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    1. Sixty-six individuals representing 54 families were studied (Supplementary Material, Table S1). All individuals were found to harbor two ABCA4 variants likely to cause the retinal disease (18,20–26). In 40 families (74%), independent segregation of the two alleles was demonstrated. The ages at the time of their first visit ranged from 9 to 74 years (mean = 35.9, median = 35.2 years); in the majority of individuals (36/66=55%), data were available from a second visit that occurred on average 8.7 years (range=2–20 years, median = 6.9 years) after the first visit.

      Case#: Patient #35, male, 35yo at report, 14yo at onset,

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: family 30, segregation was noted as "yes" but no other details provided

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: allele 1: A1038V;L541P allele 2: G818E

      ClinVar: 99135

      CAID: CA227000

      SupplementalData: supplemental table 1

    1. STGD87 2588G→C Q1750X Yes

      Case#: STGD87, 10-14yo at onset, German

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: segregation in family

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "The diagnosis of STGD was based on the demonstration of bilateral impairment of central vision and the appearance of perimacular and/or peripheral yellow-white flecks, with or without atrophy of the central retinal-pigment epithelium and a normal or only mildly abnormal flash electroretinogram when recorded in early stages of the disease."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, dHPLC, and SSCP analysis, PCR amplification of individual coding exons and flanking intron sequences, direct DNA sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: Q1750X; 2588G→C in trans "Correct segregation of disease alleles was demonstrated in all 39 cases in which family samples were available for study"

      ClinVar: 7879

      CAID: CA119128

      SupplementalData: n/a

    2. STGD47/164 IVS13+1G→A 2588G→C Yes

      Case#: STGD47/164, 10-14yo at onset, German

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: segregation in family

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "The diagnosis of STGD was based on the demonstration of bilateral impairment of central vision and the appearance of perimacular and/or peripheral yellow-white flecks, with or without atrophy of the central retinal-pigment epithelium and a normal or only mildly abnormal flash electroretinogram when recorded in early stages of the disease."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, dHPLC, and SSCP analysis, PCR amplification of individual coding exons and flanking intron sequences, direct DNA sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: IVS13+1G→A; 2588G→C in trans "Correct segregation of disease alleles was demonstrated in all 39 cases in which family samples were available for study"

      ClinVar: 7879

      CAID: CA119128

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Case 4A 52-year-old male was examined for declining vision OS over the past few months. He was previously clinically diagnosed with STGD 7 years before presentation. Family history was not significant for ocular disease. Best-corrected visual acuity measured 20/100 OD and 20/70 OS. Spherical refractive error measured −3.00 OD and −3.25 OS. Anterior segment examination was unremarkable and applanation tonometry measured 17 mmHg OD and 14 mmHg OS. Posterior segment examination was significant for central atrophy and classic peripheral pisciform flecks sparing the peripapillary regions OU (Figure 4, A and B). Autofluorescence imaging demonstrated inner atrophic flecks and outer hyperautofluorescent flecks. Moderate peripapillary hypoautofluorescence, but not atrophy, was present, likely secondary to the patient’s myopia (Figure 4, C and D). Genotyping revealed two heterozygous ABCA4 mutations, P1380L and S1696N.Open in a separate windowFig. 4Case 4. STGD mutation IVS40 + 5G>A. A, Color Photo OU. B, Red-Free Photo OU reveal central atrophy and classic peripheral pisciform flecks sparing the peripapillary regions OU. C, Autofluorescence OD. D, Autofluorescence OS show that the innermost flecks are hypoautofluorescent, consistent with atrophy, whereas the outermost flecks are hyperautofluorescent, demonstrating excess lipofuscin. There is moderate peripapillary hypoautofluorescence that is not as dark as this patient’s central atrophy or the peripapillary atrophy of Case 1. This finding may thus be due to the patient’s myopia.

      Case#: Hwang Case 4, male, 52yo at report, 45yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: Family history was not significant for ocular disease.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000545

      CaseHPOFreeText: declining vision OS, BCVA was 20/100 OD and 20/70 OS. Spherical refractive error measured −3.00 OD and −3.25 OS. Posterior segment examination was significant for central atrophy and classic peripheral pisciform flecks sparing the peripapillary regions OU (Figure 4, A and B). Autofluorescence imaging demonstrated inner atrophic flecks and outer hyperautofluorescent flecks. Moderate peripapillary hypoautofluorescence, but not atrophy, was present (Figure 4, C and D).

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0500087

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed by the ABCR400 microarray followed by direct sequencing to confirm identified variants.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: P1380L and S1696N

      ClinVar: 7904

      CAID: CA129033

      SupplementalData: n/a

    2. Case 1A 55-year-old male was examined for long-standing central visual impairment since age 18. Family history was not significant for ocular disease. His best-corrected visual acuity of 20/350 OD and 20/200 OS was consistent with measurements over the last 20 years. Spherical refractive error measured −3.5 OD and −2.0 OS. Anterior segment examination was unremarkable and applanation tonometry measured 17 mmHg OD and 14 mmHg OS. Posterior segment examination and autofluorescence imaging were significant for sharply demarcated central and peripapillary zones of atrophy and the absence of fleck lesions (Figure 1, A–D). Humphrey visual fields demonstrated bilateral central scotomas with eccentric fixation at the inferior border. ERG examination was subnormal and similar to results obtained 22 years ago.Open in a separate windowFig. 1Case 1. STGD with peripapillary atrophy and mutations P1380L and IVS40 + 5G>A. A, Autofluorescence OD. B, Color Photo OD. C, Autofluorescence OS. D, Color Photo OS. All show marked peripapillary and macular atrophy with a sharply demarcated zone of sparing between them. These characteristics caused initial diagnostic confusion with choroidal sclerosis.Genetic testing was employed for further diagnostic information and two heterozygous ABCA4 mutations, P1380L and IVS40 + 5G>A, were identified and classified as disease-causing alleles, thereby confirming the diagnosis of STGD.

      Case#: Hwang Case 1, US, male, 55yo at report, 18yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo: Family history was not significant for ocular disease

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663, HP:0500087, HP:0000603, HP:0000512

      CaseHPOFreeText: BCVA of 20/350 OD and 20/200 OS. Spherical refractive error measured −3.5 OD and −2.0 OS. Posterior segment examination and autofluorescence imaging were significant for sharply demarcated central and peripapillary zones of atrophy and the absence of fleck lesions (Figure 1, A–D). Humphrey visual fields demonstrated bilateral central scotomas with eccentric fixation at the inferior border.

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed by the ABCR400 microarray followed by direct sequencing to confirm identified variants.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: P1380L and IVS40 + 5G>A

      ClinVar: 7904

      CAID: CA129033

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. 13/8 35 0.017 163 0 – 3 – 3 4 L541P R1098C

      Case#: Patient 13, 35yo

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: Family 8

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: Visual acuity=0.017. OCT ft (μm)=163. MP (dB)=0. Fundus=3(extensive atrophic-appearing RPE changes). ERG=3(abnormal responses involving both rods and cones). mfERG=4(subnormal mfERG in the entire test field (0°–30°) plus pathologic Ganzfeld ERG).

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: PCR of coding regions, intron/exon boundaries, and 5′ and 3′ regions of ABCA4; Standard cycle-sequencing reactions with BigDye Terminator

      PreviouslyPublished:

      Variant: L541P; R1098C

      CAID: CA226911;

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. 3 39 6/6 1 RCD Val552Ile 6/6

      Case#: Case 3, 39yo

      DiseaseAssertion: BEM, RCD

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: a ring of increased AF surrounding decreased foveal AF, visual acuity= 6/6, 6/6

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: acquired toxic aetiology

      GenotypingMethod: The entire coding sequence (50 exons), including exon–intron boundaries, of the ABCA4 gene of each patient was screened using single‐stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: Val552Ile heterozygous

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: n/a