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  1. Last 7 days
    1. Among 161 patients with a Stargardt-related phenotype previously assessed with the commercial ABCA4 mutation microarray, we analyzed the ABCA4 gene with High-resolution melting (HRM) in patients in whom the array analysis identified either a heterozygous mutation (n = 50) or no mutation (n = 30).

      annotating here since the article is a PDF

      Case#: Duno Patient D015, Danish

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt flavimaculatus phenotype

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: The diagnosis was based on standard ophthalmological examinations including fundus photography, colour vision assessment, dark adaptometry, and full field ERG.

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: ABCA4 mutation microarray and High-resolution melting (HRM) in patients in whom the array analysis identified either a heterozygous mutation (n = 50) or no mutation (n = 30).

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1654G>A p.V552I; c.6478A>G p.K2160E; c.3380G>A p.G1127E phase unknown

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData:

    1. The study included index patients with ABCA4-related retinopathy and their parents. ABCA4-related retinopathy was diagnosed based on characteristic findings on indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and conventional fundus AF imaging. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of biallelic mutations in ABCA4, and segregation analysis was carried out with samples of the parents. All index patients and their parents underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), slit-lamp examination, and indirect ophthalmoscopy with dilated pupils. Axial length and corneal curvature were measured using the IOL-Master 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany). Healthy subjects without ocular disease served as controls. To minimize an influence of factors known to alter qAF measurements,22 exclusion criteria were age ≥ 65 years, ethnicity other than Caucasian, significant lens opacities, dilated pupil diameter below 7 mm, unstable fixation, refractive error > ±6 diopters (spherical equivalent), and any other additional known ocular pathology or prior intraocular surgery.

      Case#: Muller Subject #8, 34yo, qAF=590

      DiseaseAssertion: ABCA4-related retinopathy

      FamilyInfo: mother was 59yo at report with qAF=399

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "ABCA4-related retinopathy was diagnosed based on characteristic findings on indirect ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and conventional fundus AF imaging. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the presence of biallelic mutations in ABCA4, and segregation analysis was carried out with samples of the parents."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: age ≥ 65 years, ethnicity other than Caucasian, significant lens opacities, dilated pupil diameter below 7 mm, unstable fixation, refractive error > ±6 diopters (spherical equivalent), and any other additional known ocular pathology or prior intraocular surgery.

      GenotypingMethod: ABCA4 sequence analysis of all coding exons and flanking splice junctions was performed either by Sanger chain-terminating dideoxynucleotide sequencing after PCR amplification, by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) analysis (performed when only a single mutation was detected), or by next-generation sequencing (NGS) including a quantitative readout to detect large structural rearrangements using a gene panel covering 120 genes associated with inherited retinal disease as described previously.23 Validation of identified putatively pathogenic variants and segregation analysis were carried out by conventional sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: maternal allele: [c.1622T>C (p.Leu541Pro); c.3113C>T (p.Ala1038Val)]; paternal allele: c.1654G>A (p.Val552Ile); c.4771G>A (p.Gly1591Arg)

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData:

    1. The latter finding suggests that loss of significance is likely due to lack of statistical power caused by the reduced number of individuals in the subsequent analyses (from n = 335 to n = 247 to n = 197 patients, Supplementary Table S5).

      3 STGD patients have this variant but no specific clinical details (supplemental table s5).

      Patient 79: c.1654G>A p.(V552I); c.5196+1013A>G

      Patient 265: c.1654G>A p.(V552I) only

      Patient 320: c.1654G>A p.(V552I); c.4254-1G>C; c.6230G>A p.(R2077Q)

    1. The 1,000 probands in this study came to our clinic from 40 different states, the District of Columbia and seven foreign countries (Supplemental Figure 1). Four hundred eighty-nine were female and 511 were male. The average age at entry into the study was 37.3 years (36.3 years for males and 38.5 years for females); the range was 8 months to 88 years. Plausible disease-causing genotypes were identified in 760 of these probands, 393 males and 367 females (Supplemental Table 1). The average age at entry into the study was very slightly younger for those in whom a disease-causing genotype was identified (34.9 years for males and 37.7 years for females).

      Case#: Patient 817, female, 33yo at entry

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo:

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: category IIA (autosomal recessive stargardt disease)

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: one or more of the following approaches: automated Sanger sequencing with an ABI 3730xl sequencer, allele-specific genotyping with a Fluidigm EP1, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS 17), chromosomal microarray analysis, and/or plasmid cloning of PCR products followed by Sanger sequencing. WES, WGS

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1654G>A (p.Val552Ile); second variant not identified

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: supplemental table 1

    1. In the German cohort of 46 patients with single heterozygous ABCA4 variants, none of the known or any novel variant was found in the regions analyzed (Supp. Table S3).

      Case#: Bauwens Case ID #20864, German

      DiseaseAssertion: Simplex Retinitis Pigmentosa

      FamilyInfo:

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Screening for V1-V7 (deep intronic variants) negative, sequencing of the coding exons and intron–exon boundaries of ABCA4, Sanger sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished:

      Variant: c.1654G>A p.(Val552Ile), no second allele

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: supplemental table s3

  2. Aug 2026
    1. 92 RHO c.180C>A p.Tyr60* – [a] ROM1: f 31 RP ad no Ger c.178C>A p.Pro60Thr; – [42], [43] c.323C>T p.Thr108Met rs146358003 [42], [43] ABCA4: c.1654G>A p.Val552Ile rs145525174 [44] c.5714+5G>A RP2: splice rs61751407 [45] c.844C>T RPGRIP1: c.2510C>G p.Arg282Trp rs1805147 [17], [18] p.Ala837Gly – [22]

      Case#: Eisenberger Patient 92, female, 31yo, German

      DiseaseAssertion: Autosomal dominant RP

      FamilyInfo: non-consanguineous

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "The diagnoses of all patients were established by medical history, family history and detailed clinical evaluation of vision. Ophthalmological examination included stereoscopic funduscopy, standard ERG, perimetry, measurement of dark adaptation, and determination of best-corrected visual acuity in most patients."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: NGS for the exons of 55 RP and LCA genes, Sanger for confirmation

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: Allele 1: RHO c.180C>A p.Tyr60; Allele 2*: ROM1: c.178C>A p.Pro60Thr; c.323C>T p.Thr108Met;

      ABCA4: c.1654G>A p.Val552Ile; c.5714+5G>A; <br /> RP2: c.844C>T p.Arg282Trp; <br /> RPGRIP1: c.2510C>G p.Ala837Gly

      ClinVar:

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Patient 4 with an early frameshift mutation in one allele and a downstream p.Val552Ile mutation in the second allele has a mild form of STGD1. Because the frameshift mutation is likely to result in a null allele, any residual functional activity of ABCA4 would arise from ABCA4 harboring the p.Val552Ile missense mutation. Our in vitro studies showing that the p.Val552Ile variant expresses at close to WT levels, exhibits normal N-Ret-PE binding properties, and has only a modest reduction in ATPase activity (Table 2) are consistent with the mild disease phenotype of patient 4. Another study has also reported that the p.Val552Ile mutation is associated with a STGD1 disease phenotype.50 However, in silico predictions on the pathological relevance of this mutation have been variable.20,13 On the basis of allele frequencies in controls versus patients, it has been argued that the p.Val552Ile is most likely benign.20 At a protein level, a hydrophobic amino acid residue valine is replaced with another hydrophobic residue isoleucine. Accordingly, this substitution would be predicted to have only a marginal impact on ABCA4 protein structure and function. However, valine at position 552 of ABCA4 is invariable among vertebrate species, including other mammals, chicken, Xenopus, and Japanese puffer fish (Takifugu rubripes), attesting to the likely importance of valine at this position. Collectively, these studies suggest that the p.Val552Ile is a mild mutation in which the pathogenicity may only be displayed in selected cases. More specifically, the p.Val522Ile would display a mild STGD1 phenotype when combined with a null allele as in the case of patient 4 or a missense mutation with little or no activity such as the p.Asn965Ser mutation,37,51 but would not display a disease phenotype in a patient homozygous for this mutation or patients in which this mutation is combined with a mutation that shows significant ABCA4 function because under these circumstances sufficient ABCA4 activity would be realized to prevent the accumulation of toxic retinoids.

      In HEK293T cells, p.Val552Ile expresses at close to WT levels, exhibits normal N-Ret-PE binding properties, and has only a modest reduction in ATPase activity. Consistent with mild disease phenotype

    2. Patient 4, a 30-year-old individual with the deleterious c.213dupG/p.Ile73Asnfs*26 frameshift mutation and the c.1654G>A/p.Val552Ile missense mutation, displayed mild STGD1 with stage 2 FC and 20/30 VA. The p.Ile73Asnfs*26 mutation is classified as a pathogenic mutation, whereas the p.Val552Ile mutation is classified as likely neutral. Biochemical analysis of the p.Val552Val, however, suggests that this is a mild mutation at a functional level consistent with the clinical assessment of patient 4 (see Discussion section for additional information).

      Case#: Garces Patient 4, Canada

      DiseaseAssertion: mild STGD1

      FamilyInfo:

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: 30yo, VA=20/30, FC=Stage 2 (flecks throughout the posterior pole, anterior to the vascular arcades and nasal to the optic disc and relatively normal ERGs but with prolonged dark adaptation)

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: screened for mutations in the ABCA4, CNGB3, and ELOVL4 genes

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.213dupG/p.Ile73Asnfs*26; c.1654G>A/p.Val552Ile

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData:

    1. Additionally, one novel change in exon 12 (p.Val552Ile) was found in one STGD patient by means of the dHPLC technique. This variant was detected in two alleles out of 200, suggesting a polymorphism.

      Case#: Aguirre-Lamban Unlabeled Proband, Spanish

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "Diagnosis of STGD was determined according to a bilateral central vision loss with a beaten-bronze appearance and/or the presence of orange-yellow flecks in the retina from the posterior pole to the mid-periphery; typical dark choroid observed by fluorescein angiography; and normal to subnormal electroretinograms (ERGs)."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: ABCR400 microarray, direct sequencing, dHPLC, haplotype analysis

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1654G>A p.Val552Ile, interpreted as non-pathogenic, suggested to be a polymorphism

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. ilename Description aos14218-sup-0001-TableS1.xlsxMS Excel, 27.1 KB Table S1. List of genetic variants found in IRD patients, Norway, 2018. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

      This variant is reported to be found in 1 individual in heterozygous or compound heterozygous form, but there is no patient identifier, so impossible to know whether they have a second variant

    1. 20/28/2/18/
female CRD c.1654 G>A
c.4363 T>C 35, 35 38,
34 52,
57 4,
5 45.0,
42.5 1.0,
0.7

      Case#: Subject 20, 28yo, 18yo at first ffERG, Sweden, female

      DiseaseAssertion: CRD, group 2

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: extensive atrophies in the posterior pole. peripheral pigmentations. few peripapillary changes. Normal thickness of the most central segment recorded on OCT. total absence of the PIL (photoreceptor integrity line) and RPE atrophy on the OCT B-scans. ETDRS VA score= 35, 35. Rod
ffERG= 38, 34 Ampl
(µV). Combined ffERG= 52, 57 Ampl
(µV). Cone
ffERG= 4, 5; 45.0, 42.5 Amp IT
(µV; ms). mERG sum= 1.0, 0.7 Ampl (µV). Group 2 with larger central scotomas from 10° to 35°

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Sequence analysis of the entire coding region of the ABCA4 gene was performed.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1654G>A; c.4363T>C

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: n/a

  3. Jul 2026
    1. Disease-causing mutations were identified in 74% of 251 consecutive MD/CCRD patients

      Case#: Patient #9, female, 23yo at onset, 32yo at report, German

      DiseaseAssertion: macular dystrophy or cone-rod dystrophy

      FamilyInfo: inheritance= sporadic. phase not confirmed, but no other affected family members and no parental consanguinity

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: reduced visual acuity, erg scotopic= reduced, erg-photopic=reduced

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: syndromic retinal disease, age-related macular degeneration, central serous retinopathy, autoimmune retinopathy, retinal vascular disease, achromatopsia, X-linked retinoschisis, North Carolina macular dystrophy

      CasePreviousTesting: n/a

      GenotypingMethod: Sanger sequencing of ABCA4

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1654G>A p.Val552Ile; c.4771G>A p.Gly1591Arg; c.1622T>C p.Leu541Pro; c.3113C>T p.Ala1038Val

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: Supplementary table 1

    1. 3 39 6/6 1 RCD Val552Ile 6/6

      Case#: Case 3, 39yo

      DiseaseAssertion: BEM, RCD

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: a ring of increased AF surrounding decreased foveal AF, visual acuity= 6/6, 6/6

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: acquired toxic aetiology

      GenotypingMethod: The entire coding sequence (50 exons), including exon–intron boundaries, of the ABCA4 gene of each patient was screened using single‐stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: Val552Ile heterozygous

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: n/a

    2. 3 39 6/6 1 RCD Val552Ile 6/6

      Case#: Case 3, 39yo

      DiseaseAssertion: BEM, RCD

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: a ring of increased AF surrounding decreased foveal AF, visual acuity= 6/6, 6/6

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: acquired toxic aetiology

      GenotypingMethod: The entire coding sequence (50 exons), including exon–intron boundaries, of the ABCA4 gene of each patient was screened using single‐stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: Val552Ile heterozygous

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: n/a