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Skip to main content Adopted or used LibreTexts for your course? We want to hear from you. BiologyBusinessChemistryEngineeringEspañolGeosciencesHumanitiesMathematicsMedicinePhysicsSocial SciencesStatisticsWorkforce Sat, 15 Aug 2020 21:51:37 GMTThe Beer-Lambert Law37473747{ }AnonymousAnonymous User2falsefalse[ "article:topic", "authorname:clarkj", "Beer-Lambert Law", "showtoc:no", "molar absorptivity" ][ "article:topic", "authorname:clarkj", "Beer-Lambert Law", "showtoc:no", "molar absorptivity" ] Search site Search Search Go back to previous article Username Password Sign in Sign in Sign in Registration Forgot password Expand/collapse global hierarchy Home Bookshelves Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Supplemental Modules (Physical and Theoretical Chemistry) Spectroscopy Electronic Spectroscopy Expand/collapse global location The Beer-Lambert Law Last updated Save as PDF /*<![CDATA[*/ window.hypothesisConfig = function () { return { "showHighlights": false }; }; window.beelineEnabled = true;/*]]>*/ Page ID3747 /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('load', LibreTexts.TOC);/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ $('head').prepend($('#mt-print-css')); $('head').prepend($('#mt-screen-css')); //CORS override LibreTexts.getKeys().then(()=>{ if(!$.ajaxOld){ $.ajaxOld = $.ajax; $.ajax = (url, options)=> { if(url.url && url.url.includes('.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files')) { let [subdomain, path] = LibreTexts.parseURL(); let token = LibreTexts.getKeys.keys[subdomain]; url.headers = Object.assign(url.headers || {}, {'x-deki-token':token}); } else if (typeof url === 'string' && url.includes('.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files')){ let [subdomain, path] = LibreTexts.parseURL(); let token = LibreTexts.getKeys.keys[subdomain]; options.headers = Object.assign(options.headers || {}, {'x-deki-token':token}); } return $.ajaxOld(url, options); } } }); /*document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded',function(){ let tagsString = document.getElementById("pageTagsHolder").innerText; if (!tagsString || !tagsString.includes('"article:topic"')) return false; let html = $('.mt-content-container').html(); let replaceCounter = {}; let title = document.getElementById('title').innerText; if(title.match(/^[0-9.A-z]*?: /)) title = title.match(/^[0-9.A-z]*?(?=: )/)[0]; else title =''; let result = html.replace(/\(\(autonum:(.*?)\)\)/g, function(match, p1, p2, p3, offset, string){ let count = 1; if(replaceCounter[p1]) count = ++replaceCounter[p1]; else replaceCounter[p1] = 1; return `${p1} ${(title ? `${title}.`:'')}${count}`; }); if(result !== html) $('.mt-content-container').html(result); });*//*]]>*/ Contributed by Jim ClarkFormer Head of Chemistry and Head of Science at Truro School in Cornwall The Absorbance of a SolutionThe Beer-Lambert LawThe Importance of ConcentrationThe importance of the container shapeMolar AbsorptivityContributors and Attributions The Beer-Lambert law relates the attenuation of light to the properties of the material through which the light is traveling. This page takes a brief look at the Beer-Lambert Law and explains the use of the terms absorbance and molar absorptivity relating to UV-visible absorption spectrometry. The Absorbance of a Solution For each wavelength of light passing through the spectrometer, the intensity of the light passing through the reference cell is measured. This is usually referred to as \(I_o\) - that's \(I\) for Intensity. Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Light absorbed by sample in a cuvette The intensity of the light passing through the sample cell is also measured for that wavelength - given the symbol, \(I\). If \(I\) is less than \(I_o\), then the sample has absorbed some of the light (neglecting reflection of light off the cuvette surface). A simple bit of math is then done in the computer to convert this into something called the absorbance of the sample - given the symbol, \(A\). The absorbance of a transition depends on two external assumptions. The absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration (\(c\)) of the solution of the sample used in the experiment. The absorbance is directly proportional to the length of the light path (\(l\)), which is equal to the width of the cuvette. Assumption one relates the absorbance to concentration and can be expressed as \[A \propto c \label{1}\] The absorbance (\(A\)) is defined via the incident intensity \(I_o\) and transmitted intensity \(I\) by \[ A=\log_{10} \left( \dfrac{I_o}{I} \right) \label{2}\] Assumption two can be expressed as \[A \propto l \label{3}\] Combining Equations \(\ref{1}\) and \(\ref{3}\): \[A \propto cl \label{4}\] This proportionality can be converted into an equality by including a proportionality constant (\(\epsilon\)). \[A = \epsilon c l \label{5}\] This formula is the common form of the Beer-Lambert Law, although it can be also written in terms of intensities: \[ A=\log_{10} \left( \dfrac{I_o}{I} \right) = \epsilon l c \label{6} \] The constant \(\epsilon\) is called molar absorptivity or molar extinction coefficient and is a measure of the probability of the electronic transition. On most of the diagrams you will come across, the absorbance ranges from 0 to 1, but it can go higher than that. An absorbance of 0 at some wavelength means that no light of that particular wavelength has been absorbed. The intensities of the sample and reference beam are both the same, so the ratio \(I_o/I\) is 1 and the \(\log_{10}\) of 1 is zero. Example \(\PageIndex{1}\) In a sample with an absorbance of 1 at a specific wavelength, what is the relative amount of light that was absorbed by the sample? Solution This question does not need Beer-Lambert Law (Equation \(\ref{5}\)) to solve, but only the definition of absorbance (Equation \(\ref{2}\)) \[ A=\log_{10} \left( \dfrac{I_o}{I} \right)\nonumber\] The relative loss of intensity is \[\dfrac{I-I_o}{I_o} = 1- \dfrac{I}{I_o}\nonumber\] Equation \(\ref{2}\) can be rearranged using the properties of logarithms to solved for the relative loss of intensity: \[ 10^A= \dfrac{I_o}{I}\nonumber\] \[ 10^{-A}= \dfrac{I}{I_o}\nonumber\] \[ 1-10^{-A}= 1- \dfrac{I}{I_o}\nonumber \] Substituting in \(A=1\) \[ 1- \dfrac{I}{I_o}= 1-10^{-1} = 1- \dfrac{1}{10} = 0.9\nonumber\] Hence 90% of the light at that wavelength has been absorbed and that the transmitted intensity is 10% of the incident intensity. To confirm, substituting these values into Equation \(\ref{2}\) to get the absorbance back: \[\dfrac{I_o}{I} = \dfrac{100}{10} =10 \label{7a}\] and \[\log_{10} 10 = 1 \label{7b}\] The Beer-Lambert Law You will find that various different symbols are given for some of the terms in the equation - particularly for the concentration and the solution length. The Greek letter epsilon in these equations is called the molar absorptivity - or sometimes the molar absorption coefficient. The larger the molar absorptivity, the more probable the electronic transition. In uv spectroscopy, the concentration of the sample solution is measured in mol L-1 and the length of the light path in cm. Thus, given that absorbance is unitless, the units of molar absorptivity are L mol-1 cm-1. However, since the units of molar absorptivity is always the above, it is customarily reported without units. Example \(\PageIndex{2}\): Guanosine Guanosine has a maximum absorbance of 275 nm. \(\epsilon_{275} = 8400 M^{-1} cm^{-1}\) and the path length is 1 cm. Using a spectrophotometer, you find the that \(A_{275}= 0.70\). What is the concentration of guanosine? Solution To solve this problem, you must use Beer's Law. \[A = \epsilon lc \] 0.70 = (8400 M-1 cm-1)(1 cm)(\(c\)) Next, divide both side by [(8400 M-1 cm-1)(1 cm)] \(c\) = 8.33x10-5 mol/L Example \(\PageIndex{3}\) There is a substance in a solution (4 g/liter). The length of cuvette is 2 cm and only 50% of the certain light beam is transmitted. What is the extinction coefficient? Solution Using Beer-Lambert Law, we can compute the absorption coefficient. Thus, \(- \log \left(\dfrac{I_t}{I_o} \right) = - \log(\dfrac{0.5}{1.0}) = A = {8} \epsilon\) Then we obtain that \(\epsilon\) = 0.0376 Example \(\PageIndex{4}\) In Example 3 above, what is the molar absorption coefficient if the molecular weight is 100? Solution It can simply obtained by multiplying the absorption coefficient by the molecular weight. Thus, \(\epsilon\) = 0.0376 x 100 = 3.76 L·mol-1·cm-1 The Importance of Concentration The proportion of the light absorbed will depend on how many molecules it interacts with. Suppose you have got a strongly colored organic dye. If it is in a reasonably concentrated solution, it will have a very high absorbance because there are lots of molecules to interact with the light. However, in an incredibly dilute solution, it may be very difficult to see that it is colored at all. The absorbance is going to be very low. Suppose then that you wanted to compare this dye with a different compound. Unless you took care to make allowance for the concentration, you couldn't make any sensible comparisons about which one absorbed the most light. Example \(\PageIndex{4}\) In Example \(\PageIndex{3}\) above, how much is the beam of light is transmitted when 8 g/liter ? Solution Since we know \(\epsilon\), we can calculate the transmission using Beer-Lambert Law. Thus, \(log(1) - log(I_t) = 0 - log(I_t)\) = 0.0376 x 8 x 2 = 0.6016 \(log(I_t)\) = -0.6016 Therefore, \(I_t\) = 0.2503 = 25% Example \(\PageIndex{5}\) The absorption coefficient of a glycogen-iodine complex is 0.20 at light of 450 nm. What is the concentration when the transmission is 40 % in a cuvette of 2 cm? Solution It can also be solved using Beer-Lambert Law. Therefore, \[- \log(I_t) = - \log_{10}(0.4) = 0.20 \times c \times 2\] Then \(c\) = 0.9948 The importance of the container shape Suppose this time that you had a very dilute solution of the dye in a cube-shaped container so that the light traveled 1 cm through it. The absorbance is not likely to be very high. On the other hand, suppose you passed the light through a tube 100 cm long containing the same solution. More light would be absorbed because it interacts with more molecules. Again, if you want to draw sensible comparisons between solutions, you have to allow for the length of the solution the light is passing through. Both concentration and solution length are allowed for in the Beer-Lambert Law. Molar Absorptivity The Beer-Lambert law (Equation \(\ref{5}\)) can be rearranged to obtain an expression for \(\epsilon\) (the molar absorptivity): \[ \epsilon = \dfrac{A}{lc} \label{8}\] Remember that the absorbance of a solution will vary as the concentration or the size of the container varies. Molar absorptivity compensates for this by dividing by both the concentration and the length of the solution that the light passes through. Essentially, it works out a value for what the absorbance would be under a standard set of conditions - the light traveling 1 cm through a solution of 1 mol dm-3. That means that you can then make comparisons between one compound and another without having to worry about the concentration or solution length. Values for molar absorptivity can vary hugely. For example, ethanal has two absorption peaks in its UV-visible spectrum - both in the ultra-violet. One of these corresponds to an electron being promoted from a lone pair on the oxygen into a pi anti-bonding orbital; the other from a \(\pi\) bonding orbital into a \(\pi\) anti-bonding orbital. Table 1 gives values for the molar absorptivity of a solution of ethanal in hexane. Notice that there are no units given for absorptivity. That's quite common since it assumes the length is in cm and the concentration is mol dm-3, the units are mol-1 dm3 cm-1. Table\(\PageIndex{1}\) electron jump wavelength of maximum absorption (nm) molar absorptivity lone pair to \(\pi\) anti-bonding orbital 290 15 \(\pi\) bonding to \(\pi\) anti-bonding orbital 180 10,000 The ethanal obviously absorbs much more strongly at 180 nm than it does at 290 nm. (Although, in fact, the 180 nm absorption peak is outside the range of most spectrometers.) You may come across diagrams of absorption spectra plotting absorptivity on the vertical axis rather than absorbance. However, if you look at the figures above and the scales that are going to be involved, you aren't really going to be able to spot the absorption at 290 nm. It will be a tiny little peak compared to the one at 180 nm. To get around this, you may also come across diagrams in which the vertical axis is plotted as log10(molar absorptivity). If you take the logs of the two numbers in the table, 15 becomes 1.18, while 10,000 becomes 4. That makes it possible to plot both values easily, but produces strangely squashed-looking spectra! Contributors and Attributions Jim Clark (Chemguide.co.uk) Gamini Gunawardena from the OChemPal site (Utah Valley University) /*<![CDATA[*/ $(function() { if(!window['autoDefinitionList']){ window['autoDefinitionList'] = true; $('dl').find('dt').on('click', function() { $(this).next().toggle('350'); }); } });/*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/ var front = "auto"; if(front=="auto"){ front = "The Beer-Lambert Law"; if(front.includes(":")){ front = front.split(":")[0]; if(front.includes(".")){ front = front.split("."); front = front.map((int)=>int.includes("0")?parseInt(int,10):int).join("."); } front+="."; } else { front = ""; } } front = front.replace(/_/g," "); MathJaxConfig = { TeX: { equationNumbers: { autoNumber: "all", formatNumber: function (n) { if(false){ return front + (Number(n)+false); } else{return front + n; } } }, macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, Macros: { PageIndex: ["{"+front+" #1}",1], test: ["{"+front+" #1}",1] }, SVG: { linebreaks: { automatic: true } } } }; MathJax.Hub.Config(MathJaxConfig); MathJax.Hub.Register.StartupHook("End", ()=>{if(activateBeeLine)activateBeeLine()}); /*]]>*/ /*<![CDATA[*/window.addEventListener('load', function(){$('iframe').iFrameResize({warningTimeout:0, scrolling: 'omit'});})/*]]>*/ Back to top Electromagnetic Radiation Using UV-visible Absorption Spectroscopy Recommended articles There are no recommended articles. Article type Section or Page Author Jim Clark Show TOC no on page Tags Beer-Lambert Law molar absorptivity © Copyright 2020 Chemistry LibreTexts Powered by MindTouch ® The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Have questions or comments? 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