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    1. Disease mechanisms of X‐linked cone dystrophy caused by missense mutations in the red and green cone opsins

      PMID: 34547123

      Gene: OPN1LW

      HGNC: 9936

      Disease: protan color blindness

      MONDO: 0010565

      InheritancePattern: X-linked

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of protan color blindness is approximately 1% in males, which is higher than that of blue cone monochromacy (~1 in 100,000, PMID: 35759666).

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be almost completely penetrant in males (PMID: 21167193).

    1. Clinical and Molecular Landscape of GLRA2 in X-Linked Early-Onset High Myopia

      PMID: 40227176

      Gene: OPN1LW

      HGNC: 9936

      Disease: protan color blindness

      MONDO: 0010565

      InheritancePattern: X-linked

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of protan color blindness is approximately 1% in males, which is higher than that of blue cone monochromacy (~1 in 100,000, PMID: 35759666).

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be almost completely penetrant in males (PMID: 21167193).

    2. Supplement 9

      Case#: Li_2025_Proband_XXXVII, age 8 years at time of report, male, seen at a medical center in Beijing

      CasePresentingHPOs: Abnormal morphology of the choroidal vasculature HP:0025568, High myopia HP:0011003, Best corrected visual acuity 0.1 LogMAR HP:0030554

      CaseHPOFreeText: The choroidal vascular abnormality referred to in the text was described as a tesselated fundus. The patient's refractive error was reported as -14.00 and -12.88 in the two eyes, with, axial lengths of 27.01 and 26.64.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: Genotyping of the proband was performed by whole genome sequencing.

      CaseMethod1: whole genome sequencing

      CaseMethod2: possibly Sanger sequencing of OPN1LW

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genotyping of the proband was performed by whole genome sequencing, possibly followed by Sanger sequencing of OPN1LW.

      Variant: The individual harbors the NM_020061.6(OPN1LW):c.843G>A (p.Trp281Ter) variant in the hemizygous state.

      CAID: CA415308527

      gnomAD: The variant is found in gnomAD version 4.1.0 at a frequency of 0.00002111 (1 / 47,376) in the Remaining population. https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/chrX-154156392-G-A?dataset=gnomad_r4

      VariantEvidence: NM_020061.6(OPN1LW):c.843G>A (p.Trp281Ter) is a nonsense variant in exon 5 of 6 that is predicted to undergo nonsense-mediated decay.

      CaseAddInfo: The proband was seen at a medical center in Beijing.

      CasePMIDs: N/A

    1. in OPN1LW

      Case#: Family_22142_Proband_II-1, onset before age 7 years, male, seen at a medical center in Guangzhou

      CasePresentingHPOs: High myopia HP:0011003, Blurred vision HP:0000622, Childhood onset HP:0011463, Protanopia HP:0011522

      CaseHPOFreeText: The proband is part of a cohort in which all patients had a diagnosis of early onset high myopia, with onset in early childhood and either high myopia or axial length >25 mm before age 7, or refractive errors <-10 as an adult.

      CaseNotHPOs: Nystagmus HP:0000639, Photophobia HP:0000613, Nyctalopia HP:0000662

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: Genotyping of the proband was performed by either targeted exome sequencing or whole exome sequencing.

      CaseMethod1: targeted exome or whole exome sequencing

      CaseMethod2: Sanger sequencing of OPN1LW

      CaseGenotypingMethod: Genotyping of the proband was performed by either targeted exome sequencing or whole exome sequencing, followed by Sanger sequencing of OPN1LW.

      Variant: The individual harbors the NM_020061.6(OPN1LW):c.739C>T (p.Arg247Ter) variant in the hemizygous state.

      ClinVarID: 10503

      gnomAD: The variant was not found in gnomAD version 4.1.0.

      VariantEvidence: NM_020061.6(OPN1LW):c.739C>T (p.Arg247Ter) is a nonsense variant in exon 3 of 6 that is predicted to undergo nonsense-mediated decay.

      CaseAddInfo: The proband was seen at a medical center in Guangzhou. The variant was inherited from the proband's unaffected mother.

      CasePMIDs: N/A

    1. Gene therapy for red-green colour blindness in adult primates

      PMID: 19759534

      Gene: OPN1LW

      HGNC: 9936

      Disease: protan color blindness

      MONDO: 0010565

      InheritancePattern: X-linked

      Prevalence: The overall prevalence of protan color blindness is approximately 1% in males, which is higher than that of blue cone monochromacy (~1 in 100,000, PMID: 35759666).

      Penetrance: Known disease-causing alleles appear to be almost completely penetrant in males (PMID: 21167193).

    1. OPN1LW gene transcripts expressed in transiently transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells. A: Relative expression (RE) levels of unspliced transcripts determined by qPCR across the following boundaries: exon 4 – intron 4; intron 4 – exon 5; exon 5 – intron 5; and intron 5 – exon 6. B: Relative levels of spliced OPN1LW gene transcripts, measured by qPCR, using primer sets that generate amplicons form exon 4 – exon 5 and exon 5 – exon 6. In all cases, the RE values represent OPN1LW mRNA expression normalized to the geometric mean of two internal control genes, RPL13A and EF1A1. Wild-type (WT), black; variant 1 (V1), white; variant 2 (V2), gray; variant 3 (V3), hatched. * and ** denote statistical significance at 1% and 5% probability levels, respectively.

      ExperimentName: OPN1LW variants identified in myopic patients were expressed exogenously in HEK293T cells and exhibited reduced expression at the mRNA level.

      NonPatientCell: HEK293T cells (EFO:0001184)

      GeneFunction: GO:0007602 (phototransduction)

      GeneAlteration: Site-directed mutagenesis was used to introduce the variants into minigenes encoding portions of the wlid-type OPN1LW gene.

      FunctionalEvidence: Three OPN1LW variants identified in myopic patients were expressed exogenously in HEK293T cells and two out of three exhibited reduced expression at the mRNA level (Figures 1A and 1B).

      FAVariants: NM_020061.6(OPN1LW):c.973A>G (p.Met325Val), CA415309107, NM_020061.6(OPN1LW):c.970T>A (p.Phe324Ile), CA415309100, NM_020061.6(OPN1LW):c.971T>A (p.Phe324Tyr), CA415309101