. They identify a large number of QTLs for naturally occurring variation, and they elucidate the causal variants and likely functional mechanisms of several of these. The paper illustrates an innovative new approach to high-throughput QTL mapping for specific molecular processes and it will be of interest to colleagues aiming to harness natural variation for understanding a range of biological processes.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript described the effects of two different CoronaVac vaccination schedules in a Chilean adult population. They find that a 0 and 28-day two-dose schedule produced superior levels of neutralizing antibodies and antibodies with a great breadth of interaction across variants compared to a 0 and 14-day two-dose schedule. They find no differences in T cell responses or total antibody levels between the two groups. These findings demonstrate that a short two-week two-dose interval should provide sufficient immunity to reduce the likelihood of serious outcomes during a COVID infection.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This study bridges the gap between connectomic data from the fly hemibrain and driver lines needed for functional experiments through a new freely available computational tool, NeuronBridge. It demonstrates that this software provides users with the ability to identify the same neurons within different driver lines, and the opportunity to match expression of neurons in a driver line with those in a connectomic database. Overall, this manuscript does a commendable job of describing an important resource for the community, which will hopefully be built upon via collaborative science of many groups as the field develops.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript addresses a long-standing question regarding the highly variable cellular composition and functions as well as immune environments along the epididymis. Using multiple mouse models (bacterial infection and parabiosis between WT and Ccr2 KO) in conjunction with powerful scRNA-seq analyses, the authors provided solid evidence supporting the notion that resident immune cells are strategically positioned along the epididymal duct, potentially providing different immunological environments required for sperm maturations and elimination of pathogens ascending the urogenital tract.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The manuscript by Noel et al reports parallel neurophysiological responses from the three brain areas MST, 7a and dlPFC of monkeys during a novel behavioural paradigm developed by the same group previously. The continual nature of this paradigm with a closed action-perception loop makes the animal behaviour more naturalistic compared to classical paradigms with artificial breaks between sensory stimulation and action. Findings of neurophysiology under such a paradigm are novel and of broad interest to cognitive and systems neuroscientists. The data presented in the paper support the claim of distributed neural coding in which task-specific sub-networks may form.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This is an important and delicately designed study that uses integrated tools to reveal underlying mechanisms of repair of the endometrium at menstruation. It combines single cell sequencing analysis and lineage tracing technologies to strongly prove that repair-specific cells originate from the fibroblast cell clusters and PDGFRα+ endometrial fibroblasts undergo MET and can become incorporated into the luminal epithelium of the post repair tissue.

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Evaluation Summary:

The manuscript is well organized and clearly written. The discussion provides the required information to easily understand the relevance of each finding. the authors demonstrated using an osteocyte cell model that connexin43 is localized to mitochondria and that this is enhanced in response to oxidative stress. Several lines of evidence were presented showing that mitochondrial connexin43 forms functional hemichannels and that connexin43 is required for optimal mitochondrial respiration and ATP generation. These aspects were major strengths of the study.

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Evaluation Summary:

This work provides substantial new insights into how semantic association strength influences the function and relationships across brain regions along a topographical structure of cerebral cortex. A principal gradient with the separation of default mode network from sensory-motor systems represents a hallmark of the retrieval of strong conceptual links. This study will be of interest to cognitive neuroscientists, especially those who are interested in semantic cognition.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper uses a new statistical approach called within family Mendelian randomization and asserts that claims of childhood BMI affecting a range of psychiatric traits are unfounded and were mainly caused by confounders that this new approach is able to better identify and control for. They do find a role for maternal BMI on a child's risk for developing depression. The main issue raised is that they do not convincingly show if they do not replicate the old association of childhood BMI with a range of psychiatric traits due to their technique simply having lower power to detect the signal or due to a true lack of this effect.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The authors investigate how HIV-1 infection affects the immune response in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection by characterising the circulating B cell response. They conclude that people with HIV-1 infection, who become infected by SARS-CoV-2, produce B cell responses via an extra-follicular pathway to a greater degree than people who do not have HIV-1 infection. These findings imply that in HIV-1 infected individuals, long-term B cell and antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 might not be as robust and durable compared to those in people without HIV-1 infection. The manuscript will be of interest to infectious disease specialists, virologists, and immunologists.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 and Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper is of interest to skeletal biologists studying skeletal development and tissue regeneration. The study applies a well-established and elegant axolotl limb regeneration model and transgenic reporter strains to reveal the potential role of osteoclast-mediated resorption in limb regeneration.

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Evaluation Summary:

This important paper uses molecular simulations to explain how actomyosin networks transition from small clusters to the cortex or ring-shaped actin networks. The authors provide compelling evidence that variation in filament turnover rate and myosin concentration triggers a phase transition of these networks. The predictions of this model are consistent with observations made in T cells, where actin ring formation can be induced following their activation by antibodies.

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Evaluation Summary:

Knowledge of the protein composition of defined sub-cellular compartments is of key importance for the characterization of protein machines that mediate defined cellular functionalities. The current paper presents a novel mouse line that will serve as a helpful tool in this context - a Cre-inducible APEX2 reporter mouse line for acute ex-vivo proximity biotinylation. The paper documents the successful use of the novel reporter line to assess circuit-specific proteomes and phosphoproteomes in the corticostriatal system during development. The corresponding data largely align with the published record, but potentially new biological insights deduced from bioinformatic analyses of proteomic data were not followed up by experimental validation. In sum, the new APEX2 reporter mouse line will be of substantial interest to researchers in many fields of mammalian biology. The extent of 'new biology' provided is rather limited, but will be of interest to readers in neurodevelopment.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to researchers studying control of respiration and also those developing functional magnetic resonance imaging methodology. The work provides insight into the relationship between brain activity (measured directly) and non-invasive functional magnetic resonance imaging measures. The authors find that the respiration signal is associated with the gamma band in the cingulate cortex, and both the gamma signal and respiration signal correlate with distributed neuronal networks across the brain. This contributes to our knowledge of the contribution of respiration on neuro and neuro-vascular signals during resting conditions.

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Evaluation Summary:

The authors developed a set of synthetic proteins, Designed Ankyrin Repeat Proteins (DARPins), that bind gephyrin, the main scaffold protein at inhibitory postsynaptic sites, and characterize them extensively to study gephyrin cluster morphology and biochemistry. In several aspects, DARPins outperform traditional antibodies. This study is clear, well organized and well written, demonstrating that DARPins can be important tools synaptic, cellular and circuit neuroscience fields.

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Evaluation Summary:

These studies establish a role for the D2 pseudophosphatase domain of the PTPRK receptor-like phosphotyrosine phosphatase in recruiting Afadin, a cell-cell junction protein that is reported to be a PTPRK substrate, for dephosphorylation by the active D1 phosphatase domain. These findings suggest that the D2 pseudophosphatase domains of RPTPKs might have a general function as platforms to recruit specific phosphotyrosine substrates.

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Evaluation Summary:

The present manuscript examines cortical representations of basic visual attributes following a manipulation shown to enhance plasticity in the adult brain: binocular dark exposure for several days, followed by light re-introduction. The work has fundamental therapeutic and conceptual implications, and will be of potential interest to a broad readership of vision scientists, neuroscientists, clinicians and modelers. The paper is well-written and based on sophisticated experiments. The evidence provided convincingly supports the authors' contention that dark exposure does not have a negative impact on visual representations in V1. The study uses a generally appropriate study design. However, it would benefit from the addition of some key experimental details, and additional analyses and statistical tests to explore alternative interpretations of results.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Protein-RNA interactions are involved in many diseases and targeting them with drugs can be valuable. Because protein-RNA complexes are considered difficult to target both computationally and experimentally, an integrated computational-experimental approach to solve this limitation is introduced. The approach is demonstrated by targeting the mRNA-binding protein YB-1, which works remarkably well. Inhibitors in the micromolar range are detected, including a previously approved drug. The main strength here is the proof of concept that protein-RNA interactions are targetable. However, additional data are required to support the central claims of the paper.

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Evaluation Summary:

Bacteria living in stressful and fluctuating environments need to respond to changing conditions. Many species, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, use cAMP as a secondary messenger to sense and respond to specific stimuli. What distinguishes M. tuberculosis, is that its genome encodes for at least 15 adenylate cyclases, enzymes that synthesize cAMP from ATP. The authors characterized one specific adenylate cyclase, Rv3645, and demonstrate that it is the most significant contributor to cAMP levels and mediates fatty acid metabolism and antibiotic resistance. This manuscript will be of broad interest to readers in the field of tuberculosis drug discovery and bacterial metabolism.

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Evaluation Summary:

This work presents a series of enhancements to the PhIP-seq method of autoantibody discovery, with the goal of improving scaling to larger cohorts and increasing disease specificity. The strength of the paper is the validation of the high throughput format, although results from screening patient samples confirm or only modestly extend previous data.

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Evaluation Summary:

KdpFABC is a bacterial potassium uptake transporter made up of a channel-like subunit (KdpA) and a P-type ATPase (KdpB). When potassium levels are low (< 2 mM), the transporter actively and selectively uptakes potassium, but must be switched off again to prevent excessive K+ accumulation. Although structures of KdpFABC have been determined before, the structural basis for inhibition by phosphorylation is unknown. Here, the authors have determined the structure of KdpABC in an arrested (off-state) that is in a distinct conformation from previously determined P-type ATPase structures. More detailed structural comparisons are needed to more convincingly show this, however, and the protein required to inhibit KdpABC by phosphorylation remains unknown. This paper will be of interest to researchers in the microbiology and transporter communities.

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Evaluation Summary:

The manuscript reports a new tissue clearing procedure that is faster (clearing within 48 hours), uses less hazardous chemicals, and importantly appears to result in less tissue volume change compared to other methods. The simple protocol adds further to the toolbox of tissue clearing methods and is one that is likely to be even more popular than many current methods, although the scope of tissue on which it can be used and rigorous comparisons to existing protocols have not been fully investigated.

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Evaluation Summary:

In their study, Gicking et al. study the physical properties of artificial complexes composed of the dynein-dynactin-BicD2 (DDB) complex linked to one of three classes of kinesins (1, 2, or 3) via a DNA scaffold. They find that all three kinesins can move to the plus-end of microtubules when coupled to the DDB complex. This is surprising because motors in the kinesin-2 and kinesin-3 families have been shown to have a higher load sensitivity. However, the authors show that the faster reattachment kinetics of these motors compensate for their faster detachment rates under load. This work is relevant to both the biophysics field for advancing knowledge in fundamental science, and in the neuroscience field since disruption of neuronal transport leads to a variety of neurodegenerative diseases.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper addresses the toxicity of fluorescent calcium indicators, comparing two series of indicators (GCaMPs and GCaMP-Xs) in mouse neurons. The paper documents GCaMP toxicity during development and following prolonged strong expression, and establishes that GCaMP-X indicators are less toxic. The paper will be of interest primarily to neuroscientists who use fluorescence calcium indicators to monitor calcium dynamics during neuronal development.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

There is a debate whether ROS (reactive oxygen species) generated through redox signaling could be a friend or foe. There are several paradoxical studies (both animal and human) wherein exercise health benefits were reported to be accompanied by increases in ROS generation. Utilizing the in-vitro studies as well as mice model work, this manuscript illustrates the different regulatory mechanisms of exercise and antioxidant intervention on redox balance and blood glucose level in diabetes. The manuscript does address some advancements in the area of research specialization.

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Evaluation Summary:

This is an important study that investigates whether older adults have selective impairments in allocentric navigation (using distal cues to navigate). Using a combination of ecologically inspired real-world navigation, virtual reality, eye tracking, and body-tracking, the study reports, for the first time, that older adults show no difference from younger adults when using geometry to navigate a Y maze. Instead, their deficits appear to relate to perceptual difficulties with processing individual landmarks. This large sample study therefore provides somewhat compelling evidence of age-related difficulties in processing landmarks visually rather than a selective deficit in allocentric navigation.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

A new and interesting operant conditioning paradigm is established for the Drosophila larva. A novel role for serotonergic pathways in the VNC in operant learning points to new circuits and mechanisms for learning and memory. Impressive technology opens doors for new and exciting studies on learned behavior in the small and tractable circuits of the larva.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This well-written report provides new insights for neuroscientists studying sleep architecture and stress sensitivity. A particularly important conclusion is that differences in sleep architecture before chronic social defeat stress may serve as a predictive biomarker of stress resilience. Overall the work is very strong, but there are some conceptual and methodological issues that need to be addressed.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to the neuroscience community studying brain oscillations. It presents a new method to detect sharp-wave ripples in the hippocampus with deep learning techniques, instead of the more traditional signal processing approach. The overall detection performance improves and this technique may help identify and characterize previously undetected physiological events.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Analysis of molecular data from genome sequencing provides crucial information on the diversity of biological and evolutionary processes that shape genetic diversity. However, the models of genetic evolution used to make these inferences sometimes oversimplify important aspects of species biology. This study shows that accounting for high variance in reproductive success in models can better explain the genetic diversity of an extremely fecund marine species, the Atlantic cod. The manuscript is scientifically sound and provides careful statistical analyses of alternative evolutionary models. It concludes that pervasive selection, rather than demographic changes or sweepstakes reproduction, is one of the main drivers of genetic diversity in Atlantic cod.

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Evaluation Summary:

The experiments presented in this extensive study by Ronzano et al. are a tour-de-force investigating the spatial organization of premotor interneurons in the mouse spinal cord to re-examine the fundamental question of whether there is spatial segregation of interneurons with monosynaptic connections to motoneurons innervating functionally antagonistic (flexor and extensor) pairs of limb muscles. The authors' premotor circuit mapping experiments, involving four different collaborating laboratories applying an extensive set of complementary rabies virus-based trans-synaptic circuit tracing techniques, convincingly demonstrate complete spatial overlap among flexor and extensor premotor interneurons, contradicting previous mapping results that suggest spatial segregation. The present results revise our understanding of the spatial organization of spinal premotor circuits with fundamental implications for understanding spinal motor circuit function.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The manuscript describes an interesting phenomenon of long-range transport in self-organized canal structures formed in colonies of the pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The authors measured and analyzed the fluid flows in these open channels, revealing that it is capable of supporting high-speed transport of outer membrane vesicles and bacterial cells over centimeters. This study sheds new light on the potential amplitude of cargo exchange among bacterial communities over long distances.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript by Deng et al., is a valuable evaluation of zbtb14 and its role in normal myelopoiesis. The authors provided convincing data supporting the role played by zbtb14 in monocyte and macrophage development and its regulation involving the modulation of PU.1 expression. The finding that a mutation in ZBTB14 exists in AML patients also implies how important this gene product is in normal human myelopoiesis.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Drs Zhao and Sharpe have highlighted the role of a relatively understudied cell type, the telocyte, in periodontitis, using a mouse model. Periodontitis is a widely occurring inflammatory disease of the gums, that will eventually progress to bone resorption and teeth that are embedded less favorably and will eventually fall out. This disease is linked to many other illnesses, such as rheumatoid arthritis, cardiac disease and even Alzheimer's disease, so more in depth knowledge is needed on cell types that play a role in the progression of the disease.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Sefton et al. analyze how fibroblast-derived HGF integrates muscle and nerve development during morphogenesis of the mammalian diaphragm. The new findings are based on in-depth analyses of the development of the diaphragm muscle, and the role of Met and HGF in the process. The work is relevant for the understanding of muscle development, and congenital disease (hernia).

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Evaluation Summary:

This Methods paper seeks procedures evaluating the balance between muscle cell quiescence and activation. These could well permit investigations of long-standing questions in key areas of muscle function. The latter include the regulation of adult stem cell pool size and functional heterogeneities in this, as well as regulators of muscle quiescence.

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Evaluation Summary:

The Cretaceous dinosaur Spinosaurus has recently drawn significant attention as it was hypothesized to be the first aquatic dinosaur, using tail-powered swimming in surface waters and at depth. In a reappraisal of the "aquatic hypothesis", new lines of evidence – including the CT-based skeletal restoration of Spinosaurus and biomechanical tests – support the alternative "semi-aquatic hypothesis". This article will be of interest to vertebrate paleontologists and functional morphologists, as well as wider academic and non-academic audiences.

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Evaluation Summary:

There is currently a lack of available fine-grained infant-dedicated cortical parcellation maps. The present study fills an important gap in the research of infant brain development by generating an age-dependent functional brain parcellation from birth to 24 months, leveraging on the 1064 high-resolution longitudinal resting-state fMRI scans from 197 infants. These age-specific parcellation maps have the potential to facilitate scientific discoveries, comparisons, and validations in brain functional development. Moreover, the proposed method of establishing functional correspondences across individuals using functional gradient densities can also be applied to study brain changes across lifespan.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to neurophysiologists and system neuroscientists interested in memory and more specifically in hippocampo-cortical interactions. Using a combination of imaging and electrophysiological techniques, the study characterizes neocortical activity patterns around awake hippocampal ripples. Unlike sleep ripples, cortical activity seems to be dominated by inhibition around ripples but differences between intrinsic activity and synaptic transmission highlight complex interactions in the underlying neuronal circuits and dynamics.

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Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript presents an interesting and informative study on two regulatory elements found near atrial fibrillation-associated regions and their effect on Tbx5 expression and arrhythmia susceptibility in a mouse model. The multilevel approaches and analyses are rigorous, and the conclusions are justified by the data. Tbx5 expression may be of relevance for human atrial fibrillation and disease risk in patients, and the work is of potential interest to scientists in the fields of gene dosage, gene regulation, genetic susceptibility, genetic variants and cardiovascular biology.

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Evaluation Summary:

This important work provides compelling evidence for the biological plausibility of the Successor Representation (SR) algorithm. The SR is a leading computational hypothesis to explore whether neural representations are consistent with the hypothesis that the neural networks in specific brain area perform predictive computations. Establishing a biologically plausible learning rule for SR representations to form is of high importance in the field of neuroscience. This is also important for comparing the predictive ability of neural circuits with other predictive frameworks designed in machine learning.

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Evaluation Summary:

In this manuscript, of interest to those studying insect reproductive biology and specifically mosquitoes, the authors show that females of the yellow fever mosquito retain eggs when fresh water is not readily available. The authors then use RNA expression analyses to identify genes potentially involved in the trait. This leads the authors to focus on two genes that seem to be recent duplicates. The authors generate genetic knockouts and use these to show that these two alleles affect the trait in question. The study includes interesting and technically impressive experiments, but the framing in the context of previous work could be improved.

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Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript from Singh and colleagues investigates neural connections between the central amygdala and the zona incerta, two subcortical brain regions previously implicated in pain, and further describes the role of the zona incerta to preclinical pain-related behavior in mice. This study employed anatomical tracing, electrophysiology, optogenetics, chemogenetics, and behavioral assays in various pain modalities to link the zona incerta to pain modulation by providing new evidence for a direct inhibitory connection from the central amygdala to the zona incerta that could explain neuropathic pain hypersensitivity. While rigorous, well written, and well executed, the study in its current form lacked evidence to directly support the PKCδ neurons in the central amygdala projecting to the zona incerta as being explicitly involved in this process.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper introduces a light microscopy pipeline for imaging and fast reconstruction of the synaptic connections of individual neuronal types in the fruit fly and for correlated investigation of circuit structure, function and behavior in the same animal. Because of its speed and accessibility, this approach enables mapping of selected neuronal circuits of multiple animals across different conditions and behavioral states, thus filling an important gap in brain research.

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Evaluation Summary:

This valuable paper proposes an innovative iterative masking approach that enables models such as the MSA Transformer to generate new protein sequence designs, which are validated using a wide-ranging set of computational experiments. A key strength of the MSA Transformer is the ability to learn and generalize across protein families, enabling impressive performance across a range of downstream tasks. However, to date, these models have not been used to generate new protein sequence designs. The approach proposed in this paper is quite novel, and a number of metrics are used to examine the resulting performance of the MSA Transformer at generating new protein sequences from specific families.

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Evaluation Summary:

Almeida and Macklin provide one of the first studies to closely examine early oligodendrocyte behaviors at high resolution. These studies use live imaging in zebrafish to provide valuable new insights about the earliest onset of myelination in the central nervous system and add to a body of work showing how oligodendrocytes initiate and maintain myelin sheaths.

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Evaluation Summary:

Engineering NLR proteins to improve disease resistance in crop plants is a major goal of the field. This study applies knowledge from structural and evolutionary studies of the rice NLR protein Pik-1 and cognate effector protein AVR-Pik to engineering of new disease resistance genes. The authors nicely demonstrate that it is indeed possible to engineer resistance proteins with broad recognition specificity for the rice blast fungus. The work is of interest to colleagues in synthetic biology, protein engineering and plant-pathogen interactions.

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Evaluation Summary:

The manuscript by Li and coworkers characterizes sorted human non-hematopoietic bone marrow cells by scRNA-seq and predicts their lineage relationships and possible interactions with mature and immature hematopoietic cells. Transcriptionally-different stromal cell subsets are identified, and their lineage relationships, cell-cell interactions and possible specialized functions are inferred or predicted from in-silico studies, paving the way for future functional and validation studies. This resource significantly adds to the current understanding human non-hematopoietic bone marrow stromal cells and their hematopoietic regulatory functions.

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Evaluation Summary:

A meta-analysis of over 14,000 fMRI studies revealed a principle rostral-caudal gradient in the lateral prefrontal cortex. This gradient reflected an internal/external axis, which helps to organize the LPFC's involvement in widespread processes from affect, to memory, to control, and action. This is an important contribution to the literature, particularly as a meta-analytic approach has not been applied to this axis of organization and can complement the limitations of single studies. The evidence for the conclusions could be strengthened by ruling out bias in the analysis and drawing a clearer relationship to functional networks.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper makes a comprehensive survey of the relationship between mtDNAcn and the personality dimensions, as well as how and whether they mediate the relationships between personality dimensions and mortability as well as other behavioural measures that may lead to mortality. More work needs to be performed to truly understand the relationship between personality dimensions and mortality, as well as the physiological traits (like mtDNAcn) that may be mediating it.

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Evaluation Summary:

Liu et al. describes an unsupervised method that clusters colorectal cancer samples based on perturbations to gene interactions. They show that this method strongly suggests 6 distinct clusters of samples and identifies phenotypes associated with the clusters, including survival, drug response, immune phenotype, response to immune checkpoint inhibitors and perturbed pathways. This is an interesting and significant manuscript, which has been well conducted.

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Evaluation Summary:

Fan and colleagues disclose the development of covalent TEAD inhibitors and they report on the therapeutic potential of this class of agents in the treatment of TEAD-YAP-driven cancers (e.g., malignant pleural mesothelioma, MPM). Optimized derivatives of a previously reported covalent TEAD inhibitor are described and characterized, using diverse profiling approaches that range from biochemical and cell-based assays to X-ray co-crystallographic analysis and in vivo efficacy in a relevant mouse xenograft model. The manuscript represents an impressive and deep characterization of this small molecule class. The authors' claims and conclusions are very well supported and justified by the data, although differentiation from a very closely related compound termed K-975 is not entirely clear as currently presented.

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Evaluation Summary:

This study provides a thorough functional analysis of three mutations in the BRCA2 gene that do not seem to necessarily cause breast cancer. The authors use functional assays in cancer cells and with recombinant proteins to determine that two BRCA2 variants, S1221P and T1980I, are indeed pathogenic, while the T13461 variant is fully functional and benign. The strength of the study is the rigorous assessment of these mutations in a variety of established assays for BRCA2. The work is likely to have a broad impact in the breast cancer field.

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Evaluation Summary:

The paper by Smith and colleagues provides a framework for understanding a seemingly paradoxical observation in human genetics: two phenotypes may be closely correlated to each other, and the patterns of genetic variation that influence both phenotypes may be widely shared at the genome-wide level, but there are often specific genetic variants that show discordant patterns. Though the observations in this paper are derived from analysis of metabolic phenotypes, this may have broader relevance to interpreting the results from disease-related genetic association studies, and shed light on the processes that connect different disease phenotypes.

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Evaluation Summary:

This study will be interesting to a broad audience of neuroscientists, as it reveals for the first time that mutations in klc4, which are known to cause a form of early onset hereditary spastic paraplegia in human, affect specific aspects of neuronal development and nervous system functions. High resolution movies of developing sensory neurons in vivo and behavioral assays support the key findings that klc4 plays an essential role in the control of neuronal morphogenesis and behavior. The data presented in the manuscript are overall of a descriptive nature but provide a foundation for future mechanistic studies aimed at addressing the specific functions of KLC4.

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Evaluation Summary:

Whether airway basal cells exhibit extensive cell state heterogeneity and whether this is relevant for their function has been unclear. This study provides important evidence that such heterogeneity exists and may dictate airway basal cell function in a spatially restricted manner.

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Evaluation Summary:

The authors made paired recordings from synaptically-connected excitatory and inhibitory neurons in slices of human neocortex and used posthoc molecular methods to identify major classes of the recorded interneurons. The principal finding is that, as found previously in rodent cortex, short-term plasticity of the synaptic connections from excitatory to inhibitory neurons depends on the molecular identity of the inhibitory neurons. This is important, as it suggests that many rodent studies carried out over the past decades are physiologically relevant to humans.

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Evaluation Summary:

The authors explore how the actin network in the fat body impacts nutrient uptake in multiple ways. Overall, this is an interesting study that sheds light on adipocyte cytoskeletal dynamics and it's impact on nutrient trafficking and fat body storage. The work can be further strengthened by additional validation of tools and data.

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Evaluation Summary:

PTPN22 is a protein tyrosine phosphatase which negatively regulates antigen receptor signaling. It has been proposed that several genetic variants of PTPN22 might be loss of function (LOF) variants, leading to hyper-responsive T cell proliferative and effector responses. The authors investigate how the PTPN22 R620W variant, associated with multiple autoimmune diseases, might contribute to breech of peripheral T cell tolerance. This work greatly advances and clarifies ongoing confusion of whether PTPN22 SNP(620W) is a LOF mutant.

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Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript offers a valuable transcriptomic data set of known types of adult zebrafish photoreceptors (rod and cones). The study further identifies a large set of differentially expressed transcription factors, many of which still have an unidentified function in photoreceptors. Using CRISPR F0 screening, the study shows that the two tbx2 zebrafish paralogues are involved in photoreceptors specification beyond what is currently known. The study uses a solid methodology and the results will be valuable for researchers interested in photoreceptor biology. At present, however, the manuscript has a misleading title and focus: the analysis of adult photoreceptors can hardly offer a scenario of the transcription factors involved in the specification of photoreceptors.

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Evaluation Summary:

The authors show that how high-dimensional neural signals can be reduced to low-dimensional models with variables that can be directly linked to behavior. The reduced model can account for long timescales of persistent activity that arise from transisions between metastable model states. The authors further show that the rate of these transitions is modulated by water temperature according to the classic Arrhenius law.

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Evaluation Summary:

The capacity to flexibly modify our actions in order to seek goals relies upon specific brain regions and neurochemicals. Cerpa et al identify norepinephrine (but not dopamine) within the ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) as key to updating identity-specific action-outcome associations when environmental conditions change. These conclusions are relatively well supported by the data and will be of interest to behavioural neuroscientists studying the function of OFC or noradrenaline signalling, as well as researchers studying associative learning.

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Evaluation Summary:

This is an important paper that uses state of the art technology to address the underlying neurobiology of neuropathic pain, a topic of considerable translational relevance. The study describes changes in gene expression at a single cell resolution in somatosensory neurons following peripheral nerve injury. Bioinformatics analyses were employed to segregate neurons in sub-classes and to derive predictions on potential functions of regulated genes. While the work has considerable strengths, such as the single cell approach, there are also some weaknesses, including the fact that new gene candidates did not undergo functional analysis.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper is of potential interest to a broad audience across myeloma study and single cell technology, as it implies a major adjustment to our current understanding of pathogenesis and treatment of myeloma. Overall the data quality is good, although reasonable alternative explanations of the data can be identified.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper is of interest to people studying how differentially spliced genes regulate biological processes, and in particular, those interested in the intersection of cell death and immunity. This work offers new insight into how an alternatively spliced protein with a well-known function in cell death regulates the basal expression of genes involved in immunity and sensitizes cells to apoptotic cell death. Overall, the major conclusions are supported by the data but more investigation is needed to support the mechanism by which BAX splicing is inducing the phenotypes observed.

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Evaluation Summary:

Mutations in MINAR2 causes deafness in human and mice. Loss of function of Minar2 in mice causes a reduction of stereocilia and subsequent hair cell degeneration but the underlying mechanism is unclear. This zebrafish study demonstrated that the Minar2 protein interacts with cholesterol and is localized to the stereocilia of hair cells. The loss of Minar2 reduces cholesterol enrichment in the stereocilia with concomitant accumulation in lysosomes. Thus, this study provides the mechanistic insight of Minar2 and the first glimpse at the importance of cholesterol homeostasis in hair cell function.

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Evaluation Summary:

Iago De Castro et al, constitute an exciting study conveying to readers that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio dynamics predict pancreatic cancer pathologic response to neoadjuvant therapy. Specifically, the authors aim to determine the effect of gemcitabine/paclitaxel and anti-Ly6G treatment on stromal T cells and CAF populations. They conclude that neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios are associated with survival following this treatment and use animal models to show metastatic effects allied to it. The authors attempt to convey that microenvironmental neutrophils could play a causal role in pancreatic cancer chemoresistance. It was agreed that while the discoveries are very interesting, the public could benefit from the authors improving: the relevance to the human condition, providing a stronger link to fibroblastic cell functional transitions, broadening the discussion regarding previous/related published studies, and strengthening the anti-Ly6G specificity proof within the provided data.

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Evaluation Summary:

This work presents a new model that leverages imaging and non-imaging data for the prediction of the survival of patients with early-stage NSCLC. The new model sought to demonstrate the roles of imaging and non-imaging features in determining high-risk nodes within the graph neural network, and the results have the potential of broad interest to clinicians within the field of cancer and have a high value towards clinical application.

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Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript presents the first molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of full-length membrane-bound Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSHR). The authors find that its linker region (LR) is disordered, contrasting previous models. While this is largely a solid study that would interest researchers working in computational modeling, thyroid hormone metabolism, and signaling, the rationale for the arbitrarily chosen starting model and unclear mechanistic relevance need to be clarified further.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper is of broad interest to clinicians focused on improving sepsis outcomes. The method developed by the authors can identify 10 common pathogens with species-specificity in 4 hours, thus significantly reducing the turnaround time compared to conventional diagnostic methods. Using their method to identify sepsis-causing pathogens early to guide antibiotic treatment, the authors demonstrate high clinical sensitivity and specificity, and some clinical benefit in a real-world scenario.

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Evaluation Summary:

Chen et al. demonstrate a pro-survival role of the NRF2/DKK1 axis in mesenchymal stem cells. Furthermore, the authors provide evidence that targeting this pathway can enhance survival in response to liver failure in vivo. These data highlight a novel signaling pathway to enhance efficacy of MSCs in promoting regeneration.

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Evaluation Summary:

Carboxysomes enable the efficient fixation of carbon dioxide in specific bacteria. Phase separation has been invoked as a mechanism that drives the formation of carboxysomes. The current work focuses on the biophysical principles of how one of two essential specific protein components enable spatial regulation over carboxysomes. This important work highlights the connection between oligomerization via specific molecular interactions and phase separation. The work is of interest to the areas of biochemistry and carbon dioxide fixation as well as phase separation.

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Evaluation Summary:

Drosophila ovarian follicle cells have been utilized as a model system to study organogenesis and epithelial tumorigenesis. The analysis of single-cell transcriptomes of follicle cells now shows that transcriptionally distinct cell populations emerge shortly after induction of loss of polarity. Strengths of the work include the use of advanced single cell omics and imaging analyses to identify cell types and factors playing a role the disruption of polarity and the implications of this work for epithelial cancers. The authors' claims are generally well supported by the data and analyses. Weaknesses include the lack of high magnification images and need to clarify motivation for the study and highlight the biology rather than technical advances in the results section. Overall, this work is viewed as an important contribution to cell biologists who work on the epithelial morphogenesis or tumorigenesis.

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Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript addresses G protein-coupled receptor signaling and proposes an additional site on Beta-arrestin2 (arrestin 3) as being responsible, in significant part, for the downregulation and likely onward signalling from endosomes of a range of GPCRs. The cell biology appears to be thoroughly carried out and data presented in a statistically appropriate manner. With some textual changes and minor experimental clarification of the route taken and molecules involved, this work will be of broad interest.

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Evaluation Summary:

The authors use high spatial resolution MEG in humans to link two important components (time - transient bursts, space - waves) of neural sensorimotor dynamics by investigating how transient beta bursts propagate in the brain. The authors find two directions of propagating waves during beta bursts. The work links two fundamental aspects of neural dynamics which may yield new insights into the origins of sensorimotor behavior, with wide appeal to neuroscientists and clinicians. The reviewers considered the methodological work largely sound, although concerns were raised by the reviewers to what extent the travelling waves correspond to underlying neural activity or reflect the generative nature of field potentials.

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Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be of interest to researchers studying meniscus homeostasis and knee osteoarthritis. It uncovers distinct subtypes of cell populations in inner and outer part of human meniscus using single-cell RNA sequencing. In particular, this work further identifies how alterations in meniscal cell populations may contribute to inflammation and osteoarthritis and thus serves as a resource paper for the field.

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Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript reports the development of a proteo-genomic screening methodology to identify protein-protein interactions between secreted proteins and their cell surface receptors. The authors use a CRISPRa-based approach to overexpress membrane proteins in cells and then use magnetic cell sorting to identify receptors that bind candidate ligands. This approach leads to the identification of several novel interaction pairs that are validated biochemically, including receptor tyrosine phosphatase ligands and other interactions with implications for immune system function. The work is of interest to a wide variety of fields including biochemistry and signaling.

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Evaluation Summary:

The authors provide a summary of single and double mutants in five self-cleaving ribozymes using next-generation sequencing. They dissect their data in terms of epistasis effects, which provides a new angle to understanding ribozyme function. In principle, this allows conclusions to be drawn on bases involved in pairs and in catalysis that have the potential to be of use to the field, although there is also a series of technical weaknesses that should be addressed.

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Evaluation Summary:

Identification of transcriptional phenotypes driven by TBI across meningeal immune cell subsets and the effect of aging on these responses is an important and not well-defined area in the field. Multiple complementary and high-end approaches are taken to demonstrate the long-lasting effects that TBI drives in the brain and support the main findings of the manuscript. This manuscript will be of interest to readers in the field(s) of neuroimmunology, aging, and traumatic brain injury.

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Evaluation Summary:

Menjivar et al. identify a previously unrecognized role of myeloid cell Arginase1 (Arg1) activity in shaping the anti-tumor immune response in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The proposed therapeutic combination is a new approach for pancreatic cancer, with an enhanced response to immune therapy upon arginase inhibition.

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Evaluation Summary:

The authors investigate what type and degree of information (either absolute, relative, or a weighted combination of both) is used by bumblebees when retrieving the value of an item. There is recent evidence in humans and birds that suggests that these organisms use a combination of absolute memories and remembering of subjective ranking in these tasks. The authors conclude that bumblebees indeed use remembered ranking, but that they seem not to be able to retain (or at least utilise) absolute property information for very long. The absence of relevant work in invertebrates would make this study a potentially valuable addition to the scientific literature.

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Evaluation Summary:

Li et al. use biochemical binding analysis to explore the role of Rabphilin 3A in dense-core vesicle exocytosis in neuroendocrine PC12 cells and in an in vitro SNARE assembly assay. They propose that the Rph3A binding to SNAP25 pre-structures the protein to efficiently assemble with Syntaxin and VAMP2, and thus, promoting the vesicle docking and priming process. This work will be of interest to scientists studying the molecular basis of synaptic vesicle release.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

Iron acquisition is an essential problem for microbial growth and survival. Host defense mechanisms generally reduce iron availability and microbes often find themselves in iron poor environments. This study provides new insights into how the fungal pathogen Candida albicans obtains iron during infection.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript will be of interest to readers in the field of microbiology, particularly those interested in bacterial interactions, secretion systems, and stress responses. It identifies the molecules and mechanisms that explain a competitive interaction between two soil-dwelling bacterial species. The data support most of the conclusions of the manuscript, but some controls are lacking and some of the interpretations are not fully justified by the experiments shown.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript reports the CryoEM structure of OmcZ cytochrome nanowires of Geobacter sulfurreducens, the third cytochrome nanowire of Geobacter to be structurally resolved. OmcZ differs structurally from these previously determined nanowire structures, showing a different heme chain configuration. Based on these and other differences the authors speculate about the evolutionary origin of these nanowires and the mechanism of long-range electron transport. This manuscript is an important contribution to the field of electron transfer and will be of interest to everyone working in electron transfer and filament formation and interested in their evolution.

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Evaluation Summary:

This article seeks to address a key question in protein biophysics: are the amino acid positions (and mutations) that influence allostery conserved across homologs of a protein family? Or is allostery implemented by a distinct set of residues that varies amongst homologs? To address this question, the authors follow an innovative approach that combines deep mutational scanning with machine learning. Significant revisions are required to clarify whether the conclusions of the study are well-supported by the data. The work is potentially highly relevant to protein engineers and biophysicists.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper is of interest to organismal biologists and evolutionary scientists who study cognitive and behavioral sex differences including those with interests in the evolution of complex spatial behaviors. Using intensive field monitoring and experimentally induced navigational challenges, the authors examine two different hypotheses for sex differences in spatial ability in three species of poison frog. A rich and complex story emerges, including from the provision of evidence that is consistent with (but not necessarily yet definitively or exclusively in support of) the hypothesis that androgens may inadvertently affect spatial ability.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript examines the importance of PKA-dependent mTORC1 activation for the weight-loss effects of liraglutide. The work has the potential to provide important insights, but at present is deemed preliminary as it lacks details on the mouse model and control data and needs a more in-depth analysis of the metabolic phenotype.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper is of broad interest to biologists and climate modelers that study the impact of environmental stress (especially multiple stressors) on marine life. The authors show that exposure to low pH (ocean acidification) decreases the ability of two mussel species to survive freezing stress. The authors measure multiple biochemical parameters to try and identify the mechanisms underlying the change in freeze tolerance, but future work will be needed to resolve the underlying mechanism in detail.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper describes the use of three well-established mathematical models of cervical cancer to estimate the impact of COVID-19 related-delays in screening access on cervical cancer incidence and delays in diagnosis. Consistent with previous work and the known biology of cervical cancers, the findings that short delays have relatively small effects on population-level cervical cancer risk are reassuring overall, but the impact of screening interval and screening test performance suggest that existing disparities related to screening access may be exacerbated. These results should be useful for policy makers in planning responses to future pandemics or other sources of sudden restriction of screening availability.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper proposes a computational model that combines biologically detailed elements with more simplified components to provide a comprehensive model of synaptic plasticity. It includes the stochastic character of many of the biophysical processes and introduces a new way to readout the plasticity cascade. It is evaluated against impressively many published experimental studies of hippocampal plasticity. The paper should be of interest not only to computational neuroscience but also to the synaptic neuroscience community but will benefit from a clearer description of assumptions and weaknesses, and a clearer separation of the essential elements in this model from the less critical elements.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript, of interest to those studying the evolution of immunity, investigates the evolutionary history of a recently described herbivore-associated molecular pattern (HAMP) receptor, INR, which perceives the caterpillar-derived peptide HAMP, In11. The authors compare INR homologs to identify evolutionarily conserved residues and use chimeric fusion proteins to investigate specificity. The findings presented are valuable and supported by convincing experiments and analysis.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This paper will be very interesting to the large class of neuroscientists who study functional roles of glycoprotein hormone receptors in the central nervous system. It provides detailed tissue-selective gene and receptor distributions of the three anterior pituitary hormones, and thus likely facilitates further relevant studies by other scientists.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1, Reviewer #2 and Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

This manuscript compares COVID-19 mortality during the pre-Omicron and Omicron emergence periods in several countries and finds evidence suggesting the Omicron variant was associated with lower mortality than previous dominant variants. This paper will be of interest to infectious disease scientists both for its content and its methods, as it validates that population-level variant frequency can be a good proxy for individual-level variant data to derive insights on variant biology with population data.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #3 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The findings of the paper are of interest to scientists studying the learning of abstract representations. It provides insights into how feedforward networks evolve during a process of learning to map stimuli onto abstract classes via gradient descent. The results are appealing and the analyses thorough. As well, the paper makes some experimental predictions. It could benefit from a deeper discussion on how the findings may generalize to biologically more realistic networks and tasks.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. Reviewer #1 agreed to share their name with the authors.)

Evaluation Summary:

The early differentiation of germ cells, those that will form egg and sperm, is a critical and nearly universal step in animal development. This paper reveals new layers of molecular and cellular regulation that control this process in the fly, and as such be of broad interest to cell and developmental biologists, especially those interested in critical cell fate decisions. The paper contains a wealth of experimental data demonstrating that processes generally thought to be restricted to somatic cells alter the differentiation of germ cells, but provides only limited functional interpretation of the observed phenotypes.

(This preprint has been reviewed by eLife. We include the public reviews from the reviewers here; the authors also receive private feedback with suggested changes to the manuscript. The reviewers remained anonymous to the authors.)