electrons repel each other electrostatically
They repel each other as they are of same charge and unlike charges repel
electrons repel each other electrostatically
They repel each other as they are of same charge and unlike charges repel
ω
should be w (width), not ω (angular velocity)
ω
should be w (width), not ω (angular velocity)
ω
should be w (width), not ω (angular velocity)
ω
should be w (width), not ω (angular velocity)
ω
should be w (width), not ω (angular velocity)
solution
A solution is defined to be a certain condition which meets all the "rules" of an entire system
Elementary operations are those operations consisting of the following. Interchange the order in which the equations are listed. Multiply any equation by a nonzero number. Replace any equation with itself added to a multiple of another equation.
Elementary Operations do not change the set of solutions of systems of equations.
that
typo? should be “than” probably.
art appreciation
art appreciation is gaining knowledge of understanding of the art. be able to discuss art verbally and by written. you can identify the movements from ancient cultures to todays contemporary art
Pacific Islanders have been represented as violent, primitive, hyper-sexual, exotic, childlike, cannibalistic, dependent, noble, athletic, hyper- masculine, uncivilized, and hospitable. Much of Pacific poetry aims to challenge these stereotypes and humanize (Perez, 2016, p. 376). These stereotypes relate to and often reflect the Manifest Destiny of colonizers, and stereotypical characterizations especially of Native Americans and Black Americans mostly from the 16th century to the 20th century. But unlike these groups, the relationship between the Pacific Island peoples, their land, and the Pacific Ocean conveys a deeper connectedness amongst them that these stereotypes miss and wrongly characterize, not recognizing the richness and wisdom that actually exist.
notes
In general, the key functional areas of a business are the following: Management Operations Marketing/Sales Finance Research and Development
facts
2
maybe here is no 2
frac1n
\frac{1}{n}
ζ
maybe this a mistake in writing
The First 10 Straight-Chain Alkanes
imp
For a general function fff with domain DDD, we often use xxx to denote the input and yyy to denote the output associated with xxx. When doing so, we refer to xxx as the independent variable and yyy as the dependent variable, because it depends on xxx.
Bold
Measuring the Health of the Economy
Section 3.5
Monopolistic Competition, Oligopoly, and Monopoly
Section 3.4
Perfect Competition and Supply and Demand
Section 3.3
Economic Systems
Section 3.2
What is Economics?
Section 3.1
Test
interesting- I never had issues with accessing the other NGN questions through LibreTexts but not I'm required to sign in with a username and password to access these questions~
exocytosis
This was supposed to be written "ENDOCYTOSIS"
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
Would the uterus muscle be included here?
“atípicas”
Ni gram positivas ni gram negativas
this double-consciousness, this sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity
class notes
Conjugated enone products are more stable than non-conjugated due to extended P orbital overlap. Conjugation of the p electrons of the alkene and carbonyl bonds provide a molecular-orbital description showing the interaction of p electrons of all four atoms. The additional stability provided by the conjugated carbonyl system of the product makes many aldol reactions thermodynamically factorable.
Answers the question, why do enols undergo dehydration?
vitamin K
Vitamin K is a group of vitamins that the body needs for blood clotting, helping wounds to heal.
Let 𝑧=𝑓(𝑥,𝑦)=−𝑥2−12𝑦2+𝑥𝑦+10
When you move by infinitely small amount, you are moving through a straight line. Also f_x(2,1) and f_y(2,1) are different because they are slopes and they are in different direction.
f(2,1) is the total slope.
n
people with trait anxiety view public expression with notes of skepticism and hesitation.
mse(𝑈)
variance gibi
statistic is an observable function
optimally the multitude of outcomes to some observable values
independent and identically distributed (IID)
important concept
graphs
what does this term mean?
quadratic functions
what is quadratic function?
Logarithmic Functions
A logarithmic function is the inverse of an exponential function. If you have an exponential function of the form y = b^x, then the corresponding logarithmic function would be x = log_b(y).
In this logarithmic function:
"log" is short for logarithm, the operation being performed. "b" is the base of the logarithm. "y" is the number you are taking the logarithm of. The logarithm log_b(y) is equal to the exponent x that you would have to raise the base "b" to in order to get "y". In other words, if b^x = y, then log_b(y) = x.
For example, if we have the equation 10^2 = 100, then the equivalent logarithmic form is log_10(100) = 2. This is read as "log base 10 of 100 is 2".
A special case is the natural logarithm, which is a logarithm with base e (approximately 2.71828). The natural logarithm is usually written as "ln".
For example, if e^x = y, then the equivalent logarithmic form is ln(y) = x.
Logarithms have many important properties and are used in many areas of mathematics and science, including algebra, calculus, physics, and computer science. They are particularly useful when dealing with exponential growth or decay, such as in compound interest, population growth, radioactive decay, and earthquake intensity.
Crystal lattices can be classified by their translational and rotational symmetry.
Translational symmetry means, if you move say two units distance in x direction, you would get the same arrangement as you got when you started. Rotational symmetry is pretty much self explanatory.
Of course this definition means that there are an infinite number of possible unit cells. So, in general, the unit cell is chosen such that it is the smallest unit cell that reflects the symmetry of the structure. There are two distinct types of unit cell: primitive and non-primitive. Primitive unit cells contain only one lattice point, which is made up from the lattice points at each of the corners. Non-primitive unit cells contain additional lattice points, either on a face of the unit cell or within the unit cell, and so have more than one lattice point per unit cell. It is often the case that a primitive unit cell will not reflect the symmetry of the crystal structure. A suitable non-primitive unit cell will be picked in such cases.
Primitive vs Non-Primitive Unit cell
A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the people of color.
A conflict theory perspective of U.S. history would examine the numerous past and current struggles between the white ruling class and racial and ethnic minorities, noting specific conflicts that have arisen when the dominant group perceived a threat from the people of color.
Quartz crystals are birefringent , so they exhibit optical anisotropy. Consider plane polarised light passing through a birefringent crystal. Inside the crystal, the light is split into two rays travelling along permitted vibration directions (p.v.d.s). The two rays are subject to different refractive indices, so the light travelling along each p.v.d. reaches the opposite side of the crystal at a different time. When the two rays recombine, there is a phase difference between the two rays that causes the polarisation state of the transmitted light to be different from that of the incident light.
birefringent means having two different refractive indices. Anisotropy means the properties are direction dependent.
Gypsum can be cleaved along particular crystallographic planes using a razor blade. The bonding perpendicular to these cleavage planes is weaker than that in other directions, and hence the crystal breaks preferentially along these planes. Quartz and diamond do not have such distinct cleavage planes, and so cleaving these crystals requires much more effort and care.
I didn't know that. Single Crystals
A polycrystalline solid or polycrystal is comprised of many individual grains or crystallites. Each grain can be thought of as a single crystal, within which the atomic structure has long-range order. In an isotropic polycrystalline solid, there is no relationship between neighbouring grains. Therefore, on a large enough length scale, there is no periodicity across a polycrystalline sample
We consider the short ordered segments of poly crystalline solids as grains or crystallites.
The faces of crystals can intersect at right angles, as in galena (PbS) and pyrite (FeS2), or at other angles, as in quartz.(Right) Cleavage surfaces of an amorphous solid. Obsidian, a volcanic glass with the same chemical composition as granite (typically KAlSi3O8), tends to have curved, irregular surfaces when cleaved.
Does this mean, they can only interject at right angles to each other. Like the diagram printed in Kittel's book,
Amorphous solids have two characteristic properties. When cleaved or broken, they produce fragments with irregular, often curved surfaces; and they have poorly defined patterns when exposed to x-rays because their components are not arranged in a regular array. An amorphous, translucent solid is called a glass.
is called a glass? I mean, are we not talking about the glass made from Silica oxides anymore?
The magnitude-squared of a complex number is the product of that number with its complex conjugate. The complex conjugate of a complex number is found by changing the sign of the imaginary part of the number: Z=a+bi⇒Z∗=a−bi⇒|Z|2=Z∗Z=(a−bi)(a+bi)=a2−(bi)2=a2+b2(6.2.4)
why do we use complex number
persensitivity/allergic reactions are always a potential adverse reaction, especially when administering the first dose of a new antibiotic, and the nurse should monitor for these symptoms closely and respond appropriately by immediately notifying the prescriber.
第一次给药时在病人边上停留观察。
2
Im fairly certin that p(x)=3/7(2p(x)−q(x))+2/7(p(x)+3q(x)) should be p(x)=3/7(2p(x)−q(x))+1/7(p(x)+3q(x))
macroscopic properties
visible to the naked eye; not microscopic.
Assessing how your audience feels may also be the key to finding common ground.
The significance of taking into account your audience's feelings and possible biases is introduced here
Depending on how much your audience knows, there may be background information you should include or leave out.
The importance of assessing your audience's knowledge level is introduced here
Many of these considerations already happen intuitively when we talk with other people.
The idea that audience considerations are similar to those in conversations is introduced.
Beyond writing to answer a prompt, at a really basic level, you’re writing to be read, by your peers, your professor, or by any audience designated in your prompt.
The importance of considering your audience is reiterated.
However, that’s simply not true.
This challenges the idea that writing is a solitary activity and suggests that there is support available
The more we imagine our audience's likely reactions as part of the writing process, the more likely we are to generate ideas, reach them, and convince them or affect their thinking.
The role of the audience is emphasized as a key factor in successful writing.
Avoid the temptation to ‘sound academic’ with technical words and phrases unless the situation calls for it.
you can be formal if you need to , just dont sound like a robot.
Mutations (changes in sequences) should not primarily be thought of as "bad" or "good", but rather simply as changes and a source of genetic and phenotypic diversity on which evolution by natural selection can occur. Natural selection ultimately determines the long-term fate of mutations.
EX: The pepper moth example, where there was a mutation in there cold that allowed some to blend in with the trees. Due to that mutation, the moths with a darker color were able not being eaten by the birds as the other moths were.
If you were assigning wild type traits to describe a dog, what would they be?
If I'm getting this correctly, I would assume traits like howling and chasing would be considered will type traits for dogs.
Purposes of causal arguments
entire section reminds me of a cause and effect of an experiment.
We use operational criteria when we are looking for certain concrete results.
specific results
Methods
I find this similar to the scientific method.
Such an argument analysis, also called a rhetorical analysis, asks you to describe what the other writer is up to, not just in terms of ideas but in terms of all the strategies they used to make the argument convincing.
It is important to note the strategy being used by the writer.
In the S phase, the DNA of the chromosomes is replicated. Finally, in the G2 phase, the cell undergoes the final preparations for meiosis.
What phase do most cells spend the majority of their life in? The cell spends most of its like in the interphase. This is because the interphase is the phase where the cell grows and it is also when the cell preps for the mitotic/meiotic process. In the interphase process the cell goes through G1, S, and G2 phase which takes a majority of the cells life.
Mitosis is a single nuclear division that results in two nuclei, usually partitioned into two new cells. The nuclei resulting from a mitotic division are genetically identical to the original. They have the same number of sets of chromosomes: one in the case of haploid cells, and two in the case of diploid cells. On the other hand, meiosis is two nuclear divisions that result in four nuclei, usually partitioned into fou
How does Meiosis differ from Mitosis? There are lots of differences between mitosis and meiosis. To start meiosis is used for reproduction where they produce 4 cells that are genetically identical to the male and female. Whereas Mitosis only produces 2 cells from one parent cell creating two identical cells.
something positive
it's cathode
charge buildup
Static electricity is the result of an imbalance between negative and positive charges in an object. These charges can build up on the surface of an object until they find a way to be released or discharged. One way to discharge them is through a circuit.
Placement
this section of placement is needed so the reader doesnt get lost reading the infographic
Introduction
the introduction is key to let the readers know what the infographic is about
That is, a mind, consciousness, can only emerge from matter, energy, and physical processes if they are organized in a very specific and complex form--that form that we know as a brain and its physical operations.
consiousness comes from matter, but not the other way around. we are the only beings (that we know of) materially that have consciousness
The most important organ controlling our behavior and mental processes is the brain.
each part of our brain has its own processes that go into the rest of our bodies.
or Annual Percentage Rate (APR)
The APY is NOT also called the APR. See https://www.investopedia.com/personal-finance/apr-apy-bank-hopes-cant-tell-difference/
3.78
hello, may someone please explain how we got this distance here.
thank you.
will listen
listened
consider
considered
will be consider
is considered
will be
is considered
will live
lived
walk
walked
_______
playing
________
getting dressed
________
to eat
to go, going
to go
reducible over F
Shouldn't it be that a polynomial is irreducible over F if and only if it cannot be factored as a product? ^-^' I think you guys switched the definitions.
however, not all nonpolar side groups can be buried.
Would this always cause a sticky end that can cause aggregations of proteins? Would it always be problematic?
Also note that every atom in the backbone has a slight charge arising from the presence of the electronegative atoms O and N. Hence the backbone is polar.
That's why secondary structure is not dependent on R-groups polarity. A polar or charged R-group and a nonpolar R group do not determine the polarity of the backbone -- it is always polar, and can always participate in secondary structure.
symmetrical
-> rotational
Δ𝐺ΔGΔG
simply only made up of two things
addition
this reminds me of the substitution and addition reaction mechanisms from organic chemistry and i wonder if that is SN1/2 and E1/2 concepts being applied into practice?
A family can be defined as two or more people in an adaptable social and economic alliance that involves kinship, whether perceived through blood, marriage, or other permanent or semipermanent arrangement.
vinylic
Vinylic carbon is a carbon that is involved in a double bond with another carbon.
aryl
Aryl means the aromatic, cyclic hydrocarbon
DNA alterations during maturation
differentiation to create specialised cells from naive t and b cells
genetic information
dna - pre mrna - mrna - protein - RER - golgi apparatus - exocytosis from cell
Taking an interpersonal communication course as an undergraduate is what made me change my major from music to communication studies.
that interesting that taking a communication course has influenced someone to change majors!
low pH in the thylakoid lumen, and a high pH in the stroma.
ph
oxidation states
look out for Oxidation State
The impact of acid precipitation on aquatic ecosystems may be intensified by melting snow. When snow melts rapidly in the spring, the stream or lake may be "shocked" with an excessive amount of acid. In the spring, at the time of acid snow melting, the various aquatic organisms are reproducing and are the most sensitive increases in acid.
Acid snow is a large contributor in the spring time of aquatic systems going into shock due to the melting snow going into these ecosystems and causing problems.
In the spring, at the time of acid snow melting, the various aquatic organisms are reproducing and are the most sensitive increases in acid.
I also found this interesting because of the fact that the spring time is when the weather is heating up and animals are coming out at a regular pace again. When events such as acid snow happen, and with the fast snow melting, the acid shock that takes place does effect everyone over a matter of time.
When snow melts rapidly in the spring, the stream or lake may be "shocked" with an excessive amount of acid. In the spring, at the time of acid snow melting, the various aquatic organisms are reproducing and are the most sensitive increases in acid.
That is very interesting how just the fast movement of snow melting can produce an over amount of acid in the streams or lakes. Reminds me of ways pools are "shocked" for maintaining a clean pool.
In general, prevailing winds in North America transport pollutants from west to east or northeast. The nine largest coal burning states are in the Midwest and the Ohio River valley. It is estimated that two thirds of the acid rain in the Northeast and Eastern Canada comes from these sources.
Its amazing how the wind contributes to the movement of the sulfur and incredible how a few burning states contribute to two thirds of the total acid rain.
It is estimated that two thirds of the acid rain in the Northeast and Eastern Canada comes from these sources.
Man-made sources such as coal burning sites have become known for causing negative environmental impacts. One of these is acid rain and the damage it causes to earth over a long period of time.
As a consequence acid rain derived from sulfur oxides may travel for hundreds of miles or even a thousand miles. Nitrogen oxides may persist for only about one half day and therefore may travel only tens or hundreds of miles.
As I looked further into the dangers of sulfur oxide in acid rain, it can make respiratory diseases such as bronchitis and asthma worse making it harder for people to breathe.
A technical description's body can also include visual materials (and, conceivably, audio materials if the description is multimedia). These can be pictures, tables, diagrams, charts, graphs
Keeping in mind what the subject is and the common conventions that writings in that subject include as far as visuals.
If the audience both needs and can handle a lot of information, then get super-detailed. On the other hand, if the audience only needs or only can handle the basics for whatever reason, then keep the definition short and include just the absolutely necessary information.
Taking into account not only the audience's age, but also what they will be needing this information for. For example, if you are writing a science experiment for a high school level course, you will want to include more information on the "why" of how it works more than you would if you were writing for grad students.
We've already discussed this, so I'll keep my rap short: Analyze your audience and give your audience members what they need, in a way they can understand it.
Great way to put things into perspective. Theis is a perfect example of how you should follow instructions when writing your definition.
ndependent sentences dependent clauses parenthetical asides separate sections If you're using relatively simple terms and have a knowledgeable audience, use simple, short definitions that fit within an ordinary sentence. If the definition is a bit more complex and/or your audience needs a bit more information, use a parenthetical statement. If you're defining complicated or detailed information, even to a knowledgeable audience, insert full paragraphs or subsections. Sometimes, depending on the nature of the document that contains a definition, you'll refer readers to entire sections, such as footnotes, a glossary in the back of a textbook, or appendices at the end of formal proposals and reports (hint, hint on this last part).
Ok so when writing definitions, the right placement is needed for the definition. You can't just add words anywhere in the sentence. There must be a purpose. Some definitions may be short or long depending on the knowledge of the audience.
As we've already mentioned, the audience's need for information will drive how much information you provide. If the audience both needs and can handle a lot of information, then get super-detailed. On the other hand, if the audience only needs or only can handle the basics for whatever reason, then keep the definition short and include just the absolutely necessary information.
I agree with Jeffrey 54 that depending on the audience will determine the length of the definition. For example, if talking about PGCC students and faculty than you would need two definitions to tailor both parties.
Descriptors Let's talk descriptors that can be used in writing a definition. Here's a partial list of possible items you can use to define a noun: physical characteristics (a thing's color, shape, size, material, smell, taste, texture, and so on) uses functions operation (how it works, but not how to work it -- that's what goes in instructions) effects origins analogies ("It tastes like chicken," for example) specific examples pictures diagrams
Here is a possible list of words that you can use to define a noun and can be used in a definition. This will be a good reference go to when help is needed.
As we've already mentioned, the audience's need for information will drive how much information you provide. If the audience both needs and can handle a lot of information, then get super-detailed. On the other hand, if the audience only needs or only can handle the basics for whatever reason, then keep the definition short and include just the absolutely necessary information.
Another important factor we have been taught is the length of our information. If the audience needs a lof information to get the point across, you are going to need a lot of information. If the audience need little information so they do not get overwhelmed then you need to concise your information.
As with everything you write—and quite literally everything, whether you're writing it for this class, in future classes, or over the rest of your life—you need to consider your audience very carefully.
This has been emphasize many times in our projects. It is very important to KNOW THE AUDIENCE. Starting on the audience when writing can help guide you what to write.
The second meaning, which we'll address here, refers to images that depict the subject of a description and include callouts (lines or arrows with text attached) to highlight that object's constituent parts.
I think a great example of specification based on this definition would be instructions, like instructions on a test booklet for example.
A logical scheme might be to begin with major systems—frame, wheels, gears, brakes—and then describe how the systems work together or go into more detail about the parts that compose each of these systems.
I believe this is reminiscent of an essay in a way. You start with the main idea, and then breakdown evidence or "systems" to support your thesis.
Stomatal Closure
Proton pumps stop moving protons out of the cytosol into the extracellular space.
malate
negatively charged-absorbed into the vacuole
Hence, trying to quantify man's contribution to the natural condition will never be possible, since the "natural background" condition cannot be known.
I found this interesting because so much information coming out recently has shown that a lot of the negative environmental impacts have been affected by man-made sources. This is decently going to have an even more negative affect on planet earth in the future.
In Canada, 45% of the emissions are from smelting operations, compared to only 6 % in the United States.
This is interesting to me because I never thought Canada contributed so much to sulfur oxide emissions over the United States. I thought the United States was the leading polluter country in everything.
In areas of high automobile traffic, such as in large cities, the amount of nitrogen oxides emitted into the atmosphere can be quite significant. In the Los Angeles area, the main source of acid rain is from automobiles. In certain national parks such as Yosemite and Sequoia, automobile traffic is banned to limit the amount of air pollution damage to the trees and plants. This also has the effect of reducing the visual smog in the air.
This reminds me of when during COVID lockdown, the air began to look a lot clearer because of the decreased usage of cars.
Increasing the brightness of incoming light increases the number of ejected electrons.
True
Overall, improving our listening skills can help us be better students, better relational partners, and more successful professionals.
very true
Yet research shows that adults spend about 45 percent of their time listening, which is more than any other communicative activity.
That crazy! I would've expected it to be the other way around!
Equation 8.3.58.3.5\ref{eq4} can be factored as (x+3)(y−2)
This factoring is incorrect, it should be: $$y' = xy+3x-2y-6 = (x-2)(y+3)$$
Can someone give me the answers I have to study it for a really REALLY IMPORTANT TEST!
Help me please
the number of molecules in 1 g phosphorus is 6.023×1023123.88=4.86×1021
When variable costs increase and all other variables remain unchanged, the break-even point will ________. remain unchanged increase decrease produce a lower contribution margin
b
Pain Medication
Im not sure that this link is working, it takes me to LibreTexts login page
H3O+(aq) + CH3CO2- (aq)
measuring conductivity relative to the products electricity.
H3O+
comes from very high energy, unstable and reactive HCL , bc it is a strong acid
In turn it is a much higher in energy, more reactive, and unstable molecule than CH3CO2-
. However, if we assume the reaction goes in reverse to an almost imperceptible degree, [HCl]eq might equal 10-10 M. Hence Keq >> 1.
honestly am so lost at this sentence
controlled and closed environment
foundational component of chem phys
Steric hindrance
spatial arrangement of atoms
Finally, whereas we humans are unique in our capacity to abstract and transcend space and time using verbal symbols, we are not the only creatures that engage in nonverbal communication
i wonder how other species use non verbal communication
This hemispheric distinction has been clearly evidenced, as people who suffer trauma to the right side of their brain lose the ability to recognize facial expressions but can still process verbal communication
its cool that they can still recognize nonverbal communication even though they lose their ability to utilize it
nonverbal communication is typically governed by the right side of the brain and verbal, the left.
this is really interesting!
a pattern
This really be a stated as a *repeating" pattern. For example, 1.01001000100001000001... has a pattern, but it is not rational.
never seen before may react
ability to grasp the effect based on the properties, even if an undsovocred organic molecule
the rate of the reaction is proportional to the concentration of A:
transient concept, for erery moment
...+(14!+13!)z4+ ...(9.4.24)(9.4.24)sinh(z)ez=(z+z33!+ ...)(1+z+z22+z33!+ ...)= ...+(14!+13!)z4+ ...\sinh (z) e^z = (z + \dfrac{z^3}{3!} + \ ...) (1 + z + \dfrac{z^2}{2} + \dfrac{z^3}{3!} + \ ...) = \ ... + (\dfrac{1}{4!} + \dfrac{1}{3!}) z^4 + \ ... So Res(f,0)=13!+14!=524.(9.4.25)
Should be 1/3
heterogeneous mixture
This answer is incorrect-- by any description they've used, and all their examples, air has to be a HOMOGENEOUS mixture. Indeed, quoting from a previous paragraph in this very section "Other examples or homogenous mixtures include solid solutions, like the metal alloy steel, and gaseous solutions, like air which is a mixture of mainly nitrogen and oxygen.'
doctrine of the Trinity
The father, the son and the holy spirit
The Basic Operant Model According to operant conditioning theory, we learn to behave in a particular fashion because of consequences that resulted from our past behaviors.19 The learning process involves three distinct steps (see Table 7.2). The first step involves a stimulus (S). The stimulus is any situation or event we perceive that we then respond to. A homework assignment is a stimulus. The second step involves a response (R), that is, any behavior or action we take in reaction to the stimulus. Staying up late to get your homework assignment in on time is a response. (We use the words response and behavior interchangeably here.) Finally, a consequence (C) is any event that follows our response and that makes the response more or less likely to occur in the future. If Colleen Sullivan receives praise from her superior for working hard, and if getting that praise is a pleasurable event, then it is likely that Colleen will work hard again in the future. If, on the other hand, the superior ignores or criticizes Colleen’s response (working hard), this consequence is likely to make Colleen avoid working hard in the future. It is the experienced consequence (positive or negative) that influences whether a response will be repeated the next time the stimulus is presented. Process Theories of Motivation General Operant Model: S → R → C Ways to Strengthen the S → R Link 1. S → R → C+ (Positive Reinforcement) 2. S → R → C– (Negative Reinforcement) 3. S → R → (no C–) (Avoidance Learning) Ways to Weaken the S → R Link 1. S → R → (no C) (Nonreinforcement) 2. S → R → C– (Punishment) Table7.2 (Attribution: Copyright Rice University, OpenStax, under CC-BY 4.0 license)
noted
This product is a nulceophile as a protonated intermediate is formed
Pueden mantener una identidad en el hogar y un tipo diferente de persona cuando están con sus compañeros. Eventualmente, la mayoría de los adolescentes integran las diferentes posibilidades en un solo concepto de sí mismo y un cómodo sentido de identidad (estado de logro de identidad).
Concepto de la identidad.
prose
written or poem. without mechanical stucture
espouse
adopt or support
this passage of electrons is accompanied by the movement of protons from the lumen to the stroma with the ultimate collapse back into the lumen through a rotatory ATP synthase
Incorrect - backwards
In calculations like this, it can be assumed that the concentration of the common ion is entirely due to the other solution
the concentration of Cl here is solely dependent on the concentration of NaCl since 1:1, because when you do (x+0.100) you make it approximately 0.1
Global Census: What race would you be somewhere else?
LINK IS NOT WORKING
and how we can improve our perceptions
This is very interesting. I think people with low self esteem/confidence issues could benefit possibly from this instead of trying to do this in an unhealthy way
The perceptions that we make of others and that others make of us affect how we communicate and act.
most definitely! When I dont agree with how others act I tend to make a mental effort not to engage with them
The impressions that both teacher and student make on the first day help set the tone for the rest of the semester.
I believe first impressions in general are super important! Not even with just students and teachers, although hitting it off with a teacher really makes a difference for the student, in my experience, the more I can relate and connect with a teacher the more I feel comfortable and safe to reach out to them!
The weight of a box of cereal labeled “181818 ounces.”
continuous
The duration of the next outgoing telephone call from a business office.
continuous
The number of arrivals at an emergency room between midnight and 6:00𝑎.𝑚6:00a.m6:00\; a.m.
discrete
n recent years, however, the Internet has become a hub of activity for all sorts of people
you can do so much on the internet
As a social tool and as a reflection of the way younger people now connect with each other over the Internet, Facebook has provided a comprehensive model for the Internet’s effect on social skills and especially on education
so many different ways to use it
though the Internet had been around for a while by 1998, the increasing concern among parents was that teenagers were spending all their time in chat rooms and online
mental health issues can stem from use of the internet however professionals in the field did not necessarily know about these mental health disorders being connected to it at the time
Internet was also seen as the potentially great connecting force between cultures all over the world
that it is
In the early years, the Internet was stigmatized
true
the Internet and social media are primary ways to learn about the day’s news
we can scroll for news on apps like Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, etc
Twitter users only have to check their own Twitter pages to get updates from all the organizations they “follow
sometimes the facts lead the user to have to do more research than they had planned as the media is not always true in what they say
One only needs to go to CNN’s official Twitter feed and begin to click random faces in the “Following” column to see the effect of media convergence through the Internet
good to know
Television, film, and videos (especially YouTube) have the primary ways for American entertainment to reach foreign shores
true
Many jobs can now be outsourced entirely via the Internet
this is due to social media as well as job sites
inside each cell, atoms make up molecules; these in turn make up cell organelles and other cellular inclusions.
how are simple, single-celled organisms still complex?
organized, coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells
what's an organism?
Solution
Strategy:
OR = sum rule
nothing
this is an option
0 arose from a 00 with the first bit flipped, or from a 11 with the second bit flipped
Use of surjective function
This reaction releases energy. When the copper electrode solid is placed directly into a silver nitrate solution, however, the energy is lost as heat and cannot be used to do work. In order to harness this energy and use it do useful work, we must split the reaction into two separate half reactions; The oxidation and reduction reactions. A wire connects the two reactions and allows electrons to flow from one side to the other. In doing so, we have created a Voltaic/ Galvanic Cell.
n
the size as one aspect, and the style (including colour, image, and slogan)
Pay attention here!
I don't know why this section put such emphasis on Standard From of a linear equation. It could also use more example of finding an equation of a line given slope and a point that's not the y-intercept.
In this class, you will occasionally be asked to create a hypotheses, to interpret data, and to design experiments with proper controls.
From what I understood, in the experiment outlined above, soil composition is assumed to be a control variable. A few weeks ago, I remember reading an article about how light exposure can change soil composition (pH, microorganism diversity, some nutrient levels, etc). So, investigating this aspect may also lead to interesting insights. But again, sometimes we need to make assumptions to make our lives easier!
The ability to make useful observations and/or ask meaningful questions requires curiosity, creativity, and imagination—this cannot be overstated.
This is so true! Last quarter in BIS 2C, I remember learning about Lynn Margulis and her Endosymbiotic Theory. I remember specifically learning that her whole theory just began with a few observations. This really showed me how being able to make observations could lead to something great.
The Design Challenge approach to teaching biology attempts to make the student and instructor focus on the important core questions that drove the development of the knowledge in the first place!
Although I am familiar with the Scientific method, I don't believe I have used the Design Challenge. These two exercises seem to be great ways to get involved with the material. Sometimes just learning this content is not enough and exercises like these can be very beneficial to the students. I am excited to explore more concepts using this exercise.
The important thing to remember is that while we may not say so explicitly, all of the knowledge we discuss in class represents only the best of our current understanding. Some ideas have withstood repeated and varied experimentation while other topics have yet to be tested as thoroughly.
This is reminds me of a discussion I had in BIS 2C last quarter with a professor regarding where some animals were placed on the tree of life. We discussed how just in a few years, we re-evaluated the placement of certain organisms; and how in a few more years, how certain things we learned in class may be looked as dated and inaccurate.
Question 2: Why do you create a shade structure? What is this testing? Based on your hypothesis what do you predict will happen to the plants under the shade structure? Question 3: Why do you create the mirror contraption? Why do you potentially need this contraption if you already have the shade structure?
By creating the shade structure and mirror contraption, the amount of sunlight that the tomato plants can be controlled. This way there will be three levels of sunlight and allowing for more accurate results in the experiment. Based on the hypothesis, I think the plants in the shade structure will be shorter than the ones in the sun, however, the tomatoes in the mirror structure may get too much sunlight and cause the plants to burn.
What does the statement about falsifying hypotheses mean in your own words? Why is falsification critical to the scientific method?
A falsifying hypothesis is a hypothesis that can be proved false with an observation or experiment. Most hypotheses are falsified and are often critical to the scientific method. This is important to the scientific method to answer your original question. Without a falsifying hypothesis, the hypothesis could not be proved incorrect and there would be no point to the experiment.
How do you interpret the term mental model and why do you think that it is important for learning?
My idea of a mental model is an image or scene that is created in my mind when a term or concept is prompted to me. I would be able to describe the details of that concept from what has been made within my mind on its own. I think it's very important to be able to make mental models as they create ease of access for things I have learned and need to use for other, newer concepts. I can also apply this to pretty much any topic or class as well as it helps with creative and independent thinking.
How do you interpret the term mental model and why do you think that it is important for learning?
I interpret a mental model as picturing something in your mind that is or organizes material that will help further your understanding of a concept. This could be picturing the way atoms are bonded together or a model of similarities and differences between two processes. Although a mental model can be helpful to some students, sometimes a physical picture or model is more helpful to the teacher and student when learning a new concept.
How do you interpret the term mental model and why do you think that it is important for learning?
I interpret a "mental model" as a strong conceptual understanding of a process. If a professor refers to a specific step or phase of a process, a student with a strong mental model will be able to recall all of their current understanding of the specific topic, and make the necessary adjustments to their mental models.
Reviewing and studying material associated with a lecture THAT SAME DAY. This includes reviewing the lecture notes, vocabulary, and doing associated exercises. This ALSO includes making lists of concepts that still aren't clear and trying to have those questions cleared up before the following lecture.
I have also found this reviewing strategy to be very beneficial in many different college classes. Although I have found it difficult to stay on top of and tedious. I am definitely planning to use this technique to learn the content of this course.
Can you think of an example where the imprecise or incorrect use of vocabulary caused needless confusion in real life? Describe the example and discuss how the confusion could have been avoided.
One common example is the difference between the academic and colloquial uses of the word "theory". In academia, a "theory" is something that has been rigorously tested and proven, but informally the word is often used to mean a conjecture or an idea that is untested. This leads to lots of confusion. One example that people think that since evolution is "just a theory", it isn't proven.
Can you give an example from your previous classes where an instructor has used an anthropomorphism to describe a nonhuman thing? What were/are the trade-offs of the description (i.e. why did the description work and what were its limitations)?
In chemistry classes, my past teachers and professors have often anthropomorphized atoms to describe the octet rule. For example, I've often heard that Fluorine is so close to having 8 electrons that it really "wants" to get to the full octet. This is a useful way to understand the octet rule, but it can fall apart in the case of some exceptions. For example, many transition metals are most stable with 5 electrons in the d block. The metaphor is not helpful for understanding this, and to understand it you need to understand the pauli exclusion principle.