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  1. Last 7 days
    1. When monkeys or other animals multiply, however, they continue to live in troops of roughly the same size. There are no simian cities. We humans are unique in our ability to scale up our permanent settlements. So far as we know, there were no year-round, sedentary communities with even 1,000 residents before Çatalhöyük, around 7000 BCE; none above 10,000 residents before Uruk, Susa, Tell Hamoukar, and Tell Brak in the Near East and Majdanetske, Taljanki, Dobrovodi, and Nebelivka in Ukraine, all roughly around 3500 BCE; none above 100,000 before Nineveh, around 700 BCE; none above one million before Rome, around 50 BCE; and none above 10 million before New York, London, and other early 20th-century supercities.21 Although we have continued to evolve biologically since 7000 BCE, we are still more or less the same animals as we were then. What has evolved out of all recognition is our institutions, giving us the organizational tools for cooperation on much larger scales; and evolutionary anthropologists have consistently concluded that, through most of history, top-down hierarchy has been what made this possible.22

      Growth of cities over time

    2. Monuments Without AgricultureIt used to be a truism among archaeologists that farmers build monuments, mobilizing huge amounts of labor, but foragers do not. This, we now know, is overstated. The most famous exception is Göbekli Tepe, an extraordinary cluster of sunken chambers with massive, carved stone pillars near the Turko-Syrian border. Construction began here by 9500 BCE, just as experiments with domestication were beginning not far to the south, but all the evidence suggests that the builders were hunters and gatherers.16 Stonehenge, the most famous prehistoric monument of all, was built between roughly 3000 and 2600 BCE by herders rather than farmers,17 but as early as 8000 BCE, foragers had set up a series of monumental posts (perhaps totem poles) at the site. At Locqmariaquer in Brittany, fishermen dragged a 20-meter-tall, 350-ton stone stele for 5 kilometers around 4500 BCE and then erected it over a communal tomb. In coastal Peru, other fishermen started building mounds at Aspero, Caral, and Sechin Bajo before 3700 BCE. Foragers in Louisiana heaped up giant earthworks at Watson Brake around 3400 BCE and even bigger ones, using a standardized unit of measurement, at Poverty Point around 1600 BCE.18

      Nice list of examples for early monuments here.

      How do they all fit into broader themes of mnemonic traditions potentially?

    3. Since the 2000s, archaeologists and paleobotanists have moved away from three older theories about the origins of agriculture—first, that population growth after the end of the Ice Age (around 9650 BCE) drove experiments with gardening and herding that led to the domestication of plants and animals in the Near East; second, that domestication happened in a few core regions of the Near East and then spread steadily outward; and third, that farming inexorably drove processes of sedentism, rising labor inputs, and increasing inequality. Instead, most experts now suggest that the relationship between population and domestication was complicated and variable; that experiments with cultivating plants went on in multiple locations, particularly wetlands; that domesticated plants caught on extremely slowly, needing 3,000 years (ca. 9500–6500 BCE) to go from under 20% of assemblages to over 80%; that the drift toward domesticated resources was regularly reversed; that rather than causing sedentism, domestication was often its consequence; that sedentism and experiments with plant cultivation began as early as 21,000 BCE, at the coldest point in the last Ice Age; and that there is little sign of institutionalized inequality in the Near East before about 5500 BCE.14

      14 Asouti and Fuller 2013 has been particularly influential. On population, Palmisano et al. 2021.

      Interesting shift in literature in archaeology since 2000s.

    4. Here, too, they see “play kings,” making an analogy with the precolonial Nuer of South Sudan, who sometimes interpreted people “who in our own society would likely be classified as anything from highly eccentric or defiantly queer to neurodivergent or mentally ill” as “being touched by God.” In moments of crisis, they explain, “a person who might otherwise have spent his life as something analogous to the village idiot would suddenly be found to have remarkable powers of foresight and persuasion.”

      Is America in such a crisis that we've elected a "play king"?

    5. Allen Johnson and Timothy Earle’s widely read book The Evolution of Human Societies, which uses the Great Basin Shoshone of a century ago as one of its key case studies. Like the Cheyenne, the Shoshone spent most of the year in unranked, family-sized groups, but some of them periodically granted “rabbit bosses” and “antelope shamans” far-reaching powers to coordinate large-scale hunting and trapping.
    6. In what follows, I take evolutionists to be scholars who see some conceptual continuity between human history and biological evolution, who consider sociocultural evolution to be governed by identifiable mechanisms functioning somewhat like natural selection, who see these mechanisms as involving adaptation to the environment, who believe that the mechanisms operate on all societies regardless of time and space, and—usually, but not always—who recognize stages of social and cultural evolution, from egalitarian foraging bands through hierarchical agricultural empires and pastoral tribes, to modern fossil-fuel-based nation-states.
    7. whether Graeber and Wengrow commit so many howlers that their central thesis is invalidated.

      Is it good storytelling, is it fact, or something in between?

      Interesting to see where the bar is in the anthropology community in terms of bringing evidence to tell a new story.

      Where does this line exist between fact and fiction and what does it tell us about the level and rigor of a science? Mathematics and physics can't get away with stringing together falsities, yet the "softer" sciences apparently can.

      Even if Graeber and Wengrow's story isn't fact, shouldn't it be? For the benefit of humanity?

    1. Felger, A. H. 1907. “A Card System of Note-Keeping.” The Auk 24(2): 200–205. doi:10.2307/4070853.

      Ornithologist A. H. Felger describes the use and form of a custom card index system for creating a paper database of data for tracking and counting birds.

      In particular he recommends it over prior uses of journaling methods. He suggests the ability to look at multiple cards in a row to be able to more easily extract usable data versus those older journaling methods.

    2. In running overa hundred cards on a certain species that one is studying it is avery simple matter by reference to the 'barred cards' to selectthose that contain notes on 'mating,' 'nest-building,' or the like.(3) If the cards on any given species are arranged chronologic-ally in a horizontal row, one will have in line before him forvery easy study all the notes with reference to any desired phaseof the bird's life history

      Felger broad describes how to use index cards to create a paper database for ornithology.

    3. o indicate the positions ofgenera I use colored 'j guide cards' containing the generic nameTo indicate the positions of species within each genus I use differ-ently colored ' guide cards' containing the specific names.To indicate the positions of the subspecies I use cards of still difent color.

      1/3 guide cards and 1/5 guide cards in use as well as colored cards

    4. In this system I use three distinct types of cards, each 3 in. X5 in. and of 'medium weight,' which, for convenience of referencehere, I shall designate 'condition card' (Fig. 1, card 1), 'barredcard' (Fig. 2, card 1), and 'extension card' (Fig. 1, card 2; Fig.2, card 2). The cards for these plates were not selected withreference to contemporaneity, which I hope will not confuse, butselected with a view to illustrating to better advantage the plan ofamplifying notes on the 'extension cards.'
    1. Poem read as bedtime story in The Waltons S1 E2 "The Carnival" by John Boy to the kids as he put them to bed.

      He only read part of one stanza, namely:

      An’ they seeked him in the rafter-room, an’ cubby-hole, an’ press,<br /> An’ seeked him up the chimbly-flue, an’ ever’wheres, I guess;<br /> But all they ever found was thist his pants an' roundabout-- An’ the Gobble-uns’ll git you<br /> Ef you Don’t Watch Out!

    1. reply to u/shadowwolf892 at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1uzynlz/a_portable_compared_to_sg1/

      You're comparing apples and oranges and the apple you're looking for will never be an orange. (i.e. Standard machines are almost always going to beat out portables: https://boffosocko.com/2025/03/21/standard-typewriters-versus-portable-typewriters-and-ultraportable-typewriters.)

      The feel question is also going to be so variable across people's experiences (not to mention the condition of the machines on which they were formed which is a tremendous amount of noise in the secondary market) that you're highly unlikely to find what works best for you in this way. Incidentally, this is also a great way to end up with 30 typewriters and still be unsatisfied.

      Your best bet for all of the variables you're trying to optimize for is to go to a shop with a variety of machines in good condition to try and purchase something you think will suit you best.

      All this aside, I nearly guarantee that neither of your machines are well tuned, so you might consider looking into this for your Sterling: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYOXgqiHBmg.

    1. Don't feel bad. Your not the only one. This misconception has been going on for years simply because no typewriter repairman has stood up and said " Now wait a minute! " The collectors have done all the talking and publishing while the typewriter man isn't heard. Consequently, it's the big typewriter collectors that are heard. They never talk about how many times they had to reclean a machine. They often have several and may only use 1 or 2. Also there isn't that many of us real typewriter repairman left to do the talking.

      Due to the nature of online communication, it may often be the case that typewriter collectors and their colloquial advice may drown out the more experienced and professional typewriter repair people.

    2. Most typewriter shops did not use alcohol as it was ineffective and contained water. Industrial alcohols contained keytones and acetones that will melt plastic and remove paint.

      Solvents for typewriters used in repair shops: - White mineral spirits with a squeeze bottle. (Sometimes also called Varsol, Stoddard's Formula, and possibly Inhibisol) - Naphtha (aka lighter fluid; used in Zippo lighters, and frequently seen in Europe). PB B'laster is essentially pressurized naphtha in a can. - Auto carb and brake cleaners, usually pressurized in a can. These usually have acetone in them and will melt plastic. Will remove WD-40 if accidentally used on a typewriter.

      For cleaning typeslugs, one can use naphtha or mineral spirits with a brass bristle brush.

      For platen cleaning try mineral spirits or fedron.

      Only oil the carriage rails for the bearings or trucks.

      (This is all colloquial advice, albeit with experience, so check specific facts about what certain products contain.)

    1. What you need: a small wooden board, six long screws, two short screws (with heads that fit through the center hole of the ribbon spools), a small kitchen sponge cut in half lengthwise with scissors, and light machine oil (like sewing machine oil). ​The two short screws are mounted on the left and right of the wooden board to act as axles for the spools. The two sponge halves are placed flat on top of each other in the center and secured along the sides with the six long screws so that they press tightly against one another. ​The typewriter ribbon is threaded from one spool, through the sponge halves, and onto the other spool. Before pulling it through, apply a little light machine oil to the inside faces of the sponges. ​The ribbon is then slowly pulled through once, which evenly massages the oil into the fabric. After pulling it through, the spools must rest in a sealed bag for 12 to 24 hours so the oil can distribute fully throughout the fabric. ​Notes: This method only works for ribbons that are simply dried out but not actually "typed out" (meaning they still contain enough ink pigment). It only works for solid-color ribbons; using it on two-color (black/red) ribbons will cause the colors to bleed together. ​The advantages of this design include a clean application without messy hands, precise and twist-free ribbon guiding, and optimal oil dosage thanks to the even pressure of the sponges. If the ribbon is still too wet after resting, it can easily be pulled through a pair of dry sponges to strip off the excess.

      https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1uy67c4/diy_jig_for_rejuvenating_driedout_typewriter/

  2. Jul 2026
    1. In German, I would've introduced the term "Zugriff" which roughly translate as "access". Literally translated, "Zugriff" would be something like "the very act of grapping something". So, it is a physical, right-hemisphere concept. Perhaps, "embodied" would be another good characterisation.

      also via Sascha at https://forum.zettelkasten.de/discussion/comment/25362/#Comment_25362

      PS: "Zugriff" is also the command if you start a raid with the goal to capture somebody.

    1. I also thought about longtime FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover. Those of us of a certain age know the rumors about his cross-dressing, which have been repeated as fact in pop culture for the last 50 years.That rumor originates from a single, widely discredited 1993 biography and remains completely unsubstantiated by mainstream historians.
    1. In the photo with the three brushes at the top: the bottom tool is used to split the platen rubber for removal before mailing them to Ames for recovering. We had a special reusable shipping box with fabric straps and buckles and a reversible label. Stripping the rubber enabled more to fit in the box and saved postage. We would mail about 20 cores at a time.

      A tool with a wooden handle and a platen length metal protrusion with a lazy s shape

    1. This crate was originally shipped via the Railway Express Agency, who were the precursors to companies such as FedEx or UPS. The remains of the prepaid shipping label are still visible pasted on the lid. Below and to the the right of the letter “Y” in the word agency you can see the numbers 12 and 7-30 in parentheses. The 7-30 indicates the month and year that the label was printed. While I don’t know much about typewriters and how how long an older model may have sat in stock; I can pretty confidently say that this box and it’s contents would have been shipped to either it’s new owner, or possibly a department store no earlier than July of 1930, and likely no later than sometime in 1931 as there were constantly new sets of labels being printed.

      via u/Charliev1630 at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1ubgozb/acquired_early_1900s_wooden_woodstock_standard/

    1. Replacing a single typewriter key legend:

      The keys on these are metal bases with a cardboard legend (with the glyph printed on it) which is typically covered by a clear acetate lens and held on by a metal keyring. Fortunately you've got the keyring. If you can't source a single acetate lens from a repair shop you can buy a set from https://mytypewriter.com/products/hello-qwerty-replacement-keytop-disc-set

      Richard Polt has some of the process described here as well as as high resolution scans that you can use to print out the key legends you may need. https://writingball.blogspot.com/2016/10/legendary.html

      Ames Supply Company used to sell keycards for doing this. Some of them had colors including green, so keep this in mind if you try something like creating rainbows across your keyboard or other visual fun. https://typewriterdatabase.com/1960-Ames_Gen_Cat_10-March.misc-supplies.manual

      Our friend Lucas Dul of Chicago Typewriter has a great YouTube video of the tool and some of the process, though you can probably get away without a pair of custom pliers since you only need to do one: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYHrBjfQxpM

      As a fun example, Heiko Stolten recently did a whole keyboard on a Remington using custom made legends that use the font from the Netflix series Wednesday: https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/posts/10163537426144678/ If you ask nicely, they've got the original files if you need them for printing out.

      Good luck!

      reply to u/saved_rae at https://old.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1uvehmb/missing_period_key_repaint/ who was missing a period legend and the acetate lens.

  3. www.johndickerson.com www.johndickerson.com
    1. Presidential historian, Atlantic writer, and former CBS anchor John Dickerson's GOOD QUESTION, an examination of the basic unit of curiosity—the question itself—featuring stories from New York City detectives, doctors, philosophers, and more to illustrate the question's fundamental role in every facet of a life well lived; also revealing new findings from the science of curiosity and explaining why we ask and why we fail to, how a single question can reorganize a civilization, and why the follow-up and the hypothetical question can rebuild our connections with each other, to Molly Turpin at Random House, by Tina Bennett at Bennett Literary.
    1. I found it in an old Italian typewriting course that I’m studying, it says translated “on olivetti machines both manual and electric , if you press the margin release key while performing line return, the carriage will stop ten spaces before the set left margin. This creates a fix indentation useful for starting new paragraphs”

      https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1upt285/did_you_know_about_this_hidden_feature_on_the/

    1. Successful Secretary Presented by Royal Office Typewriters. A Thomas Craven Film Corporation Production, 1966. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=If5b2FiDaLk.

      Script: Lee Thuna<br /> Educational Consultant: Catharine Stevens<br /> Assistant Director: Willis F. Briley<br /> Design: Francisco Reynders<br /> Director & Producer: Carl A. Carbone<br /> A Thomas Craven Film Corporation Production

      "Mother the mail"

      gendered subservience

      "coding boobytraps"


      "I think you'll like the half sheet better. It is faster." —Mr. Typewriter, timestamp

      A little bit of the tone of "HAL" from 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). This is particularly suggestive as H.A.L. was a one letter increment from I.B.M. and the 1966 Royal 660 was designed to compete with IBM's Selectric

      This calm voice makes suggestions to a secretary while H.A.L. does it for a male astronaut (a heroic figure of the time period). Suddenly the populace feels the computer might be a bad actor.

      "We're living in an electric world, more speed and less effort."—Mr. Typewriter<br /> (techno-utopianism)

    1. I have a question for you collectors. If you purchase a typewriter for say $250 or $300. Do you expect it to be clean, with a new ribbon or is that just me?As I passed an antique store I saw a Smith-Corona Zephyr on the window. It didn't have a lid, but it drew my attention enough to lure me into the shop. I learned the Zephyr was for sale for $300 without a lid. I want a typewriter for travel (an ultra portable), so I was mildly disappointed. The shop keeper said he had other typewriters with cases. He brought out three cases. Two Smith-Coronas and a Remington Portable. They all were in working order (at least for the quick test I did), but they were all dirty. One of them the ribbon was dry and all of them were between $250 and $350. I thanked him and walked away. Am I delusional in wanting to have a typewriter at the very least be cleaned if its being sold for $250 or $350?

      Antique/Vintage shops have a different market that isn't really "us" (collectors or enthusiasts with some baseline knowledge.) They're getting machines either at yard sales or house clean outs for $5-20 and marking them up for presentation long term in their stores until they can turn their profit. They'll rarely go less than 10-20% (in my experience) because they know that some sucker who knows nothing will come in and buy it. Most of their customers are buying things for display and not for actual use. They're also buying based on perceived value rather than solid research.

      Generally I find that there is a "dead zone" for typewriters between $50 and $250. When you find one in this range it's almost always being sold by someone who has no idea how to use a typewriter, knows anything about the market, or what sort of condition a machine is actually in.

      Often people may get their start by overpaying for a machine at an antique store, but then as they research how to use it they find out either they need to self-service it or that they need to take it to a repair shop. If it's the latter, they realize they ought to have bought a machine from the repair shop and they'd have come out far ahead. Based on my experience from type-ins, people are limping along using and putting up with some machines in pretty marginal condition.

      reply to Ed Medina at https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/posts/10163822675949678/

    2. reply to Ed Medina at https://www.facebook.com/groups/TypewriterCollectors/posts/10163822675949678/

      Antique/Vintage shops have a different market that isn't really "us" (collectors or enthusiasts with some baseline knowledge.) They're getting machines either at yard sales or house clean outs for $5-20 and marking them up for presentation long term in their stores until they can turn their profit. They'll rarely go less than 10-20% (in my experience) because they know that some sucker who knows nothing will come in and buy it. Most of their customers are buying things for display and not for actual use. They're also buying based on perceived value rather than solid research.

      Generally I find that there is a "dead zone" for typewriters between $50 and $250. When you find one in this range it's almost always being sold by someone who has no idea how to use a typewriter, knows anything about the market, or what sort of condition a machine is actually in.

      Often people may get their start by overpaying for a machine at an antique store, but then as they research how to use it they find out either they need to self-service it or that they need to take it to a repair shop. If it's the latter, they realize they ought to have bought a machine from the repair shop and they'd have come out far ahead. Based on my experience from type-ins, people are limping along using and putting up with some machines in pretty marginal condition.

    1. Looks like an expensive hobby!

      reply to u/Valuable_Discount_26 at https://old.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1ullgmc/first_typewriter/

      It all depends on how you want to practice your individual version of a typewriter hobby.

      Some only have 2 or 3 typewriters. Others have hundreds they've thrifted for $20-30 each while others only buy refurbished machines for several hundreds from repair shops. Some collect inexpensive colorful machines from the 70s while others focus on the incredibly rare machines from the 1890s. Some (like me) get them for pennies on the dollar and lovingly refurbish and restore them. Some are content to stare longingly at a single rusty old Underwood they spent $450 on and have on the shelf as decor.

      Some collectors only have portables because they're easy to stack while others prefer only machines over 50 pounds with ultra-wide platens. One or two strip them down to make sculpture. Some use a different machine every day to write to a typewriter pen pal. Some take them to baseball games to score what they're sure will be the winning home run. Others only collect typewriters of famous authors. A few only collect toy typewriters. At least one collects Barbie typewriters.

      Some are Royal or Remington completists. Some are Olympia maximalists and others are Hermes minimalists. Some just watch movies and tv shows with typewriters in them. Some write articles about typewriters. A handful collect typewriter ribbon tins. Some are fulfilled collecting typewriter ads out of magazines and newspapers. Others study how typewriters impacted society while a select few practice forensic document analysis.

      Some collect ephemera, others serial numbers and photos of machines they've found in the wild. Others have no machines and just compare all the specs and features for the day that they decide they've found their one and only holy grail so that they can spend $1,500+ on pure perfection. Others buy a machine or two and keep them for six months before re-homing them elsewhere and acquiring a new machine to replace it. Some have six typewriters sitting around the house for various uses. Some have them hiding in the walls, in their attics or basements and blissfully live their lives not knowing what they're missing out on. Others use their machines to write poetry or create zines.

      A few run typewriter shops. Some write books about typewriters. Yet others read them. Some are typewriter academicians. A handful design and create 3-D replacement parts. A rare handful are typewriter-enablers who give away functioning typewriters to aspiring young writers. Some choose to host type-ins to hang out with other typewriter-y people. A few make YouTube videos about typewriters.

      If there are N typewriter hobbyists in the world, I'm positive there are at least N+1 ways of having a typewriter hobby. Speaking of which, there is also the N+1 hobbyist who always knows that the next typewriter is going to better than all the rest.

      Which sort of typewriter hobbyist do you imagine yourself to be? What sort will you become?

      It all starts with the inexpensive dream of a typewriter...

  4. Jun 2026
    1. Chuck Goldstein, was a members of The Modernaires singing group from the early/mid 30's until 1942. In 1940, they began singing with Glenn Miller and his orchestra. The day after Glenn disbanded the orchestra in 1942 (so he could join the Army), Chuck had left The Modernaires to pursue his own career. I believe around 1945 he formed a new singing group... That being Four Chicks and Chuck! They sung a few commercials, but they also did other songs. They sung with Kate Smith a decent amount. They weren't a long lasting group though, only going until around 1953. After that, Chuck formed Chuck Goldstein Productions, which focused on commercial jingles.

      See also: Olympia Typewriter Song

    1. reply to u/psitaxx at https://www.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1ui2vvo/does_it_even_count_as_a_second_typewriter_if_its/

      You're right that sometimes 1+1 is not equal to two.

      For example 1 pile of laundry plus 1 pile of laundry is still 1 pile of laundry (just bigger), or 1 cloud merging with 1 cloud is still 1 cloud (albeit a different cloud). Sadly this is not the case with typewriters. 1 typewriter plus another 1 typewriter is 2 typewriters.

      According to typewriter collector Keanu Reeves, you don't have a collection yet. That happens when you have 3, something you could never accomplish unless the math worked in the standard way.

      Would that 1 typewriter + 1 typewriter = 1 typewriter! Then my collection of well over 30 wouldn't bother my wife, and I could say that I only have 1 typewriter...

      Of course I can commiserate with your mint condition typewriter conundrum. Sometimes there's nothing better than getting something in mint condition, but often we all have hopes that it's not mint for one reason or another. I too was disappointed by a recent $21.95 purchase of an Olympia in perfect condition. Perhaps, as Frank Navasky said in You've Got Mail (Warner Bros., 1998), "I needed a backup."

      img

    1. reply to u/Typed_Anew at https://old.reddit.com/r/typewriters/comments/1ug4q1i/any_information_on_thisa_repair_question/

      There don't appear to be any examples in the typewriter database, so be sure to create an account and upload the data and photos you've got. https://typewriterdatabase.com/register-today.php (It's not every day someone gets to upload a new make/model!)

      Similar machines and details: - Gundka https://typewriterdatabase.com/no_info.414.typewriter-serial-number-database - Frolio https://typewriterdatabase.com/no_info.415.typewriter-serial-number-database

      By drilling down into the database and looking at pictures and descriptions of other models as well as looking at the galleries for specific examples, you may be able to troubleshoot what is missing or "off" on your machine (which is obviously missing the spools, though you may be able to fashion something similar to get yours working.)

      Other examples via online search may be helpful as well: - https://www.glennsantiques.co.uk/shop/p/02/060/11 - https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/vintage-toy-typewriter-emg-dover-1000802769 - https://www.ebay.com/sch/i.html?_nkw=EMG+Dover+Junior+typewriter&_sacat=0&_from=R40&_trksid=m570.l1313

      Documenting your own example will make it much easier for collectors in the future.

    1. The preju-dice due to the supposed American origin of thesystem, stupid if the assumption were correct, doublystupid in view of its known European origin, hasceased to have its old influence, and as the necessity forgreater efficiency and a more accurate knowledge ofbusiness facts has become apparent, the popularity ofthe Card Index has increased, and it is not un-reasonable to anticipate that its ever-widening influencewill in the course of the next decade cause all othersystems to pass into oblivion.

      R. B. Byles attributes the origin of the card index system to Europe, but provides no direct details or history.

    2. would mean a considerable amount of work in sortingand re-arranging, ah drawers should be fitted with anautomatic locking appliance so that the drawer whenopened hurriedly cannot come right out of the cabinetuntil the lock is released. A similar appliance shouldalso be used with all vertical file drawers

      To guard against an accidental upset of the drawer and its entire contents which in the absence of a rod

      Card indexes and filing cabinets should have tray stops to help prevent pulling drawers out too quickly and losing all the file organization by dropping the drawer out on the floor.

    3. The Question of the Rod.

      There are generally two types of rods for a card index:<br /> - plain rod with round hole that typically needs to be removed to insert cards. These are useful for safety (and not dumping cards out) or losing them (esp. in public settings like a library. - flat rod (various forms) allows cards to be 'locked" or released easily for filing efficiency, especially valuable for business use. - no rod at all; by 1911 there were more easily moved follower blocks which helped to get rid of the necessity of rods at all, at least in Byles' estimation.

    4. Cards are made in three standard sizes, the approximatemeasurements being 3 in. x 5, 4 in. x 6, and 5 in. x 8.The smallest size is sufficient for the file index, and thelargest is almost invariably used for the Ledger Cards.Whether for other purposes the middle or largest sizeis most suitable, must depend entirely on the specialruling, and the amount of information it is to contain.
    5. In a mistaken effort after economy some peoplerefrain from taking this advice, and have cards printedand cut at the local printing office. Whatever initialsaving is effected is dearly bought, for such cards areseldom cut with the mathematical accuracy necessaryfor satisfactory work.

      He's not using the traditional wording, but he's talking about the need for having "cards of equal size" for use in a card index here.

    6. To purchase desks having innumerablepigeon-holes and drawers on the assumption that theywill be useful for something is both uneconomical andunwise. In the modern office every receptacle formaterial that has no definite purpose is a snare, itinvites disorder, and encourages slovenly methods.

      In the past, desks with a number of pigeon holes were used as part of one's database and organizational system. Once card indexes and filing cabinets came to the fore, these affordances of desks ultimately disappeared.

    7. As regards appliances the makers cater for the manwhose ledger accounts can be housed in a single drawer,as well as for the business whose accounts are numberedby the hundreds of thousands. Generally, ledger cardsare made 8 inches wide by 5 inches high, but to meetthe demand for a card giving more room for entries,cards are often printed eight inches high and five incheswide. These necessitate a different shaped drawer,and when used in large quantities a considerable economyin space is effected by building them into a book-keeper'sdesk, provided with a sliding top.
    8. A better method is toarrange the cards alphabetically and rely on the assist-ance of signals to indicate the days on which they are toreceive attention.

      By signals, he means flags (perhaps colored) attached to an individual card to mean something specific for potential follow up, for example: a date or day of the week.

    1. You said the difference between your commonplace and a Zettelkasten was form and binding? Could you expand on your set up/process? It looks like your cards are loose like a zettel, but I do see a to-do tab which isn’t zettel-y.

      reply to u/LowkeyHooligan at https://reddit.com/r/commonplacebook/comments/1gdpiis/space_for_a_commonplace/

      I'm not talking about my specific practice but commonplacing and Zettelkasten writ large. Early users of slips in the tradition of ars excerpendi were commonplacing, they were just putting their excerpts onto slips (or scraps) of paper rather than in a notebook. Far too many think the idea of Zettelkasten was "invented" by Niklas Luhmann when in fact the tradition goes back to at least Konrad Gessner in the 16th century. There was absolutely nothing innovative about Luhmann's Zettelkasten—even his numbering system was widely used by the mid 1910s. Early Zettelkasten (aka card indexes in English) were commonplaces, just done on slips of paper rather than bound "slips" in book format.

      The more recent "Zettelkasten Method" practitioners, (roughly after June 2013) have largely omitted the centuries-long intellectual history of their practice and are guilty of too much Luhmann worship. On the other hand, they hew heavily toward the minimalist approach and don't decorate their work with stickers, drawings, or other art which seems to have come into fashion in the social media era. This is what I would call "drolleries on acid" without the benefit of knowing about the tradition of ars memoria.

      My practice with these goes well beyond commonplacing. Most early 20th century card indexes were used for a variety of purposes beyond commonplacing too including indexing, tickler files, databases, rolodexes, etc. What you're describing sounds more like my modified Memindex practice (https://boffosocko.com/2023/03/09/the-memindex-method-an-early-precursor-of-the-memex-hipster-pda-43-folders-gtd-basb-and-bullet-journal-systems/). You'll find more on my particular practice and the historical practices of others at: https://boffosocko.com/research/zettelkasten-commonplace-books-and-note-taking-collection/

      For early 20th century uses, try: - Kaiser, Julius Otto. 1908. Card System at the Office. London: Vacher and Sons. http://archive.org/details/cardsystematoffi00kaisrich. - Kaiser, Julius Otto. 1911. Systematic Indexing. London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd. http://archive.org/details/systematicindexi00kaisuoft. - Duffield, David Walter, and Various. 1951. Progressive Indexing and Filing. 5th ed. New York, NY: Remington Rand Inc. http://archive.org/details/progressiveindex0000varo.

    1. Why MAGA buys Trump’s Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool hoax - Salon.com<br /> by [[Amanda Marcotte]]<br /> accessed on 2026-06-24T08:47:31

      Love that Marcotte makes the connection between Trump, the reflecting pool, and Narcissus.

      If Trump spent even half the time on homelessness, poverty, or education as he has on this idiotic reflecting pool, America might be marginally better.