519 Matching Annotations
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    1. 10 F 19 c.2588G>C c.1222C>T

      Case#: Patient 10, female, age 19

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: diagnosis of autosomal recessive STGD based on the pedigree and clinical phenotype of fleck deposits with or without genetic testing

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000608, HP:0000007, HP:0030610, HP:0030500

      CaseHPOFreeText: Macular degeneration. autosomal recessive, Photoreceptor outer segment loss on macular OCT, Yellow/white lesions of the macula

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method: n/a

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: Allele 1: NM_000350.3:c.2588G>C Allele 2: NM_000350.3:c.1222C>T

      ClinVar: Allele 1: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.2588G>C (p.Gly863Ala) Allele 2: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.1222C>T (p.Arg408Ter)

      CAID: Allele 1: CA119128 Allele 2: CA179692

      SupplementalData: composite mask analysis shown in figure 3 for patient 10

    1. Patient 2 (P2), previously described in a large IRD cohort study [1], is also of Somali origin and was seen in the retina clinic at the University of Iowa at age 11

      Case#: patient, 11, Somali, onset 8yo

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: parents and four siblings did not report visual issues

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000007, HP:0011504, HP:0000608

      CaseHPOFreeText: BCVA 20/70 OD, 20/80 OS. Bull's eye maculopathy. Outer retinal and RPE atrophy. Slight opacity at level of RPE; loss of outer retinal structures in central area. Normal peripheral retina.

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method: whole genome

      PreviouslyPublished: PMID:28559085

      Variant: NM_000350.3:c.5882G>A p.(Gly1961Glu) ; NM_000350.3:c.634C>T p.(Arg212Cys)

      ClinVar:7888; 7898

      CAID:n/a

      SupplementalData:n/a

    2. Patient 1 (P1

      Case#: 12, Somali, onset 5 years old

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: Parents were heterozygous for Arg212Cys, no family history of IRD

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011504, ORPHA:827, HP:0000608

      CaseHPOFreeText: Bull's eye maculopathy, macular degredation, red-green color defecit, reduced cone function

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method: Whole exome sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: N/a

      Variant:

      ClinVar: NM_000350.3:c.5882G>A p.(Gly1961Glu) ; NM_000350.3:c.634C>T p.(Arg212Cys)

      ClinVar: 7888; 7898

      CAID: CA119132, CA203216

      SupplementalData: N/a

    3. Patient 1 (P1) experienced reduced vision from age 5 and was referred to ophthalmology testing at Haukeland University Hospital at age 12.

      Case#: patient, 12, Somali, onset 5yo

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: parents and 5 siblings did not report visual issues

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000007, HP:0011504, HP:0000608

      CaseHPOFreeText: BCVA 20/135 OD; 20/100 OS. Red-green color deficit. Bull's eye maculopathy, but no pallor of optic disc. Normal peripheral retina. Loss of macular photoreceptor layer; severely reduced cone function.

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method: whole exome sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: NM_000350.3:c.5882G>A p.(Gly1961Glu) ; NM_000350.3:c.634C>T p.(Arg212Cys)

      ClinVar: 7888; 7898

      CAID: n/a

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Table S9. List of unique causative variants detected in 858 STGD probands mmc8.xlsx (19.3KB, xlsx) Table S11. STGD1 cases with at least two (likely) causal ABCA4 variants mmc9.xlsx (39.6KB, xlsx)

      Case#: DNAID 071549/Pat23, male

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "In classic STGD1, loss of central vision starts around the second decade of life, but both early- and late-onset subtypes have been extensively described." No patient-specific details provided

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: smMIPs sequencing of the complete ABCA4 locus

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.6416G>C (p.Arg2139Pro); c.1648G>A (p.Gly550Arg)

      CAID: CA10611614

      SupplementalData: tables s9 and s11

    2. able S9. List of unique causative variants detected in 858 STGD probands mmc8.xlsx (19.3KB, xlsx) Table S11. STGD1 cases with at least two (likely) causal ABCA4 variants

      Case#: DNAID 072884/Pat255, female

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "In classic STGD1, loss of central vision starts around the second decade of life, but both early- and late-onset subtypes have been extensively described." No patient-specific details provided

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: smMIPs sequencing of the complete ABCA4 locus

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1519G>T (p.Asp507Tyr); c.5312+3A>T (p.Asn1734Glyfs*14) phase not confirmed

      CAID: CA958508

      SupplementalData: tables s9 and s11

    1. A 43-year-old white female

      Case#: 43 year old woman II:2

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease (STGD1)

      FamilyInfo: none of family had co-existing systemic disorders, father carried variant, probands affected suster did not

      CasePresentingHPOs:HP:0000007

      CaseHPOFreeText: loss of ellipsoid zone, mascular dystrophy with features of bull's eye maculopathy,

      CaseNotHPOs: na

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: na

      Genotyping Method: sanger sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.4685 T > C, p.(I1562T)

      ClinVar: not found

      CAID: not found

      SupplementalData: probands affected sister did not carry the ABAA4 variant, indicating ABCA4 was not relevant to mascular dystrophy in family, CRX variant was also found

    1. Among the 390 probands and 16 pseudodominant relatives in the cohort, 736 instances of 241 different alleles of the ABCA4 gene were observed (Table S2, available at www.aaojournal.org). A total of 10% of these alleles harbored terminating variants, 22% harbored splice-altering variants, and 61% harbored missense variants. No disease-causing variants could be found on 7% of the probands' alleles.

      Case#: Proband P399, Family F345, male, 8yo at onset, US

      DiseaseAssertion:

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: phenotypically focused tiered testing strategy beginning with allele-specific testing of the most common disease alleles and progressing through Sanger sequencing of candidate genes and, in many cases, to next generation sequencing of whole exomes and whole genomes

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: Pro1380Leu (c.4139C>T); Glu2031Lys (c.6091G>A) phase unconfirmed

      ClinVar: 866538

      CAID: CA341279017

      SupplementalData: table s2 (listed as table 1 when you open it)

    1. MD-0170ABCA430c.4457C>Tp.Pro1486Leu9c.1222C>Tp.Arg408*14YesABCR400

      Case#: MD-0170 Proband, 14yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: Family MD-0170

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: STGD diagnosed based on "bilateral central vision loss; fundus presenting with a beaten-bronze appearance and/or the presence of orange-yellow flecks in the retina from the posterior pole to the mid-periphery; fluorescein angiography showing typical dark choroid; and normal to subnormal electroretinogram (ERGs)."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Haplotype analysis, ABCR400

      PreviouslyPublished: unclear

      Variant: c.4457C>T (p.Pro1486Leu); c.1222C>T (p.Arg408*)

      ClinVar: 99283

      CAID: CA227192

      SupplementalData: n/a

    2. MD-0084ABCA447c.6410G>Ap.Cys2137Tyr47c.6410G>Ap.Cys2137Tyr7YesABCR400 + dHPLC + HRM + MLPAValverde et al. 2006 (6); Aguirre-Lamban et al. 2010 (16)

      Case#: Family MD-0084 Proband, 7yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: AR Stargardt

      FamilyInfo:

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: STGD diagnosed based on "bilateral central vision loss; fundus presenting with a beaten-bronze appearance and/or the presence of orange-yellow flecks in the retina from the posterior pole to the mid-periphery; fluorescein angiography showing typical dark choroid; and normal to subnormal electroretinogram (ERGs)." VA loss, VF loss, BCVA=<0.05/<0.05

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 16917483 (variant not found in this paper); PMID: 19959634

      Variant: c.6410G>A (p.Cys2137Tyr) homozygous, found by ABCR400 + dHPLC + HRM + MLPA

      ClinVar: 2202779

      CAID: CA341277358

      SupplementalData:

    3. MD-0242ABCA412c.1715G>Cp.Arg572ProNot detected18YesABCR400

      Case#: Family MD-0242 Proband, 18yo at onset, Spanish

      DiseaseAssertion: AR Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: STGD diagnosed based on "bilateral central vision loss; fundus presenting with a beaten-bronze appearance and/or the presence of orange-yellow flecks in the retina from the posterior pole to the mid-periphery; fluorescein angiography showing typical dark choroid; and normal to subnormal electroretinogram (ERGs)."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Haplotype analysis, ABCR400 microarray, direct sequencing for confirmation

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1715G>C p.Arg572Pro

      ClinVar: 99073

      CAID: CA226919

      SupplementalData:

    1. Table 1shows the age, sex, vision at the most recent visit, fluorescein angiographic findings, and clinical phenotype for 29 patients with a possible disease-causing mutation in the ABCRgene. Each of the 29 patients were from different pedigrees. However, the mother of patient 12 and the father of patient 29 were also found to have compound heterozygous sequence variations in the ABCRgene.

      Case#: Fishman Patient #22, male, 28yo

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt dystrophy or fundus flavimaculatus

      FamilyInfo:

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: dark choroid, diffuse yellowish white flecks in the fundus, 20/400 OU, central scotoma

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: only one variant found: c.6383A>G (p.His2128Arg) Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequencing were used to identify variations in coding sequences of the ABCRgene.

      ClinVar: 99455

      CAID: CA227399

      SupplementalData:

    1. Eighty-four unrelated STGD1 patients were found to carry two or more disease-causing ABCA4 mutations, and cosegregation analyses were performed in 54 (64.3%). (See Supplementary Table S3 for a summary of clinical phenotype of STGD1 patients). The mean disease onset age of the patients was 13.1 years (range, 2–44 years), and half of these patients experienced their symptoms of visual impairment in their first decade. We classified the patients into three groups by their disease onset age. For the patients in the first group, whose disease onset ages were between 1 and 10 years, the fraction (45.3%, 19/42) of patients carrying compound heterozygous or homozygous deleterious mutations (nonsense, frameshift insertion or deletion, or splicing mutations) or complex alleles was much higher than those observed for the patients in the group 2 (24.1%, 7/29) and group 3 (15.4%, 2/13), whose disease onset ages were from 11 to 20 years or older than 20 years, respectively. In contrast, the percentage of patients carrying compound heterozygous or homozygous missense mutations was higher in group 3 than in group 1 or group 2 (Table 2). The most common mutation (p.Y808X) was detected in 12 patients, and all were heterozygous compound with missense (6 patients), splicing (1 patient), and insertion or deletion (5 patients) mutations. The two most frequent missense mutations (p.F2188S and p.N965S) were identified as heterozygous. In 84 patients, 9 patients carried complex mutations, and 4 of those 9 patients carried a common complex allele p.E328V/p.E1036K. All these patients had early onset age and relatively severe visual acuity defects. One patient (010222) also carried three heterozygous mutations (p.E328, p.E1036K, and p.R1843W); however, he did not harbor the common complex allele p.E328V/p.E1036K, as only p.E1036K was detected in his son in the subsequent cosegregation analysis. Compared to the four patients carrying the common complex alleles (p.E328V/p.E1036K), patient 010221 had a late onset age (44 years old).

      Case#: Patient#010046, Chinese, 28yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: stargardt

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs: STGD1 diagnosis based on the following criteria: "a bilateral central vision defect; fundus displaying a beaten-bronze appearance and/or orange-yellow flecks in the retina from the macula to the midperiphery; fluorescein angiography presenting with a typical dark choroid; and normal to subnormal ERG results." stage 2( numerous yellow-whitish flecks throughout the posterior pole) BCVA=0.05/ 0.05

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: p.P2097S; p.A1773V phase unknown

      ClinVar: 2202780

      CAID: CA341277622

      SupplementalData: supplementary table S3 has phenotype information

    1. STGD138 IVS13+1GA 2588G→C Yes

      Case#: STGD138, 15-19yo at onset, German

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: segregation in family

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "The diagnosis of STGD was based on the demonstration of bilateral impairment of central vision and the appearance of perimacular and/or peripheral yellow-white flecks, with or without atrophy of the central retinal-pigment epithelium and a normal or only mildly abnormal flash electroretinogram when recorded in early stages of the disease."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, dHPLC, and SSCP analysis, PCR amplification of individual coding exons and flanking intron sequences, direct DNA sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: IVS13+1G→A; 2588G→C in trans "Correct segregation of disease alleles was demonstrated in all 39 cases in which family samples were available for study"

      ClinVar: 7879

      CAID: CA119128

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. In this molecular study, we identified a 40-year-old woman diagnosed with STGD in childhood, who had an apparently homozygous pattern for the missense p.Arg1129Leu (c.3386G>T) mutation

      Case Annotation Template

      Case#: Patient 40, female, Caucasian, onset at 2-3yo, Spain

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: Brother and Sister not affected showed heterozygous patterns of (p.His423Arg (c.1268A>G), IVS33+48 C>T) mutations. R1129L mutation heterozygous in the unaffected father; mutation not found in the unaffected mother. Patient has 4yo asymptomatic female child

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000505, HP: 0011463, HP:0030786, HP:0007641, HP:0007663, HP: 0000610, HP: 0007814, HP:0000007

      CaseHPOFreeText: Macular yellow flecks, macular dystrophy

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Normal biomicroscopy

      Genotyping Method: Conventional mutational screening on 77 STGD families and screened on the ABCR400 Microarray. Haplotype analyses, HR karyotypes, and MLPA were also performed.

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      Variant: p.Arg1129Leu (c.3386G>T)

      CAID: CA227116

      SupplementalData:N/A

    1. A 25-year-old White man presented with bilateral central vision loss due to foveal lesions consisting of vitelliform fluid.

      Case#: Patient 1, male, Caucasian, onset at 20yo, USA

      DiseaseAssertion: ABCA4

      FamilyInfo: No family history of retinal disease.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007677, HP:0030603, HP:0030500, HP:0030636, HP:0004328, HP:0012372

      CaseHPOFreeText: Bilateral central vision loss, progressive decline in visual acuity (20/60 both eyes), foveomacular vitelliform lesions with fluid accumulation, optical gap lesions progressing to cavitated appearance after fluid resorption, thinning and abnormal reflectivity of photoreceptor layers, near-infrared autofluorescence abnormalities in lesion-adjacent regions

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000510, HP:0000511

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: No generalized rod or cone dysfunction on full-field electroretinogram, EOG findings not consistent with bestrophinopathy (Arden ratio 1.62)

      Genotyping Method: Exome sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: None

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5882G>A (p.Gly1961Glu), NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.4139C>T (p.Pro1380Leu)

      ClinVar: ClinVarID:7888, ClinVarID:7904

      CAID: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

    1. Functional studies of the arRP-associated complex allele [L541P; A1038V] also showed abnormal localization to rod IS although the IF studies revealed a different staining pattern than R602W, because the mutant protein forms fine aggregates in the IS (Fig. 2E and F). The aggregate formation suggests a mechanism distinct from that observed for R602W may be responsible for the retention of [L541P; A1038V] in the IS. To determine which mutation prevents translocation of [L541P; A1038V] to ROS, we examined functionally the L541P and A1038V mutants independently. We observed retention of L541P in the IS (Fig. 2G and H) and correct localization of A1038V to ROS (Fig. 2I and J). These results suggest that L541P is a disease-causing mutation that affects ABCA4 processing.

      ABCA4 localization in transgenic tadpoles showed retention of L541P in the IS (Fig. 2G and H). However, this assay does not meet the requirements for use of PS3 by the ClinGen ABCA4 VCEP.

    1. 29-year-old man

      Case#: a 29-year-old man

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt Disease

      FamilyInfo: NR

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663

      CaseHPOFreeText: 20/70 visual acuity in both eyes

      CaseNotHPOs: NR

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: NR

      Genotyping Method: ABCA4 microarray (ABCR5000 chip)

      PreviouslyPublished: NR

      Variant: NM_000350.3:c.5882G>A, p.G1961E and c.5018+2C>T (rare splice variant)

      ClinVar: 7888, NR

      CAID: CA119132, NR

      SupplementalData: No CAID or ClinVar ID were found for the rare splice variant c.5018+2C>T

    1. Patient 4, a 33-year-old Caucasian woman, presented in July 1998 with a gradual decline in visual acuity over the last 9 years and a best-corrected visual acuity of 20/300 in both eyes.

      Case#: Patient 4, Female, Caucasian, 33yo

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

      FamilyInfo: One of eight siblings; four affected. Disease segregates with ABCA4 variants consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. Parents are deceased and can't be tested.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663, HP:0007754, HP:0025147, HP:0007924, HP:0011507

      CaseHPOFreeText: gradual decline in visual acuity over 9 years, BCVA 20/300 OU, bilateral beaten-bronze appearance of the macula, numerous perimacular yellow flecks, fluorescein angiography showing hyperfluorescence in the posterior pole and dark choroid in the periphery

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: absence of central hypofluorescence on fluorescein angiography (present in affected siblings but not this patient)

      Genotyping Method: SSCP analysis; Taq Dyedeoxy Terminator Cycle Sequencing kit

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.2588G>C (p.Gly863Ala), NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.161G>A (p.Cys54Tyr)

      ClinVar: ClinVarID:7879, ClinVarID:99065

      CAID: N/A

      SupplementalData: Segregation and sequencing data (Figures 1, 4)

    1. 11 4613 S 9 FC / FC c.[4926C>G(35)]+[5041_5055del(36)] / c.32T>C(1) p.(Ser1642Arg [10])+(Val1681_Cys1685del [10])/p.Leu11Pro

      Case#: Maia-Lopes Family 11 Proband 4613, Portuguese, 9yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: Family 11

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: severe central fundus changes, vision: FC/FC

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: ABCR400 microarray, dHPLC

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.[4926C>G(35)]+[5041_5055del(36)] / c.32T>C(1); p.(Ser1642Arg [10])+(Val1681_Cys1685del [10])/p.Leu11Pro

      ClinVar: 99217

      CAID: CA227106

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Genetic testing by target enrichment and next-generation sequencing was performed (Molecular Vision Laboratory, Hillsboro, Oregon) and revealed two pathogenic variations in the ABCA4 gene, c.5461-10T>C4 and c.5603A>T,5 confirming the diagnosis of late-onset SD.

      Case#: Male, 60

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo: Possible macular degeneration in father

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007401, HP:0025010

      CaseHPOFreeText: Vision was 20/40 in the right eye and 20/20 in the left eye. Dilated examination revealed scattered subretinal yellow flecks and macular atrophy bilaterally. The flecks were hyperautofluorescent. Fluorescein angiography showed obscuration of background choroidal fluorescence and window defects associated with the atrophy. Optical coherence tomography showed foveal atrophy and hyperreflective deposits at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Anterior segment examination was unremarkable. Normal cone and rod responses.

      CasePreviousTesting: Target enrichment and next-generation sequencing were performed.

      GenotypingMethod: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      Variant: Variant 1: NM_000350.3:c.5461-10T>C Variant 2: NM_000350.3:c.5603A>T

      ClinVar: Variant 1: 92870 Variant 2: 99390

      gnomAD: N/A

      SupplementalData: Figure 1 shows fundus photographs (A and B), fundus autofluorescence (C and D), fluorescein angiography (E and F), near-infrared reflectance imaging (G), and an optical coherence tomography scan (H).

    2. A 60-year-old man presented with right eye blurry vision for two years.

      Case #: Male, 60 years old

      DiseaseAssertion: He was diagnosed with late-onset Stargardts disease.

      FamilyInfo: Has a family history with his father possibly having macular degeneration.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007401, HP:0025010, HP:0012045 (sub-retinal/yellow), HP:0030602

      CaseHPOFreeText: Proband presents with blurry vision (right eye) from over the past two years, with the right eye having 20/40 vision, while the left was 20/20. In addition to this, through dilation scattered subretinal yellow flecks and macular atrophy bilaterally, were revealed. The flecks were hyperautofluorescent. Obscuration of background choroidal fluorescence and window defects were also found. As well as foveal atrophy and hyperreflective deposits (RPE).

      CaseNotHPOs: None found

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: No abnormalities in the anterior segment examination. Through a full-field electroretinogram, normal rod and cone responses were found.

      Genotyping Method: The genotyping was done through the use of target enrichment and next-generation sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished: N/a

      Variant: 1) NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5461-10T>C 2) NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5603A>T (p.Asn1868Ile)

      ClinVar: 1) 92870 2) 99390

      CAID: N/a

      gnomAD: 1) Highest minor allele frequency was 0.00031 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/92870/) 2) Highest minor allele frequency was 0.05787 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/99390/)

      SupplementalData: I was able to find a variant (NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.[5461-10T>C;5603A>T]) that addresses both of the variants. Also, Fig.1 shows the phenotype of the proband through tests.

    1. 93RECRDrecessive ABCA4 c.3988G>Tp.E1330XHet[a]c.6410G>Ap.C2137YHet[a]

      Case#: 93RE proband, Spanish

      DiseaseAssertion: cone rod dystrophy

      FamilyInfo: 1 affected sibling with the same genotype. het, carrier parents

      CasePresentingHPOs: n/a

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.6410G>A (p.C2137Y); c.3988G>T (p.E1330X) found on WES. Cosegregation with GNAT2, ZNF513, OPA1, RP1L1

      ClinVar: 2202779

      CAID: CA341277358

      SupplementalData: pedigree with genotype in supplemental file

    1. 46-year-old male

      Case#: a 46-year-old male

      DiseaseAssertion: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)

      FamilyInfo: NR

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0200034, HP:0011506, HP:0001102, HP:0025533, HP:0007401, HP:0200056, HP:0007754, HP:0031526, HP:0007663

      CaseHPOFreeText: skin papules, CNV in right eye, angioid steaks, peau d'orange, peripheral comet lesions and macular atrophy at the poseterior pole (more severe in left eye). Juxtafoveal pigmented scar in right eye and fibrotic tissue at the interpapillomacular region in left eye. Pattern dystrophy-like changes were evident at posterior pole. OCT scan showed subretinal fluid with ellipsoid zone abnormalities at the fovea with juxtafoveal hyperreflective alteration corresponding to the fundus scar in the right eye. At the interpapillomacular region, the atrophy of the outer retinal layer and RPE was evident (hypertransmission phenomenon). In left eye, OCT scan showed widespread RPE atrophy with atrophy of the outer retinal layers. 6/10 visual acuity in right eye and 1/20 in left eye.

      CaseNotHPOs: NR

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: NR

      Genotyping Method: Whole exome sequencing analysis focusing on 340 genes associated with the calcification process or inherited retinal diseases

      PreviouslyPublished: NR

      Variant: c.6647C>T, p.Ala2216Val, NM_000350.3

      ClinVar: 236149

      CAID: CA10602405

      SupplementalData: NR

    1. Over 200 ABCA4 sequence variants have been reported so far in patients with STGD and other retinopathies1,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17. We have examined 33 missense mutations, 3 small in-frame deletions and 1 frameshift near the carboxy terminus (Table 1 and Fig. 2), including those mutations most commonly encountered in STGD patients1,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 and several that were reported in AMD patients15. As an initial step in assessing protein folding and stability, we analysed each ABCR variant by immunoblotting and azido-ATP labelling (Fig. 3). Mutations that cause small deletions (delVVAIC1681 and delPAL1761) or introduce charged amino acids into predicted transmembrane domains (G851D and G1886E) produce greatly reduced amounts of protein. Among the ABCR variants that are expressed with normal or nearly normal yield, azido-ATP labelling revealed a subset that is defective in ATP binding. A variety of mutations that lie outside of the nucleotide-binding domains (NBDs) can impair azido-ATP labelling, including L541P, predicted to reside adjacent to a transmembrane domain, and W1408R, which resides between the homologous halves of ABCR (Fig. 2). These data suggest that ATP binding to the NBDs is allosterically coupled to conformational changes in or near the transmembrane regions. Moreover, some mutations within either of the two NBDs abolish or nearly abolish all azido-ATP labelling, as seen, for example, with variants T971N, L1971R, G1977S and E2096K, implying allosteric coupling between the two NBDs, as described for P-glycoprotein22,23.Table 1 Naturally occurring ABCR variants produced in transfected 293 cellsFull size tableFigure 2: Locations of 37 naturally occurring ABCR sequence variants and 4 synthetic mutations.The predicted transmembrane topography and domain structure of ABCR is based on the hydropathy profile and sequence alignment with other ABC transporters. The cytosolic face of the membrane is downward. NBD, nucleotide binding domain; HH, highly hydrophobic domain shared with other members of the ABC1/ABCR subfamily of ABC transporters. A, B and C indicate the sequence motifs characteristic of nucleotide binding folds. Asterisks denote the four synthetic mutations.Full size imageFigure 3: Protein yield and ATP-binding capacity of 37 naturally occurring ABCR variants produced in transiently transfected 293 cells.Membranes were analysed by immunoblotting with affinity-purified anti-ABCR antibodies (top) and photoaffinity labelling with α-32P azido-ATP (bottom). We loaded 1 μg (immunoblotting) or 2.5 μg (azido-ATP labelling) of total membrane protein, as determined by Bradford assay, per track. The mutations that reside in NBD-1 and NBD-2 are indicated above the corresponding lanes. The relative levels of the different variant proteins and the extent of azido-ATP labelling were observed to be highly reproducible in multiple independent experiments. ABCR (large arrowhead); an endogenous 55-kD protein (small arrowhead) serves as an internal control for azido-ATP labelling. Molecular mass standards are shown on the left in kD.Full size imageThe combination of immunoblotting and azido-ATP labelling revealed defects in more than 75% of the variants tested. Among the variants with reduced yield and/or ATP binding are G863A and delG863, the two protein products of a guanosine2588→cytosine mutation that both generates a glycine-to-alanine substitution at codon 863 and activates a cryptic splice acceptor site in exon 17 that results in the removal of codon 863 from approximately 50% of the transcripts10. This is the most common allele among STGD patients in Northern Europe, representing roughly 20% of disease-associated alleles. It is also present at a frequency of approximately 3% in the general population in Northern Europe and approximately 1% in the United States population7,9,10. Genotype-phenotype correlations suggest that it is a mild allele and that it leads to STGD only when paired with a more severe allele10. Relative to wild type, the G863A variant is subtantially impaired and the delG863 variant is mildly impaired (Fig. 3).

      This variant was transfected into HEK 293 cells and appears to show reduced expression and ATP-binding capacity, but no quantities were provided

    2. Variants S206R and L541P have reduced basal ATPase and S206R shows little, and L541P shows no, stimulation by retinal (Fig. 4a).

      L541P was purified, reconstituted into membranes, and tested for basal and retinal-stimulated ATPase activities. L541P was shown to have reduced basal ATPase, and no stimulation by retinal (Fig 4a)

    1. Case 3A 15-year-old female presented with complaints of difficulty reading materials held greater than 6 inches from her eyes. She was clinically diagnosed with STGD 4 years prior and noted decreased visual acuity since age seven, which stabilized over the past few years. Family history was not significant for ocular disease. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/150 OU. Anterior segment exam was unremarkable with applanation tonometry measuring 16 mmHg OU. Posterior segment exam and autofluorescence was significant for bilateral central atrophy and pisciform fleck atrophy involving the peripapillary, macular, and peripheral regions OU (Figure 3, A and B). Genotyping was significant for ABCA4 mutations P1380L and R2030Q.Open in a separate windowFig. 3A and B, Case 3. STGD mutations P1380L and R2030Q. Autofluorescence OD and OS demonstrate atrophic fleck lesions involving the macula and periphery with an area of confluent atrophy superotemporal to the fovea OD. Hyperautofluorescent flecks are also present in the periphery OU. The peripapillary regions reveal atrophic flecks OU without areas of confluent atrophy.

      Case#: Hwang Case 3, female, 15yo at report, 7yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: Family history was not significant for ocular disease.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0500087, HP:0011507

      CaseHPOFreeText: difficulty reading materials held greater than 6 inches from her eyes, decreased visual acuity since age seven. BCVA was 20/150 OU. Posterior segment exam and autofluorescence was significant for bilateral central atrophy and pisciform fleck atrophy involving the peripapillary, macular, and peripheral regions OU (Figure 3, A and B).

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed by the ABCR400 microarray followed by direct sequencing to confirm identified variants.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: P1380L and R2030Q

      ClinVar: 7904

      CAID: CA129033

      SupplementalData: n/a

    2. Case 1

      Case#: 55 year old female

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: no significant ocular disease shown.

      CasePresentingHPOs: difficulty reading materials 6 inches from her eyes, decreased visual acuity from age seven. BCVA was 20/150 OU. Posterior segment exam and autofluorescence was significant for bilateral central atrophy and pisciform fleck atrophy involving the peripapillary, macular, and peripheral regions.

      CaseHPOFreeText: NR

      CaseNotHPOs: NR

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: NR

      Genotyping Method: ABCR400 microarray

      PreviouslyPublished: NR

      Variant: NM_000350.3:c.4139C>T, NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.6089G>A

      ClinVar: 7904, 99428

      CAID: CA129033

      SupplementalData: NR

    3. Case 2A 19-year-old female referred for consultation for difficulty reading, particularly in dim light. She was clinically diagnosed with STGD 3 month prior, after complaining of gradual difficulty in focusing. Family history was not significant for ocular disease. Visual acuity measured 20/40 OD and 20/150 OS. Slit-lamp examination was unremarkable with normal anterior segments and applanation tensions of 14 mmHg OU. Funduscopic exam revealed bilateral central atrophy, multiple fleck lesions, multiple clumps of yellowish deposits at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium in the posterior pole surrounded with some pigment clumping, and no evidence of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Autofluorescence imaging revealed multifocal atrophic lesions involving the central macula and peripheral hyperautofluorescent flecks OU. The peripapillary regions demonstrated atrophic flecks OU without confluent atrophy (Figure 2, A and B). Genotyping revealed homozygous ABCA4 mutations, P1380L and P1380L.Open in a separate windowFig. 2Case 2. STGD mutations P1380L and P1380L. A, Autofluorescence OD. B, Autofluorescence OS show multifocal hypoautofluorescent (atrophic) lesions involving the central macula OU and peripheral hyperautofluorescent flecks OU. The peripapillary regions have atrophic flecks OU but there is not confluent peripapillary atrophy.

      Case#: Hwang Case 2, female, 19yo at report, 18yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: Family history was not significant for ocular disease

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663, HP:0500087, HP:0011507

      CaseHPOFreeText: difficulty reading, particularly in dim light; gradual difficulty in focusing. Visual acuity measured 20/40 OD and 20/150 OS. bilateral central atrophy, multiple fleck lesions, multiple clumps of yellowish deposits at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium in the posterior pole surrounded with some pigment clumping, and no evidence of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium. Autofluorescence imaging revealed multifocal atrophic lesions involving the central macula and peripheral hyperautofluorescent flecks OU. The peripapillary regions demonstrated atrophic flecks OU without confluent atrophy (Figure 2, A and B).

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed by the ABCR400 microarray followed by direct sequencing to confirm identified variants.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: P1380L homozygous

      ClinVar: 7904

      CAID: CA129033

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Patient 8, a 13-year-old individual carrying two mutations, the p.Leu541Pro and p.Ala1038Val, most likely as a complex allele, had an early disease onset with 20/200 VA and stage 4 FC (Table 1). Previous reports have documented the severity and early age of onset associated with the p.[Leu541Pro;Ala1038Val] complex variant.36,38 Our screening studies failed to detect an additional mutation in ABCA4 in patients 6, 8, or 12.

      Case#: Patient 8, 13yo at report, British Columbia, Canada

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo:

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: stage 4 Fishman classification (extensive choroid and RPE atrophy throughout the fundus, decreased ERG cone and rod amplitudes, and moderate to severe peripheral field restriction). Visual acuity= 20/200

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: exons and exon-intron boundaries of ABCA4, CNGB3, and ELOVL4 were sequenced

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: L541P; A1038V phase unknown, but likely a complex allele

      ClinVar:

      CAID: CA226911

      SupplementalData: n/a

    2. Patient 4 with an early frameshift mutation in one allele and a downstream p.Val552Ile mutation in the second allele has a mild form of STGD1. Because the frameshift mutation is likely to result in a null allele, any residual functional activity of ABCA4 would arise from ABCA4 harboring the p.Val552Ile missense mutation. Our in vitro studies showing that the p.Val552Ile variant expresses at close to WT levels, exhibits normal N-Ret-PE binding properties, and has only a modest reduction in ATPase activity (Table 2) are consistent with the mild disease phenotype of patient 4. Another study has also reported that the p.Val552Ile mutation is associated with a STGD1 disease phenotype.50 However, in silico predictions on the pathological relevance of this mutation have been variable.20,13 On the basis of allele frequencies in controls versus patients, it has been argued that the p.Val552Ile is most likely benign.20 At a protein level, a hydrophobic amino acid residue valine is replaced with another hydrophobic residue isoleucine. Accordingly, this substitution would be predicted to have only a marginal impact on ABCA4 protein structure and function. However, valine at position 552 of ABCA4 is invariable among vertebrate species, including other mammals, chicken, Xenopus, and Japanese puffer fish (Takifugu rubripes), attesting to the likely importance of valine at this position. Collectively, these studies suggest that the p.Val552Ile is a mild mutation in which the pathogenicity may only be displayed in selected cases. More specifically, the p.Val522Ile would display a mild STGD1 phenotype when combined with a null allele as in the case of patient 4 or a missense mutation with little or no activity such as the p.Asn965Ser mutation,37,51 but would not display a disease phenotype in a patient homozygous for this mutation or patients in which this mutation is combined with a mutation that shows significant ABCA4 function because under these circumstances sufficient ABCA4 activity would be realized to prevent the accumulation of toxic retinoids.

      In HEK293T cells, p.Val552Ile expresses at close to WT levels, exhibits normal N-Ret-PE binding properties, and has only a modest reduction in ATPase activity. Consistent with mild disease phenotype

    3. Next, we measured the effect of disease-associated mutations on the ATPase activity of ABCA4. WT and ABCA4 variants were solubilized in CHAPS, purified by immunoaffinity chromatography, and subsequently reconstituted into PE-containing liposomes at similar protein concentrations. The ATPase activity of the mutants in the presence and absence of N-Ret-PE substrate is shown in Figure 6A, ​A,6B.6B. As previously reported,25,47 addition of 40 μM all-trans retinal to WT ABCA4 resulted in a 1.8- to 2.5-fold increase in ATPase activity (Fig. 6). The ATPase activity of the mutants was measured at the same protein concentration as WT ABCA4 to determine the effect of the mutation on the functional activity of ABCA4. Five mutants (p.Val552Ile, p.Ala1038Val, p.Ala1357Thr, p.Ala1794Pro, and p.Leu2027Phe) showed reduced basal ATPase activity relative to WT ABCA4 (∼40%–85%), but this activity was stimulated 1.6- to 3.0-fold by the addition of all-trans retinal. On the other hand, p.Gly72Arg, p.Met448Lys, p.Leu541Pro, p.Gly1091Glu, p.Gly1961Glu, and p.Arg2077Trp variants showed drastically reduced basal activity with little or no substrate stimulation.Open in a separate windowFigure 6ATPase activity of ABCA4 variants. The ATPase activity of immunopurified and reconstituted ABCA4 variants was measured in the presence or absence of all-trans retinal. (A) Quantification of the basal and retinal-stimulated ATPase activity of ABCA4 variants normalized to WT basal ATPase activity. ATPase assays were carried out using similar concentrations of purified ABCA4. Data expressed as an average ± SD for n ≥ 3 independent experiments. (B) Representative curves of specific ATPase activity as a function of all-trans retinal concentration for WT and ABCA4 variants. (C) Relative basal ATPase activity of WT and A1794P using equal amounts of transfected HEK293T cells. Data expressed as an average ± SD. Measurements were done in triplicate.To more directly evaluate the expression and function of the p.Ala1794Pro variant, we transfected HEK293T cells separately with WT ABCA4 and the p.Ala1794Pro mutant cDNAs at similar levels. After solubilization in CHAPS buffer, the samples were subjected to high-speed centrifugation and the supernatant was reconstituted into liposomes for analysis of its basal and substrate activated ATPase activity. As shown in Figure 6C, the p.Ala1794Pro had a significantly reduced activity due largely to the low expression of this variant. These studies indicate that only a small fraction of the p.Ala1794Pro mutant folds into a functionally active protein and correlates well with the phenotype of patient 5.

      As shown in other publications, the ATPase activity of this variant appears to be drastically reduced compared to WT when transfected into HEK293 cells, but expression is comparable to WT.

    1. Introducing a comprehensive genetic testing strategy by combining single gene Sanger sequencing, next-generation sequencing (NGS) including whole exome sequencing (WES), and a specific hereditary eye disease enrichment panel (HEDEP) sequencing, to identify the disease-causing variants of 800 Chinese probands affected with non-syndromic IRDs.

      This paper is listed in LOVD as containing this variant. Unable to find the variant in the main text and unable to locate the supplemental info. At the end of the paper, it says supplemental info can be found online, so used the DOI linked at the end of the article but it just leads to a PDF again with no supplemental

    1. Precision medicine integrating whole-genome sequencing, comprehensive metabolomics, and advanced imaging

      PMID: 31980526

      Gene: ABCA4

      Disease: adults ≥18 y old without acute illness, activity-limiting unexplained illness or symptoms, or known active cancer

      prospective cohort study: 3-y precision medicine study with a goal to integrate whole-genome sequencing with deep phenotyping.

    1. 5-year-old girl

      Case#:5-year-old girl

      DiseaseAssertion: Asymptomatic

      FamilyInfo: Mother was diagnosed with STGD1 and She was homozygous for a (severe) splice site mutation, IVS 35+2 T>C, Maternal uncle was diagnosed with STGD1. Father passed down the G1961E variant.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0030630, HP:0011504

      CaseHPOFreeText: The ELM in the central macula appeared thickened with indistinct borders, particularly along its inner border (Fig. 2C), horizontal diameter for the region of thickened ELM was 1113 μm, FAF revealed Bull’s Eye Maculopathy (BEM) (Fig. 2B),

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: No retinal, vasculature, pigmentary or optic nerve head abnormalities were detected on clinical examination, no focal abnormality observed in the outer nuclear layer (ONL) or RPE (Fig. 2C), There was no FAF evidence of flecks or GA

      Genotyping Method:

      PreviouslyPublished: No

      Variant:NM_000350.3:c.5882G>,

      ClinVar:7888

      CAID:CA119132

      SupplementalData:

    1. 6Mc.4720G>Tp.Glu1574*not detected 20/15020/2006/38/32

      Case#: Patient #16, male, 6yo at onset, Brazilian

      DiseaseAssertion: stargardt

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: type II (an area of foveal hypofluorescence surrounded by an area with a heterogeneous appearance and hyperautofluorescent and hypoautofluorescent points that extend to the temporal arcades, giving the retina a reticulate appearance). visual acuity: OD=20/150, OS=20/200

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.4720G>T p.(Glu1574*), no second variant. NGS and conclusive molecular testing regarding other Stargardt genes were excluded

      ClinVar: 1460063

      CAID: CA341283936

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. 66-year-old man

      Case#: Patient 66yo, M, Japan, Symptoms in teens

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt (STGD) Heterozygous, Autosomal recessive

      FamilyInfo: No family with similar symptoms

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0008002, HP:0007722, HP:0000610, HP:0000602

      CaseHPOFreeText: Ring shaped paracentral scotoma

      CaseNotHPOs: HP: 0030329, HP:0000608, HP:0000493

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Well preserved foveal function, well preserved retinal, and normal thickness RPE

      Genotyping Method: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: 4 other polymorphisms

      Variant: c.839T>C p.Met280Thr Heterozygous

      ClinVar: 1349490

      SupplementalData: see tables 1 for gene variant and found polymorphisms

    1. We identified 255 patients (87.9 %) harboring biallelic ABCA4 variants, 27 probands (9.3 %) with two or three variants but lacking familial segregation analysis, and eight patients (2.8 %) with monoallelic ABCA4 variants (Supplemental Table S4). We detected 268 distinct ABCA4 variants, consisting of 114 missense, 35 nonsense, 34 frameshift deletion or insertion, 31 canonical splice variants, 13 noncanonical splice site variants, 9 in-frame deletion or insertion, 9 DIVs, 4 structural variations, and 19 complex variants (Fig. 2).

      Case#: Patient#010477, Chinese, male, 18yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: stargardt

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs: STGD1 diagnosis based on the following criteria: "a bilateral central vision defect; fundus displaying a beaten-bronze appearance and/or orange-yellow flecks in the retina from the macula to the midperiphery; fluorescein angiography presenting with a typical dark choroid; and normal to subnormal ERG results." BCVA=0.4/ 0.5

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: p.P2097S; c.2255G>T p.(Ser752Ile) phase unknown

      ClinVar: 2202780;

      CAID: CA341277622;

      SupplementalData: supplementary table S4 has phenotype information

    2. We identified 255 patients (87.9 %) harboring biallelic ABCA4 variants, 27 probands (9.3 %) with two or three variants but lacking familial segregation analysis, and eight patients (2.8 %) with monoallelic ABCA4 variants (Supplemental Table S4). We detected 268 distinct ABCA4 variants, consisting of 114 missense, 35 nonsense, 34 frameshift deletion or insertion, 31 canonical splice variants, 13 noncanonical splice site variants, 9 in-frame deletion or insertion, 9 DIVs, 4 structural variations, and 19 complex variants (Fig. 2).

      Case#: Patient#010382, Chinese, male, 29yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: stargardt

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs: STGD1 diagnosis based on the following criteria: "a bilateral central vision defect; fundus displaying a beaten-bronze appearance and/or orange-yellow flecks in the retina from the macula to the midperiphery; fluorescein angiography presenting with a typical dark choroid; and normal to subnormal ERG results." BCVA=0.4/ 0.6

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: p.P2097S; c.6050G>A p.(Cys2017Tyr) phase unknown

      ClinVar: 2202780;

      CAID: CA341277622;

      SupplementalData: supplementary table S4 has phenotype information

    1. Of the 266 arSTGD chromosomes studied, mutations were identified in 161, resulting in a detection rate for the genotyping microarray of 60.5%: two mutant alleles were found in 64/133 patients (48.1%), whereas in 33/133 cases (24.8%) only one allele could be identified. A total of 56 different sequence variants related to the disease were identified, including missense (42), nonsense (four) frameshift (five) and splicing (five) mutations. Furthermore, combinations of variants acting in cis (complex alleles; six double alleles, one triple allele) were also found. Of this spectrum of substitutions, the p.Arg1129Leu (c.3386G>T) allele accounted for 26% of the disease-associated alleles (fig 2). Considering the percentage represented by this variant in patients (26%) and the obtained mutation detection rate (60.5%), this change would represent the 15.7% of all the potential arSTGD associated alleles.

      This variant is in Figure 2 as an ABCA4 disease-associated allele identified in Spanish Stargardt disease (STGD) patients with a frequency below 5%. No additional information about phenotype or genotype is provided and a future paper focusing on those details, by the same first author (PMID: 23755871), so they are likely the same patient in the same cohort

    1. 56-year-old female

      Case#: a 56-year-old female

      DiseaseAssertion: Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE)

      FamilyInfo: NR

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0200034, HP:0001102, HP:0025533, HP:0011506, HP:0500087

      CaseHPOFreeText: Papules on neck and axillae, marked skin laxity and redundance in neck, axillae, periumbilican area, groyne, and inner thighs, angioid streaks, peau d'orange. In right eye, a CNV, a large peripapillary atrophy, a small iuxafoveal scar, and RPE-Bruch's membrane complex normalities nasally to the fovea.

      CaseNotHPOs: NR

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: NR

      Genotyping Method: Next generation sequencing focusing on 362 genes associated with calcification-related diseases and inherited retinal diseases

      PreviouslyPublished: NR

      Variant: c.1928T>G, p.Val643Gly, NM_000350.3

      ClinVar: 99102

      CAID: CA226958

      SupplementalData: This variant has been reported likely pathogenic in VarSome and literature.

    1. Molecular analysis of ABCA4 and CRB1 genes in a Spanish family segregating both Stargardt disease and autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa

      PMID: 18334942

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNC ID: 34

      Case#: patient 33, male, Spanish

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: Figure 1. Both parents and two siblings of the proband were heterozygous for ABCA4 c.5413A>G allele. Sister affected despite heterozygosity.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663, HP:0030786, HP:0007722

      CaseHPOFreeText: myopia, astigmatism, opafication of posterior pole of lens, hyperpigmentation, a few central yellowish flecks, shallow peripheral scotomas in both eyes, full-field ERG response showed slightly reduced—but still within the normal range—amplitudes for rod, mixed cone-rod, cone single flash, and cone flicker, respectively.

      CasePreviousTesting: n/a

      GenotypingMethod: microarray

      PreviouslyPublished: 11385708, 12442277

      Variant: ABCA4 p.Asn1805Asp (c.5413A>G)

      ClinVar: 99373 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/99373/?term=%22ABCA4%22%5BGENE%5D+AND+%22p.Asn1805Asp%22%5BVARNAME%5D+AND+%22(c.5413A%3EG)%22%5BVARNAME%5D

      gnomAD: 0.000009292 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-94014590-T-C?dataset=gnomad_r4

    2. Molecular analysis of ABCA4 and CRB1 genes in a Spanish family segregating both Stargardt disease and autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa

      PMID: 18334942

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNCID: 34

      Case#: patient 26, female, Spanish

      DiseaseAssertion: early onset RP

      FamilyInfo: Figure 1. One brother homozygous for ABCA4 c.5413A.G allele, parents and one brother heterozygous for ABCA4 c.5413A>G allele. All three brothers and father carriers of p.Cys948Tyr allele on the CRB1 gene. Mother heterozygous for p. Trp822ter (c.2465G>A)

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000662, HP:0001133, HP:0007663,

      CaseHPOFreeText: hyperopia, astigmatism, nystagmus, roundish pigments distributed across entire retina including peripheral retina, posterior pole, and macular region, filiform constriction on retinal vessels.

      CasePreviousTesting: N/A

      GenotypingMethod: Microarray

      PreviouslyPublished: 11385708, 12442277

      Variant: ABCA4 p.Asn1805Asp (c.5413A>G)

      ClinVar: 99373 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/99373/?term=%22ABCA4%22%5BGENE%5D+AND+%22p.Asn1805Asp%22%5BVARNAME%5D+AND+%22(c.5413A%3EG)%22%5BVARNAME%5D

      gnomAD: 0.000009292 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-94014590-T-C?dataset=gnomad_r4

    1. 16P36M198426217–50.300.10 P37F198913817–40.22

      Case#: Family 16, P37, female, Netherlands 13yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: 1 affected sibling with same genotype

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: visual acuity: OD=0.22, FAF images consistent with STGD1

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Sanger

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.5196+1137G>A; c.859-506G>C

      ClinVar: 438100

      CAID: CA26843511

      SupplementalData:

    1. Four hundred eighty-nine were female and 511 were male. The average age at entry into the study was 37.3 years (36.3 years for males and 38.5 years for females); the range was 8 months to 88 years. Plausible disease-causing genotypes were identified in 760 of these probands, 393 males and 367 females (Supplemental Table 1). The average age at entry into the study was very slightly younger for those in whom a disease-causing genotype was identified (34.9 years for males and 37.7 years for females).

      Case#: Patient 721, male, 41yo at entry

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo:

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: category IIA (autosomal recessive stargardt disease)

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: one or more of the following approaches: automated Sanger sequencing with an ABI 3730xl sequencer, allele-specific genotyping with a Fluidigm EP1, amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS 17), chromosomal microarray analysis, and/or plasmid cloning of PCR products followed by Sanger sequencing. WES, WGS

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.6416G>C p.Arg2139Pro; c.2588G>C p.Gly863Ala. confirmed in trans

      CAID: CA10611614

      SupplementalData: supplemental table 1

    1. WDR19-associated retinopathy presenting with adult-onset Stargardt-like phenotype

      PMID:39967245

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNC ID: 34

      Case#:39-year-old man

      DiseaseAssertion:

      FamilyInfo:

      CasePresentingHPOs:omplained of visual impairment with night blindness

      CaseHPOFreeText:NA

      CaseNotHPOs:NA

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:NA

      Genotyping Method:SAnger Seqencing

      PreviouslyPublished:

      Variant:WDR19 variants: the novel deletion at c.1777 + 1 within the donor splicing site (class 4) and the rare c.1430 G>T variant causing the amino-acid substitution p.(Arg477Leu) (class 3) in the putative protein. Additionally, a heterozygous c.1793A>G (class 3) variant in the CDH23 gene was found, though it was deemed as not contributive to the patient’s clinical phenotype. All reported variants were confirmed through Sanger sequencing.

      ClinVar:NA

      CAID:Na

      SupplementalData:NA

    1. Screening of reported pathogenic variants in ABCA4 for Stargardt (STGD) The disease prevalence of STGD is estimated as 1 in 10000 individuals4. It has been estimated that about 70% of STGD patients carry variants in ABCA45. Therefore, this represents the scenario of a recessive disease with a relatively homogeneous genetic cause. We screened 945 reported pathogenic variants in ABCA4 genes collected in HGMD. Among them, 11 variants are likely benign, as their population AF in is higher than 0.7% (1/20000‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾√)<math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="M11"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>20000</mn></mrow></msqrt></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math>, the cutoff based on STGD disease prevalence, therefore were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 934 variants were subjected to our test model. As a result, 26 variants with the AF in the range of 0.46% to 0.03% were identified as likely benign (Binomial test1, Bonferroni correction p-value ≤ 0.05/934 and test2 Bonferroni correction p-value > 0.05/934) (Figure 3A).

      This variant is reported in Table S6, but only location, predictions, frequencies, etc are reported for it, not cases.

    2. Screening of reported pathogenic variants in ABCA4 for Stargardt (STGD) The disease prevalence of STGD is estimated as 1 in 10000 individuals4. It has been estimated that about 70% of STGD patients carry variants in ABCA45. Therefore, this represents the scenario of a recessive disease with a relatively homogeneous genetic cause. We screened 945 reported pathogenic variants in ABCA4 genes collected in HGMD. Among them, 11 variants are likely benign, as their population AF in is higher than 0.7% (1/20000‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾√)<math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="M11"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>20000</mn></mrow></msqrt></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math>, the cutoff based on STGD disease prevalence, therefore were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 934 variants were subjected to our test model. As a result, 26 variants with the AF in the range of 0.46% to 0.03% were identified as likely benign (Binomial test1, Bonferroni correction p-value ≤ 0.05/934 and test2 Bonferroni correction p-value > 0.05/934) (Figure 3A).

      This variant is reported in Table S6, but only location, predictions, frequencies, etc are reported for it, not cases.

    1. To overcome these limitations, we designed a genotyping microarray (gene chip) for ABCR that includes all approximately 400 disease-associated and other variants currently described, enabling simultaneous detection of all known ABCR variants.

      Article is a PDF, so annotating here. In the supplemental file (table S1), this variant was listed as being included on the microarray, but that is all the information provided.

    1. The proband (II-1), a 43-year-old man

      Case#: 43-year old man, German descent, onset within first decade of life

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

      FamilyInfo: Family pedigree shown in Figure 1.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0011463, HP:0000533, HP:0000580, HP:0030500, HP:0011507, HP:0000548, HP:0000510, HP:0007703, HP:0007663, HP:0000512, HP:0000610

      CaseHPOFreeText: Retinal vessels were visibly attenuated.

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Peripapillary region around the optic nerve had no disease related changes.

      Genotyping Method: Illumina MiSeq platform, Array-CGH analysis

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.161G>A (p.Cys54Tyr), NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.4539+2028C>T

      ClinVar: 99065, 236116

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Thirty-Three Truncated and 98 Amino Acid–Changing Variants in the ABCA4 Gene

      This variant was found on one allele of a Stargardt patient, but no additional details are provided about the patient or the other allele. A combination of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and automated DNA sequencing was used to evaluate the entire exonic and flanking intron sequence of the ABCA4 gene

    1. 92 RHO c.180C>A p.Tyr60* – [a] ROM1: f 31 RP ad no Ger c.178C>A p.Pro60Thr; – [42], [43] c.323C>T p.Thr108Met rs146358003 [42], [43] ABCA4: c.1654G>A p.Val552Ile rs145525174 [44] c.5714+5G>A RP2: splice rs61751407 [45] c.844C>T RPGRIP1: c.2510C>G p.Arg282Trp rs1805147 [17], [18] p.Ala837Gly – [22]

      Case#: Eisenberger Patient 92, female, 31yo, German

      DiseaseAssertion: Autosomal dominant RP

      FamilyInfo: non-consanguineous

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "The diagnoses of all patients were established by medical history, family history and detailed clinical evaluation of vision. Ophthalmological examination included stereoscopic funduscopy, standard ERG, perimetry, measurement of dark adaptation, and determination of best-corrected visual acuity in most patients."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: NGS for the exons of 55 RP and LCA genes, Sanger for confirmation

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: Allele 1: RHO c.180C>A p.Tyr60; Allele 2*: ROM1: c.178C>A p.Pro60Thr; c.323C>T p.Thr108Met;

      ABCA4: c.1654G>A p.Val552Ile; c.5714+5G>A; <br /> RP2: c.844C>T p.Arg282Trp; <br /> RPGRIP1: c.2510C>G p.Ala837Gly

      ClinVar:

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Case 3 showed a p.Ala643Gly variant in the PROM1 gene and a single variation in the ABCA4 gene, but molecular testing results were inconclusive.

      Annotating here since unable on the PDF.

      Case 3 is a 6yo male. VA: OD: 20/150, OS: 20/200. Proband had macular atrophy and flecks at the posterior pole. In the autofluorescence exam, there was peripapillary sparing of the hyper-autofluorescent flecks. On OCT images the atrophic areas at the macula correlated to disruption of the elipsoid layer and decrease in the foveal thickness. OCT showed loss of the photoreceptor layer and EPR layer. Proband has only 1 ABCA4 variant, so not eligible for PP4. Also has a variant in PROM1 (p.Ala643Gly). ABCA4, PROM1, and ELOVL4 genes sequenced by next-generation sequencing (NGS) test.

    1. Patient 1

      Case#: German/British, 76

      DiseaseAssertion: EOSRD

      FamilyInfo: Grandparents from Germany and the United Kingdom

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007401, HP:0007913

      CaseHPOFreeText: Macular atrophy and pigmentation, peripheral pigmentation, early-onset severe retinal dystrophy

      CaseNotHPOs: N/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/a

      Genotyping Method: BGISeq-500 2 x 100-bp paired-end module, Burrows-Wheeler Aligner and Genome Analysis Tooklit HaploptypeCaller

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1622T>C, c.4326C>A, and c.3113C>T

      ClinVar: 99067, 417991, 7894

      CAID: CA226911, CA957653, CA119135

      SupplementalData: The c.1622T>C variants and c.3133C>T are thought to be same gene copy

    1. ABCA4 whole-gene sequencing, subsequent WGS, and segregation analysis identified a complex deep-intronic allele (NM_000350.2(ABCA4):c.[1555-5882C>A;1555-5784C>G]) in trans to the missense variant.

      PMID: 39421326 (PMCID: PMC11675205)

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNC ID: 34

      Case#: Patient 24 (male)

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD (Stargardt disease)

      FamilyInfo: Caucasian family from Germany. Patient has two siblings carrying the variant but they are not clinically affected according to pedigree information.

      CasePresentingHPOs: Decreased central visual acuity (HP:0000545) Macular atrophy (HP:0007754) Retinal flecks (HP:0030638) Abnormal fundus autofluorescence (HP:0030647) Macular degeneration (HP:0007754) Abnormal electroretinogram (HP:0000763)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Male patient diagnosed before age 50 with Stargardt disease. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) approximately 0.05–0.2. Fundus imaging shows paracentral scotoma, macular atrophy, and hyperfluorescent flecks with sparing of the fovea. Autofluorescence demonstrates hyperreflective spots and patchy lesions with parafoveal involvement.

      CaseNotHPOs: None explicitly reported.

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Pattern-like distribution of lesions noted on clinical examination.

      Genotyping Method: Whole-exome sequencing (WES) with an in-house RD-associated gene panel including 619 candidate and disease-associated genes.

      PreviouslyPublished: No (novel complex deep-intronic allele described in this study).

      Variant: c.[1555-5882C>A;1555-5784C>G]

      ClinVar: Not reported in ClinVar in the provided information.

      CAID: CA272741; CA227172

      SupplementalData: Segregation data and functional splicing analysis available in the supplemental data (Table S1, Figure S1) of the article.

    1. D023{"type":"entrez-protein","attrs":{"text":"STG00205","term_id":"1440289030"}}STG00205FPlano9January 21, 1985May 5, 201328.3

      Case#: Bertelsen Patient D023, female, 9yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: generalized choriocapillaris dystrophy

      FamilyInfo:

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: end-stage generalized choriocapillaris dystrophy characterized by semiconfluent multifocal areolar outer retinal atrophy, the severity of which decreases with increasing eccentricity. Central patches of visible sclera are surrounded by coarse confluent hyperpigmentation. The periphery shows isolated or clustered hyperpigmentation. In and around the fovea there is pronounced atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium, the photoreceptor layer, and the outer nuclear layer and intraretinal hyperreflective material corresponding to the hyperpigmentation

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: microarray

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.203C>T p.P68L; c.3329-2A>G

      ClinVar: 99113

      CAID: CA226972

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Disease-causing or likely disease-causing mutations were identified in 185 out of 251 patients (74%) with MD/CCRD (Supplementary Table 1).

      Case#: Patient #43, male, 9yo at onset, 16yo at report, German

      DiseaseAssertion: macular dystrophy or cone-rod dystrophy

      FamilyInfo: inheritance= sporadic. phase not confirmed, but no other affected family members and no parental consanguinity

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: reduced visual acuity, erg scotopic= reduced, erg-photopic=reduced

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: syndromic retinal disease, age-related macular degeneration, central serous retinopathy, autoimmune retinopathy, retinal vascular disease, achromatopsia, X-linked retinoschisis, North Carolina macular dystrophy

      CasePreviousTesting: n/a

      GenotypingMethod: Sanger sequencing of ABCA4

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.3098del (p.Lys1033Serfs*51); c.3243G>T (p.Lys1081Asn)

      ClinVar: 236516

      CAID: CA10581650

      SupplementalData: Supplementary table 1

    1. c.5882G>A

      Case#: Patient 231, Female, age of onset at 7 y.o, Poland

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

      FamilyInfo: Mother was a carrier, unaffected father.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007722, HP:0000608, HP:0025158

      CaseHPOFreeText: RPE atrophy, macular degeneration, central hyper-autofluorescence in fundus autofluorescence

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a, non-proband identified HPO's mentioned, but not assignable to individual proband.

      Genotyping Method: DNA isolated from peripheral blood from patients and relatives via MagNA Pure 24, samples screened with MIPs targeting 108 genes involved in pathogensis of IRD's. PCR completed on library, analysed with NGS fragment analysis kit.

      PreviouslyPublished: yes

      Variant: c.5882G>A

      ClinVar:7888

      gnomeAD: 0.00310 allelic freq.

      CAID: n/a

      SupplementalData: Fig1: List of families displaying pseudo-dominant inheritance. Fig2: Number of alleles for most common variants.

    1. A six-year-old girl with vision loss and prominent behavioral changes and overlooking was presumptively diagnosed as having the Batten disease form of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

      MonDO: MOND:08000406

      Case: Female, onset 6 years VA 20/200 OU identify 1 ouf 15 Ishiara cards and overlooking symptom. Presumably diagnosed with Batten disease but found to harbor genetic variant for Stargardt disease.

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo: No family history of visual loss in childhood.

      "CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663, HP:0007988, HP:0030584, HP:0008043, HP:0008001, HP:0030609 (Reduced visual acuity, Macular hypopigmentation, Color vision test abnormality, Retinal arteriolar constriction, Foveal hyperpigmentation, Photoreceptor layer loss on macular OCT"

      CaseHPOFreeText: bull's eye lesions, prominent overlooking, hyperreflective granular deposits

      CaseNOTHPOFreeText: HP:0001336, HP:0001250, HP:0000648, HP:0000707

      CasePreviousTesting: (Myoclonus, Seizure, Optic atrophy, Abnormality of the nervous system

      GenotypingMethod: Genetic testing was negative for all mutations known to cause neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, but whole exome sequencing showed compound heterozygosity for 2 pathogenic variants in the ABCA4 gene

      MultipleGeneVariants:

      (1) GeneName: ABCA4

      (1) Variant: c.3007C>T, p.Q1003X

      (1) ClinVarID or CAID: CA119132

      (1) gnomAD: 0.003406 total AF in gnomAD v4.1 (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-94008251-C-T?dataset=gnomad_r4)

      (2) GeneName: ABCA4

      (2) Variant: c.768G>T

      (2) ClinVarID or CAID: CA227458

      (2) gnomAD: 0.00007930 total AF in gnomAD v4.1 (https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-94098794-C-A?dataset=gnomad_r4)

    1. We found two variants or more in ABCA4 in 69/95 (73%) probands (Supplementary Tables 2, 3); a single ABCA4 variant was found in 9/95 (9.5%) probands with STGD1 phenotype. A second variant could be found in four of these nine patients by Khan et al. (2020) (Figure 1 and Supplementary Tables 2, 4). Therefore, a total of 73/95 (77%) probands of our cohort ended up having two or more ABCA4 variants. In 17/95 (18%) probands, no variant was found in any of the sequenced genes.

      Case#: Patient STG-16, 13yo at onset, Argentina

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: BCVA=0.7/0.7, FA=3B, AF pattern=2, OCT showed decreased retinal thickness with disruption of external layers

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: NGS of ABCA4 (NM_000350.2), ELOVL4 (NM_022726.3), PROM1 (NM_006017.2), and CNGB3 (NM_019098.4)

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.4457C>T (p.Pro1486Leu); c.1804C>T (p.Arg602Trp)

      ClinVar: 99283

      CAID: CA227192

      SupplementalData: supplementary table 2 has genotype/phenotype info

    1. 15 MEH c.5196+1137G>A p.[=,M1733Efs∗78] c.[1715G>A;2588G>C] p.[(R572Q;G863A,G863del] Y U 20546

      Case#: Patient #15, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK, female, 39yo at onset, 51yo at report,

      DiseaseAssertion: ABCA4-Associated Retinopathy, clinical diagnosis of STG

      FamilyInfo: no additional family-member WGS data available

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: BCVA= OD: 6/9, OS: 6/9, Fishmann Classification=2 (fleck-like lesions anterior to the vascular arcades and/or nasal to the optic disc), early changes to foveal photoreceptors, Extent of FAF abnormalities with Regard to Vascular Arcades: beyond. ffERG Group: 1(normal). PERG: Abnormal. FAF in Fig. 1B. characteristic yellow-white pisciform flecks in the RPE of the posterior pole that were hyperautofluorescent on FAF imaging or progressive atrophy of the macular RPE

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Haplotype analysis, ABCA4 mutation screening was performed by next-generation sequencing, sequenced as part of the retinal panel at the Molecular Vision Lab

      PreviouslyPublished:

      Variant: c.5196+1137G>A p.[=,M1733Efs∗78] c.[1715G>A;2588G>C] p.[(R572Q;G863A,G863del]

      ClinVar: 7900

      CAID: CA226918

      SupplementalData:

    1. RP-029895-0103 ABCA4 c.4720G>Tp.E1574*known [44]

      Case#: Proband 95-0103, Spanish, onset at 8yo

      DiseaseAssertion: cone-rod dystrophy

      FamilyInfo: Family RP-0298. Affected sister, 95-0101, with same genotype

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001133, HP:0000529, HP:0000662, HP:0000512, HP:0000543, HP:0007737, HP:0007641, HP:0007787

      CaseHPOFreeText: BCVA=0.1/0.1; ERG: scotopic-Low amplitude, normal latency, photopic-abolished, mixed-diminished a and b waves; dense pigment accumulation at macular region;, bilateral posterior subcapsular cataract.

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: 19365591

      Variant: c.4720G>T p.E1574; c.950delG p.G317Afs57. WES, All patients were previously tested and all resulted to be negative for known autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (ARRP) or Leber Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) mutations by microarray screening

      ClinVar: 1460063

      CAID: 341283936

      SupplementalData: Table S2 has phenotype details

    1. A 25‐year‐old male presented to our hospital with a chief complaint of blurred vision in the right eye and significant night vision difficulties (nyctalopia) for 5 years.

      Case#:patient, 25, male

      DiseaseAssertion:Retinitis Pigmentosa

      FamilyInfo:Unaffected brother with no variants, parents each heterozygous for one pathogenic variant in ABCA4

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000007, HP:0011462, HP:0007703, HP:0000662, HP:0007641

      CaseHPOFreeText: Onset 20 year old. Gradual onset of blurred vision OD, dyschromatopsia. BCVA 1/20 OD 20/20 OS. Optic disc pale, retinal arteries and foveal reflex attenuated. Yellow deposits in perofoveal area and mid-peripheral retina, which showed mottled appearance OU. OCT - thinning of outer nuclear layer and disruption of ellipsoid zone with hyper-reflective flecks. Severe bilateral constriction in visual field. Hypofluorescence of optic disc OU

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method: whole exome (Sanger segregation test)

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: NM_000350.3:c.4793C>A; NM_000350.3:c.1769A>G

      ClinVar: 99321

      CAID: CA341279788

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Case 1

      Case#:1, 44-year-old man

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo: no known family history of an ocular disease

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663, HP:0007793, HP:0012045, HP:0000603

      CaseHPOFreeText: gradual, relatively recent decreased visual acuity in the right eye, some pigment mottling in both maculae and ‘fish-tail'-like retinal flecks, central relative scotoma

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      Genotyping Method: “Analysis of the entire coding region of the ABCA4 gene”

      PreviouslyPublished: NR

      Variant: NM_000350.3:c.191C>T

      ClinVar:2733951

      CAID:CA341285580

      SupplementalData:

    1. 534-05STGD2461 T→AW821RMissense4139 C→TP1380LMissense5682 G→CNoneSilent5814 A→GNoneSilent

      Case#: Family AR534 Proband 05

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: Three paternal cousins are affected with STGD, with onset between the ages of 8 and 10 (unaffected het parents). The proband’s parents reported no visual impairment (father has P1380L/wt, mother has W821R/wt), but the paternal grandmother had been diagnosed previously with age-related macular degeneration at age 68 (het for P1380L). Subsequently, she developed hemorrhagic detachment of the macula, and a diagnosis of exudative AMD was made at age 74

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: central visual impairment at age 11, retinal atrophy of the macula and a few peripheral flecks, A dark choroid was observed on fluorescein angiography,

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Direct DNA sequencing of the 50 exons and flanking intronic regions of ABCR. Heteroduplex analysis

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.2461T>A (p.W821R); c.4139C>T (p.P1380L). Phase confirmed. Also has 2 synonymous variants (c.5682G>C and c.5814A>G)

      ClinVar: 7904

      CAID: CA129033

      SupplementalData: n//a

    1. P023 ABCA4 20 c.3035_3037delACA p.Asn1012Ile ATP-binding domain novel deletion – DCABCA4 24 c.3547G>T p.Gly1183Cys – reported – – –ABCA4 46 c.6289C>T p.Pro2097Ser ATP-binding domain novel missense probablydamagingDC

      Case#: Patient #P023, Korean

      DiseaseAssertion: stargardt

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: no individual phenotype information, group only

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: exome sequencing: c.6289C>T p.Pro2097Ser; c.3547G>T p.Gly1183Cys; c.3035_3037delACA p.Asn1012Ile

      ClinVar: CA341277622

      CAID: 2202780

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. In this study, we summarized the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of 129 Chinese patients with ABCA4-RD.

      paper not publicly available, but is said to contain this variant based on LOVD entry. requested from library.

      Update: Received paper from library. 1 proband in Figure 1 has this variant, but cannot access the supplementary info to see the individual phenotype information. Affected maternal aunt with homozygous c.4605_4606ins-non-segregation.

    1. In case 71674, diagnosed with arRD, along with a recurrent nonsense mutation (p.Trp663*, HGMD Accession = {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"CM003370","term_id":"909078994","term_text":"CM003370"}}CM003370), a novel splice-site variant was identified (c.2160 + 1 G > T) (Fig. 3a). This variant is predicted to lead to skipping of exon 14 in the ABCA4 transcript. The patient inherited one mutant allele from each parent.

      Patient 71674: Female, Swiss, 13 years old. bi-allelic variants in ABCA4, diagnosed with Retinal dystrophy DD: Retinitis pigmentosa

      Figure 3: Segregation analysis performed on family samples GenotypingMethod: Whole exome sequencing performed on HiSeq2000 and NextSeq500 (252 genes)

      Multiple Variants: VPS13B NM_017890.4:c.897 8A>G:p.Asn2993Ser Heterozygous CM041280

      PCDH15 NM_001142763.1:c. 4329_4337del:p.Pro 1446_Pro1448del Heterozygous

      DHX38 NM_014003.3:c.366 2C>T:p.Thr1221Met Heterozygous

      USH1G NM_173477.4:c.310 A>G:p.Met104Val Heterozygous

    1. Additionally, one novel change in exon 12 (p.Val552Ile) was found in one STGD patient by means of the dHPLC technique. This variant was detected in two alleles out of 200, suggesting a polymorphism.

      Case#: Aguirre-Lamban Unlabeled Proband, Spanish

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "Diagnosis of STGD was determined according to a bilateral central vision loss with a beaten-bronze appearance and/or the presence of orange-yellow flecks in the retina from the posterior pole to the mid-periphery; typical dark choroid observed by fluorescein angiography; and normal to subnormal electroretinograms (ERGs)."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: ABCR400 microarray, direct sequencing, dHPLC, haplotype analysis

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1654G>A p.Val552Ile, interpreted as non-pathogenic, suggested to be a polymorphism

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Souradip C

      PMID:35973334

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNC ID: 34

      Case#: 18-year-old sister II.3

      Variant splice-site variant NC_000003.11(NM_016247.3):c.1239 + 1G > T [Chr3:100972539C > A

      FammilyInfo two-generation north Indian family with three members affected with Stargardt-like macular dys trophy

      CasePresentingHPOs:ow vision and difficulty in night vision, with symptoms starting in the early second decade of life, which progressed slowly over time

      PedrigreeIn the results section is mentioned

      CaseHPOFreeText:NA

      CaseNotHPOs:Na

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:NA

      Genotyping Method:2.3. Validation of identified variant by Sanger sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished:NA

    1. The third patient was a 27-year-old man who was the son of third-degree consanguineous parents.

      Case#: Case 3, male, onset at 24yo, Italy

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

      FamilyInfo: third-degree consanguineous parents; both parents healthy heterozygous carriers of the ABCA4 variant

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000529, HP:0007754, HP:0000518

      CaseHPOFreeText: progressive deterioration of vision at age 24. Bilateral macular dystrophy and diffuse lens opacities on ophthalmologic examination. OCT, ERG, and VEP consistent with Stargardt maculopathy.

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method: NGS (custom enrichment panel), Illumina NextSeq550; variant confirmed by Sanger sequencing.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.2828G>A (p.Arg943Gln), homozygous; rs1801581

      ClinVar: Variation ID: 7913

      CAID: n/a

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. RP-087M30c.6397T>Cp.C2133RD1D2D322.80Y

      Case#: Sporadic RP Patient 087, male, Chinese, 30yo at report

      DiseaseAssertion: RP

      FamilyInfo: n/a, sporadic case

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "The sporadic RP patients generally showed pubertal night blindness, restricted peripheral vision, progressive vision loss, overall bone-spicule pigmentation of the retina, attenuation of retinal vessels, and the flattening of the rod and cone ERG responses."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: WES with Sanger sequencing confirmation

      PreviouslyPublished: no

      Variant: c.6397T>C p.(C2133R)

      ClinVar: 2021273

      CAID: CA341277387

      SupplementalData:

    1. STGD in 48 patients (55%) was explained by recessive ABCA4 mutations (supplemental table S2). Only 22 patients could be solved using previously known STGD causing mutations. However, we identified 35 novel mutations in ABCA4 contributing to the diagnosis of 25 STGD patients. This contained 10 novel mutations leading to amino acid substitutions already known to cause disease and mutations known to cause diseases other than STGD. In addition, we identified 13 novel nonsense mutations. The remaining 12 novel mutations are well justified, and novel mutations were either completely absent or extremely rare in controls.

      Case#: Patient #133, Chinese

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs: n/a "Diagnosis of STGD was based on the clinical manifestations" is all that is stated

      CaseHPOFreeText: n/a

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.6289 C>T p.(P2097S); c.4605_4606insT p.(V1535fs)

      ClinVar: 2202780

      CAID: CA341277622

      SupplementalData: info found in table S2

    1. At least 1 disease-causing ABCA4 variant was identified in 38 patients (90%), including 13 novel variants; ≥2 variants were identified in 34 patients (81%). Patients with childhood-onset STGD more frequently harbored 2 deleterious variants (18% vs 5%) compared with patients with adult-onset STGD.

      Per ClinVar entry, this variant was associated with this paper. however, after reading through the genotypes, this variant was not found. Likely this paper was mentioned to support the statement that "Loss-of-function variants in ABCA4 are known to be pathogenic"

    1. V1 H1 Exon 36.1–3 G>A chr1:94,484,001 c.5196+1137G>A 4 4 0

      Case#: Braun Family 8 Proband (from left to right, top to bottom of available pedigrees), female

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: Unaffected carrier parents. c.5196+1137G>A maternally inherited; c.4577C>T (p.T1526M) paternally inherited

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "five or more of the following features of ABCA4-associated retinal disease: decreased visual acuity before age 20, decreased visual acuity as the first visual symptom, symmetrical fundus findings, pisciform flecks, beaten metal macular atrophy, bulls-eye maculopathy, peripapillary sparing, vermillion fundus, masked choroid on fluorescein angiography, nummular pigment overlying extensive macular atrophy, central outer retinal atrophy on optical coherence tomography and central scotomas on Goldmann perimetry."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: one plausible disease-causing mutation detected in ABCA4 after assessing the entire coding sequence and canonical retinal splice junctions with automated bidirectional Sanger sequencing using an ABI 3730 sequencer

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.5196+1137G>A; c.4577C>T (p.T1526M)

      ClinVar: 438100

      CAID: CA26843511

      SupplementalData: pedigree in fig s2

    1. Carrier frequency analysis of mutations causing autosomal-recessive-inherited retinal diseases in the Israeli population

      PMID: 29706639

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNCID: HGNC:34

      MonDO: MONDO:0019353

      Bioinformatic analyses of an SQL-based database containing 12272 variants that appear in 178 IRD genes in 5706 individuals of Ashkenazi Jewish origin based on the gnomAD database (version 2) and variants that were published in the scientific literature that was extracted from HGMD. Authors extracted information regarding IRD variants from various sources (including data of 5706 Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) samples and a large cohort of Israeli patients with IRDs) to estimate carrier frequency of IRD mutations in different subpopulations in Israel. Two major databases aiming to estimate carrier frequency of IRD mutations in the Israeli population (Fig. 1): “gnomAD-AJ-IRD DB” containing data of 5706 AJ controls extracted from gnomAD and “HW-IRD DB” containing data extracted from our cohort of Israeli patients with IRDs.

      See Fig 2 for breakdown of variants analyzed.

      The final DB (IRDB) (Fig. 1 and Table S7) includes all 399 variants from “gnomAD-AJ-IRD DB” and “HW-IRD DB” that were considered here as pathogenic mutations in 111 known IRD genes.

      To establish the “HW-IRD DB” (Fig. 1), we collected data on Israeli IRD patients with a known cause of disease (a cohort of >2000 IRD families). The HW-IRD DB includes 289 pathogenic mutations (Fig. 1) that were identified in IRD patients who have biallelic variants.

      SupplementalData: S7, carrier frequency data for each mutation in all nine studied subpopulations. Carrier frequency was calculated as 2pq where p = 1 − q and q was calculated as the root square of the number of homozygous patients plus half the number of compound heterozygous patients divided by the population size

      Variant: NM_000350.2:c.4895dup,p.Asn1632fs

      CAID: CA915941330

      Case: Ashkenazi Jewish patient with inherited retinal disease, STGD, CRD

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000548 (Cone/cone-rod dystrophy, CRD)

      CaseHPOFreeText: Stargardt disease (STGD)

    1. Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) comprise a phenotypically and genetically heterogeneous group of ocular disorders that cause visual loss via progressive retinal degeneration. Here, we report the genetic characterization of 1210 IRD pedigrees enrolled through the Japan Eye Genetic Consortium and analyzed by whole exome sequencing. The most common phenotype was retinitis pigmentosa (RP, 43%), followed by macular dystrophy/cone- or cone-rod dystrophy (MD/CORD, 13%). In total, 67 causal genes were identified in 37% (448/1210) of the pedigrees. The first and second most frequently mutated genes were EYS and RP1, associated primarily with autosomal recessive (ar) RP, and RP and arMD/CORD, respectively. Examinations of variant frequency in total and by phenotype showed high accountability of a frequent EYS missense variant (c.2528G>A). In addition to the two known EYS founder mutations (c.4957dupA and c.8805C>G) of arRP, we observed a frequent RP1 variant (c.5797C>T) in patients with arMD/CORD.

      This paper is not publicly available. Requested from library since it is said to contain this variant.

    1. We identified 44 novel sequence changes (Table 3). Of these changes, 30 were potentially pathogenic and 14were classified as potentially neutral polymorphisms or changes of unknown significance.

      This variant is in table 3 as a "potentially neutral polymorphism or change of unknown significance" but it is unclear which patient this is associated with, what their phenotype is, what their genotype is

    1. Finally, we examined whether the phenotype‐associated known/candidate pathogenic variants could explain the patient's disease, andif the MAF in population‐matched control data (8.3kJPN) was relatedto disease prevalence. Patients were classified as “Solved” if theirgenotype was consistent with their clinical phenotype. Patients wereclassified as “Partially solved” when a heterozygous known/candidatepathogenic variant was detected in a recessive allele, but without anadditional variant in trans. Patients were categorized as “Unsolved” iftheir genotypes exhibited either no candidate pathogenic variants ormultiple heterozygous pathogenic variants that did not explain thephenotype clearly. Variants annotated as causal for solved patients arelisted in Supporting Information: Table S2. Novel variants identified inthis study are listed in the second sheet of Table S2. SupportingInformation: Table S3 shows the phenotypes and genotypes of solvedpatients.2.4 | Statistical analysisBefore counting the allele frequency in our cohort, the list ofpatients was modified to contain only the proband to avoid theoverrepresentation of pedigrees with larger numbers of affectedindividuals. Inter‐pedigree comparisons of genetic diagnoses evaluat-ing proband only and proband with family members were performedby the chi‐square test. Enrichments of the pathogenic variants ingenetically solved and unsolved patients were compared by the one‐sided binominal test. Allele frequencies were compared with thehighest allele frequencies among the 8.3KJPN, HGVD, ExAC_EAS, andgnomAD_EAS databases. Statistical analyses were performed byR (ver. 4.0.3).2.5 | Detection of RP1:c.4052‐4053ins328(Alu insertion)Previously reported primers were used to amplify the expectedAlu‐inserted region (Nikopoulos et al., 2019). Genomic DNA wasamplified with Prime Star (TAKARA) following the manufacturer'sSUGA ET AL . | 310981004, 0, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/humu.24492 by Mie University, Wiley Online Library on [07/11/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License

      This variant is listed in supplementary tables S2 and S3. Proband TI-50 is a "solved" patient, meaning the phenotype matches the genotype. Homozygous female with MD/CORD- all that is provided.

    1. Stargardt disease (STGD) and fundus flavimaculatus are infrequent autosomal recessive conditions characterized by a juvenile macular dystrophy and variable degrees of peripheral retinal changes. Linkage analysis performed in 47 STGD/fundus flavimaculatus families demonstrated significant linkage to 13 polymorphic DNA markers on chromosome 1p. The maximum combined two-point lod score was 32.7 (maximum recombination fraction [phi max] = .006) with the polymorphic marker D1S188. Our data demonstrate that STGD and fundus flavimaculatus are the same disorder clinically and genetically and provide further evidence for genetic homogeneity of this phenotype. Analysis of recombination events on disease chromosomes placed the STGD gene within a 4-cM interval between markers D1S435 and D1S236. A physical map was constructed of a YAC contig flanking STGD, from markers D1S500 to D1S495, and includes the critical interval delineated by historical recombinants. This contig spans approximately 31 cM, with one gap (3-5 cM) that is outside the 4-cM critical region. Localization of STGD to a single YAC contig will facilitate its positional cloning.

      Text is a PDF, but this paper is the previously published paper referenced in PMID: 9973280. Pedigree is found here

    1. Sixty-six individuals representing 54 families were studied (Supplementary Material, Table S1). All individuals were found to harbor two ABCA4 variants likely to cause the retinal disease (18,20–26). In 40 families (74%), independent segregation of the two alleles was demonstrated. The ages at the time of their first visit ranged from 9 to 74 years (mean = 35.9, median = 35.2 years); in the majority of individuals (36/66=55%), data were available from a second visit that occurred on average 8.7 years (range=2–20 years, median = 6.9 years) after the first visit.

      Case#: Patient #35, male, 35yo at report, 14yo at onset,

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: family 30, segregation was noted as "yes" but no other details provided

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: allele 1: A1038V;L541P allele 2: G818E

      ClinVar: 99135

      CAID: CA227000

      SupplementalData: supplemental table 1

    1. A 19-year-old female

      Case#: 19 year old woman

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease (STGD)

      FamilyInfo: no family history of ocular disease

      CasePresentingHPOs:HP:0025158

      CaseHPOFreeText:20/25 in the right eye and 20/25-1 in the left eye, small irregular perifoveal lesions of both increased and decreased autofluorescence

      CaseNotHPOs:na

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:na

      Genotyping Method: next gen sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: na

      Variant: c.6079C > T, p.(Leu2027Phe) c.4139C > T, p.(Pro1380Leu)

      ClinVar: not found not found

      CAID: not found not found

      SupplementalData: “black shadow” in the right eye after getting hit by a volley ball

    1. Mutations of the retinal specific ATP binding transporter gene (ABCR) in a single family segregating both autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa RP19 and Stargardt disease: evidence of clinical heterogeneity at this locus

      PMID: 10874631

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNC ID: 34

      Case#: patient 34, female

      DiseaseAssertion: RP19

      FamilyInfo: paternal first cousin with STGD, healthy father heterozygous for 1938-1 G>A splice mutation, mother homozygous for normal allele

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000662, HP:0007663, HP:0007737, HP:0001133

      CaseHPOFreeText: choriocapillaris atrophy, severe concentric reduction of the visual field, abrogation of rod function

      Genotyping Method: PRISMTM Ready Reaction Sequencing Kit on an automatic fluorometric DNA sequencer

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.1938-1G>A

      ClinVar: 99106 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/99106/?term=%22ABCA4%22%5BGENE%5D+AND+%22(c.1938-1G%3EA)%22%5BVARNAME%5D

      gnomAD: 0.000002488 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-94060760-C-T?dataset=gnomad_r4

    1. Retinal Phenotypes in Patients Homozygous for the G1961E Mutation in the ABCA4 Gene

      PMID: 22661473

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNCID: HGNC:34

      Stage I disease was characterized by central macular atrophy with parafoveal or perifoveal flecks. Where flecks were more numerous and extended anterior to the vascular arcades and/or nasal to the optic disc, then patients were classified as having stage II disease. Although partial resorption of flecks may be present in this stage, more complete resorption of flecks was indicative of stage III disease with choriocapillaris atrophy also within the macula. Widespread RPE and chorioretinal atrophy throughout the fundus defined stage IV disease.27 Based on this classification system, the patients in our study were subdivided into 2 groups, that is those with milder disease (stage I or II) and those with more severe disease (stage III or IV) phenotypes.

    1. The proband of Family #1 (Patient #1, II:1 in pedigree Figure 1A)

      Case#: Male, Family #1, Patient #1, II:1 in pedigree

      DiseaseAssertion: Hypomorphic Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo: Paternal female cousin also has hypomorphic Stargardt disease and both of them carry the complex allele p.[L541P; A1038V] and p.N1868I. Additionally, their paternal aunt was diagnosed with Stargardt disease. This information can be found on Fig.1.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000622, HP:0025010

      CaseHPOFreeText: This proband developed blurred vision at age 30. The foveal atrophy affects the left eye. In the first visit at 33.9 years old patient presents with 20/25-3 Snellen VA OD, 20/70-2 Snellen VA OS, 0.16 LogMAR VA OD, 0.58 LogMAR VA OS, and stage 1. In the last visit at age 40.7, the patient had a 20/40-2 Snellen VA OD, a 10/80-1 Snellen VA OS, 0.34 LogMAR VA OD, 0.92 LogMAR VA OS, and was now in stage 2. In a Goldmann Visual Field test, they found central scotomas II4e; mild-moderate constriction II2e.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: The proband maintained some relative foveolar sparing in his right eye and had a BCVAs of 20/4022 (test done at 40 years old).

      Genotyping Method: Genetic testing was performed at Columbia University. It was not stated which method this proband underwent, so the genetic testing could have been one of the following: "The entire ABCA4 gene locus was sequenced in 17 patients; the ABCA4 gene, including all exons and intron/exon boundaries were sequenced in 4 patients. In the remaining 6 cases representing family members, only targeted testing was performed."

      PreviouslyPublished: N/a

      **Variant: ** M1) NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5603A>T M2) NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.1622T>C (p.Leu541Pro)

      ClinVar: M1) 99390 M2) 99067

      CAID: N/a

      gnomAD: M1) The highest minor allele frequency was 0.05787 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/99390/) M2) The highest minor allele frequency was 0.00017 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/99067/)

      SupplementalData: Table 1. provided patient information for those with p.N1868I ABCA4 Stargardt disease and the associated ABCA4 mutations. Fig.1. shows the pedigrees of the families. Fig.3. shows Macular SD-OCT line profiles for some of the patients. Table 2. describes the onset/symptoms of the patients with p.N1868I ABCA4 Stargardt Disease. Table 3. shows Visual Acuity and Stage at Baseline and Most Recent Follow-up in Patients With p.N1868I ABCA4 Stargardt Disease. Fig.4. shows BCVA better eye vs Duration since first examination for the patients. Table 4. shows clinical findings in the patients.

    1. ilename Description aos14218-sup-0001-TableS1.xlsxMS Excel, 27.1 KB Table S1. List of genetic variants found in IRD patients, Norway, 2018. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

      This variant is reported to be found in 1 individual in heterozygous or compound heterozygous form, but there is no patient identifier, so impossible to know whether they have a second variant

  2. Aug 2026
    1. STGD87 2588G→C Q1750X Yes

      Case#: STGD87, 10-14yo at onset, German

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: segregation in family

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "The diagnosis of STGD was based on the demonstration of bilateral impairment of central vision and the appearance of perimacular and/or peripheral yellow-white flecks, with or without atrophy of the central retinal-pigment epithelium and a normal or only mildly abnormal flash electroretinogram when recorded in early stages of the disease."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, dHPLC, and SSCP analysis, PCR amplification of individual coding exons and flanking intron sequences, direct DNA sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: Q1750X; 2588G→C in trans "Correct segregation of disease alleles was demonstrated in all 39 cases in which family samples were available for study"

      ClinVar: 7879

      CAID: CA119128

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Case#: Female, 6 years old, presenting with vision loss and behavioral changes.

      Disease Assertion: After testing she was diagnosed with Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo: No family history of vision loss in childhood

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000572, HP:0000708, HP:0007988, HP:0008001, HP:0030609

      CaseHPOFreeText: Showed changes in behavior through increased reliance on parents, and "Over the past six months, she had become increasingly emotional, anxious, frustrated, with difficulty concentrating on simple tasks". Additionally, beyond just the visual loss, she presented with 20/200 OU on her visual acuity test, as well as 1/14 Ishihara color plates with either eye. She also would overlook the top of objects, showed retinal arteriolar narrowing, had degeneration in the ellipsoid zone, and multiple hyperreflective granular deposits.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0000648, HP:0000486, HP:0000639, HP:0000613, HP:0001336, HP:0011145 (just seizures in general, this was the closest I could find)

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Beyond the HPOs above, she also demonstrated a lack of seizures and had no other neurologic dysfunction. Additionally, she demonstrated brisk pupillary responses without paradoxical pupillary constriction to darkness. She also had normal results for the slip lamp biomicroscopy and tonometry.

      CasePreviousTesting: Previously tested for myoclonus, seizures, and neurologic dysfunction with no history of any (did not describe the testing methods for such).

      Genotyping Method: Although the genetic testing came up negative in relation to neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis and the mutations associated, Stargardt disease was confirmed through whole genome sequencing. This revealed "compound heterozygosity for 2 pathogenic variants in the ABCA4 gene (c.3007 C > T p.Q1003X and c768 G > T PV256 = )".

      Previously Published: n/a

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.3007C>T (p.Gln1003Ter) & NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.768G>T (p.Val256=)

      ClinVarID: 4538557 & 99505

      CAID: n/a

      gnomAD: For the first ID the data for this one was absent from gnomAD (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/4538557/?term=%22NM_000350.3(ABCA4)%3Ac.3007C%3ET+(p.Gln1003Ter)%22%5BVARNAME%5D). While the other ID had the minor allele frequency of 0.00009 (highest compared to others available) (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/99505/?term=%22NM_000350.3(ABCA4)%3Ac.768G%3ET%22%5BVARNAME%5D+AND+%22(p.Val256%3D)%22%5BVARNAME%5D)

      Supplemental Data: Introduction was section in this article that discusses symptoms present as well as the re-diagnosis of Stargardt after the initial incorrect diagnosis of Batten disease. Additionally, Fig.1, Fig.2, and Fig.3 showed some of the phenotypes that appeared with this patient's condition.

    1. A total of 42 unrelated patients (28 men and 14 women) were included in this study. Two patients (A002 and A035) were from consanguineous families (Figure 1). The detailed clinical findings are presented in Data S1.

      Case#: Liu Proband A034, Chinese, female

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: Mother has the Pro68Leu variant, but the father was not genotyped to know the phase of the second variant. Proband's daughter also has the Pro68Leu variant, but is unaffected.

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: no individual details provided

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: patients with other ocular diseases, such as choroidal neovascularization, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, or were undergoing treatments/therapeutic trials were excluded.

      GenotypingMethod: Either eye gene-enriched (from 36 to 450 target genes) panel-based next-generation sequencing (NGS). Sanger bi-directional sequencing was conducted to confirm the rare candidate variants (allele frequency: less than 1.0% of the general population) and to perform the co-segregation analysis

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.203C>T p.(Pro68Leu); c.3883_3884del p.(Glu1295Lysfs*126)

      ClinVar: 99113

      CAID: CA226972

      SupplementalData: S1 only provides group demographics for the different clinical classifications (fundus grade, FAF type, etc)

    1. 11 M 53 c.5461–10T>C ND

      Case#: Patient 11, male, age 53

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: diagnosis of autosomal recessive STGD based on the pedigree and clinical phenotype of fleck deposits with or without genetic testing

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000608, HP:0000007, HP:0030610, HP:0030500

      CaseHPOFreeText: Macular degeneration. autosomal recessive, Photoreceptor outer segment loss on macular OCT, Yellow/white lesions of the macula

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method: n/a

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: NM_000350.3:c.5461-10T>C

      ClinVar: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5461-10T>C

      CAID: CA220687

      SupplementalData: composite mask analysis shown in figure 3 for patient 11, show large areas of matched degeneration and isolated IS/OS loss

    2. 14 F 42 c.4222T >C c.4918C>T

      Case#: Patient 14, female, age 42

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: diagnosis of autosomal recessive STGD based on the pedigree and clinical phenotype of fleck deposits with or without genetic testing

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000608, HP:0000007, HP:0030610, HP:0030500

      CaseHPOFreeText: Macular degeneration. autosomal recessive, Photoreceptor outer segment loss on macular OCT, Yellow/white lesions of the macula

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method: n/a

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: Allele 1: NM_000350.3:c.4222T>C Allele 2: NM_000350.3:c.4918C>T

      ClinVar:Allele 1: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.4222T>C (p.Trp1408Arg) Allele 2: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.4918C>T (p.Arg1640Trp)

      CAID:Allele 1: CA227166 Allele 2: CA227253

      SupplementalData: composite mask analysis shown in figure 3 for patient 14, show diffusely intact IS/OS and RPE with central area of mixed types of degeneration. Both patient 2 and 14 show foveal preservation of IS/OS and RPE

    1. Table S9. List of unique causative variants detected in 858 STGD probands mmc8.xlsx (19.3KB, xlsx) Table S11. STGD1 cases with at least two (likely) causal ABCA4 variants mmc9.xlsx (39.6KB, xlsx)

      Case#: DNAID 072888/Pat258, female

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD1

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: "In classic STGD1, loss of central vision starts around the second decade of life, but both early- and late-onset subtypes have been extensively described." No patient-specific details provided

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: smMIPs sequencing of the complete ABCA4 locus

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.6416G>C (p.Arg2139Pro); c.3323G>A (p.Arg1108His)

      CAID: CA10611614

      SupplementalData: tables s9 and s11

    1. The locations of ABCA4 homozygous and hypomorphic missense mutations characterized in the present study are shown in Fig 1. These mutations are distributed throughout ABCA4 with 4 in ECD1 (p.Asn96Asp, p.Asn96His, p.Arg212Cys, p.Arg602Trp), 4 in ECD2 (p.Leu1430Pro, p.Gly1439Asp, p.Pro1486Leu, p.Ala1598Asp), 6 within or close to NBD1 (p.Gly863Ala, p.Asn965Ser, p.Thr1019Met, p.Glu1087Lys, p.Arg1108Cys, p.Arg1129Leu), and 6 within NBD2 (p.Leu1940Pro, p.Gly1977Ser, p.Leu2027Phe, p.Arg2030Gln, p.Arg2107His, p.Cys2137Tyr). The p.Asn1868Ile mutation is present in a loop connecting the V-shaped α-helical hairpin with membrane spanning segment 12 (TM12). Several mutations occur in well-defined motifs crucial for the binding and hydrolysis of ATP. The p.Asn965Ser and p.Glu1087Lys mutations occur in the Walker A (Gly-His-Asn-Gly-Ala-Gly-Lys-Thr) and Walker B (Val-Ile-Leu-Asp-Glu) motifs of NBD1, respectively, and the p.Gly1977Ser mutation is present in the Walker A (Gly-Val-Asn-Gly-Ala-Gly-Lys-Thr) motif of NBD2. The p.Arg2030Gln variant reported to display a mild disease phenotype in compound heterozygous STGD1 patients has been included in our analysis although this variant has yet to be found in a homozygous state.

      A ClinVar entry claimed this variant showed "impaired substrate binding capacity and limited substrate release after ATP binding," but it is not found in the text or figures and there is no supplementary data.

    1. The proband

      Case#:case 1 II:4

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt disease (STGD1)

      FamilyInfo: mother has identical phenotype as proband, dad and sister asymptomatic, brother was symptomatic at 8 years old, other brother symptomatic at 15 years old.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000007

      CaseHPOFreeText: at age 50, with central visual imparement in right eye, 20/40 right, 20/20 left, linear and branching hyperautofluorescent subretinal deposits and extrafoveal RPE atrophy in both eyes,

      CaseNotHPOs: n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.6031_6044delins18M/p.(Ile2003LeufsTer41)

      ClinVar: not found

      CAID: not found

      SupplementalData:

    1. 616; 41c.2453G>A; c.5824G>Cp. G818E (D); p. E1942Q (B;N)46c.6384A>Gp.H2128R (D)Compound heterozygous

      Case#: Sporadic Case #16, Mexican

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: STGD diagnosis based on: "onset of symptoms in childhood or early adulthood (before 20 years of age), bilateral central vision loss (central and peripheral visual field computerized testing), a retinal “beaten-bronze” foveal appearance and/or yellow-whitish flecks from the posterior pole to the mid periphery, normal caliber of the retinal vessels, no pigmented bone spicules in the retinal periphery, a normal to subnormal electroretinogram, and a typical dark choroid in fluorescein angiography."

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: allele 1: c.2453G>A (p. G818E); c.5824G>C (p. E1942Q) allele 2: c.6384A>G (p.H2128R) direct sequencing of exons of ABCA4

      ClinVar: 867010

      CAID: CA957117

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Supplementary data. bjophthalmol-2018-312064supp004.pdf

      This variant is found on pg 16 in proband 14075. Compound heterozygous for c.6817-2A>C. MEH institute (UK). Said to have Stargardt based on the following criteria: "(1) patients (at least 6 years old) with at least two ABCA4 variants or one ABCA4 variant associated with a typical STGD1 phenotype and (2) presence of a well-defined atrophic lesion with/without flecks at the most recent visit of at least 300 µm in diameter (the total area of all lesions <12 mm2)." No additional details provided

    2. Supplementary data. bjophthalmol-2018-312064supp004.pdf

      This variant is found on pg 11 in proband 18034. Compound heterozygous for c.2588G>C p.Gly863Ala. Said to have Stargardt based on the following criteria: "(1) patients (at least 6 years old) with at least two ABCA4 variants or one ABCA4 variant associated with a typical STGD1 phenotype and (2) presence of a well-defined atrophic lesion with/without flecks at the most recent visit of at least 300 µm in diameter (the total area of all lesions <12 mm2)." No additional details provided

    1. Pt-75Mc.4539 + 2028C > Tp.[= ,Arg1514Leufs*36]c.2453G > Ap.(Gly818Glu)

      Case#: Pt 7, male, 60yo at report, onset between 6-49yo, Irish

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: family 5

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: VA: OD=6/36 OS=6/120, FAF and OCT in figure 2, FAF WRT vascular arcades=beyond, beaten bronze appearance, yellow flecks centrally, peripapillary sparing, central retinal thickness: OD=100 microns OS=117 microns, optical coherence tomography (OCT) atrophy horizontal width: OD=6000 microns OS=5446 microns

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: bulls eye pattern, flecks peripherally

      GenotypingMethod: Target capture NGS of the exons and known pathogenic intronic regions of ABCA4, whole-gene single molecule molecular inversion probe (smMIP) based sequencing of ABCA4 as well as 40 kb of flanking sequence, direct Sanger sequencing, or WGS

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.4539 + 2028C > T p.[= ,Arg1514Leufs*36]; c.2453G> A p.(Gly818Glu)

      ClinVar: 99135; 236116

      CAID: CA227000; CA10576057

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Patients and Methods The protocol of the study adhered to the provisions of the Declaration of Helsinki. After informed consent was obtained, blood samples were taken and molecular analysis on the ABCA4 gene was performed as described by Maugeri et al. 14 The charts of patients with ABCA4 mutations who originally had received diagnoses of isolated or autosomal recessive CRD were reviewed. All patients originated from the University Medical Centre Nijmegen (Nijmegen, The Netherlands) and the University of Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany). In this study the diagnosis of CRD was based on the following criteria: initial symptoms of blurred central vision without a history of night blindness, impairment of color vision, and fundoscopic evidence of maculopathy without or with mild peripheral retinopathy. 3 4 5 7 8 In patients with recordable ERGs a cone–rod pattern of degeneration had to be present (i.e., the photopic b-wave impairment had to be greater than or equal to the scotopic b-wave amplitude impairment). Patients 9250 and 13163, who had nonrecordable ERGs, were included because their histories and clinical features were similar to those of other patients with cone–rod degeneration and they were believed to represent advanced cases of CRD. In addition to an ophthalmic examination, Goldmann kinetic perimetry routinely was performed using III-4-e and I-4-e isopters. Color vision was tested with the Ishihara and Panel D15 tests, except in patients 9369, 9378, and 10125, who were tested under conditions described earlier. 18 Because these patients were examined in two different clinics and ERGs were recorded over a long period, the methods, instrumentation, and analysis techniques of the electroretinography varied. The ERGs in patients 9369, 9378, 10125, and 11872 were performed as described by Thijssen et al. 19 The ERG method used in patients 9370, 9553, 9633, and 13163 was described by Alexandridis and Krastel. 20 The ERGs of the remaining patients (9250, 9371, and 9650) are of a more recent date and were performed according to International Society for Clinical Electrophysiology of Vision (ISCEV) standards. 21 Fundus photographs were taken in most patients and some of the patients (9650, 9369, 9378, and 10125) also underwent fluorescein angiography.  Results The characteristics of 12 patients with ABCA4-associated retinal dystrophy resembling CRD are summarized in Table 1 . Most did not have affected family members, and therefore their retinal dystrophies could not be classified as autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive or X-linked. Four patients reported a brother or sister with subnormal vision. In view of the reputedly normal visual acuity of the parents and the molecular defects, the inheritance pattern of the gene defects in these patients (individuals 9303, 9369, 9553, and 13163) was classified as autosomal recessive.  The visual acuity of the patients did not exceed 20/200 and, on average, was much lower. With the exception of patient 9553, the age of onset was at or before the age of 12, and in each of the patients, blurred vision was the initial symptom. Night blindness did not occur except in patients 9378 and 10125, in the final stages of retinal degeneration. Evidence of maculopathy in the form of bull’s eye maculopathy or pigmentary changes was present in all the patients reported in this study (Fig. 1A) . The functional equivalent of the mainly centrally located retinal disease was a central scotoma, varying from 8° to more than 40°. In all but one patient, the scotoma was absolute. Only in patient 9378 was the central scotoma relative and surrounded by absolute scotomas. Fundoscopic evidence of early peripheral involvement of the retina was mild, and only in the later stages of the disease did peripheral changes characteristic of RP, such as narrowing of retinal vessels and bone spicula, occur in patients 9369 (Fig. 1B) and 10125. Similarly, mild constriction of the visual fields occurred only in two patients (9650 and 10125) and only in the advanced state. Color vision was tested in 10 patients. Six demonstrated a red–green defect, and in two of these (patients 11872 and 10125), it was accompanied by a blue-yellow defect. In the remaining four patients, color vision was so severely disturbed that the exact type of impairment could not be assessed.  The ERG recordings demonstrated degeneration of both rods and cones. When ERG responses could be elicited, the cones appeared to be affected as much as the rod photoreceptors and, in most of the patients, even more severely. The ERG responses in five patients progressively deteriorated until no photopic and scotopic responses could be recorded. In these patients, with exception of patients 9250 and 13163, ERG recordings of an earlier date were used in Table 1 . This applies to patient 9369, in whom an ERG was recorded at age 12 (all ERG responses had been nondetectable since the age of 21), patient 9378 at age 33 (all ERG responses at age 46 were nondetectable), and patient 10125 at age 8 (in 1998, at age 28, the ERG responses were no longer detectable). Recent ERG findings were not available for patients 9650 and 9371. Their ERGs were recorded in 1989 and 1985, respectively. The remaining ERG data were derived from ERG recordings performed in the past 4 years. Of patient 9371 only the ERG data in the left eye were available.  Two patients warrant a more detailed description, due to the unusual course of their retinal dystrophies. Patient 9378, at the age of 12, had blurred vision with fundoscopic evidence of irregular chorioretinal atrophy in the posterior pole. At that time, there were no peripheral abnormalities on ophthalmoscopy, and there was no history of night blindness. The ERG demonstrated an equal reduction of both cone- and rod-mediated responses. Later in life, however, fundoscopic changes developed that were characteristic of RP, and the patient reported a decrease in night vision. With fluorescein angiography partly confluent patches of chorioretinal atrophy were visible (Fig. 1C) .  The clinical picture of patient 10125 differed from that of the other patients, despite the mutation in the ABCA4 gene. Initially, disease in this patient was diagnosed as STGD because of the bull’s eye maculopathy, the granular pigment alterations in the macular area, and the pisciform flecks surrounding the posterior pole. At age 8 his visual acuity had decreased to 20/200 in both eyes. When he was referred to our clinic in 1998 at the age of 28, peripheral degeneration in the form of narrow retinal vessels and deposition of peripheral bone spicula had developed, in addition to the earlier described disease of the central retina. A fluorescein angiogram showed typical findings: a central small hypofluorescent spot enclosed by an ellipsoid—a markedly hyperfluorescent area that in turn was surrounded by hyperfluorescent dots against a dark background, most likely caused by obscuration of choroidal background fluorescence (Fig. 1D) . Early ERG recordings were not available, and the ERG tracings recorded at age 28 represent the final stage of the degenerative process, with absence of both cone and rod responses. This retinal dystrophy seemed to have evolved from STGD into more widespread retinal degeneration, resulting in loss of function of both rods and cones.  Discussion Progressive CRD is a clinically heterogeneous retinal disorder, but typical findings include reduced visual acuity, impairment of the central visual field, color vision deficits, and fundoscopic evidence of maculopathy, with no or few midperipheral retinal pigment deposits. 3 4 7 8 There is some dispute about typical ERG findings in CRD. Some state that the diagnosis of CRD must be based on the reduction or absence of cone responses in the presence of quantitatively less reduction in rod responses, whereas others state that an equal impairment of both photoreceptor systems, if accompanied by the characteristic features, suffices to justify the diagnosis of CRD. 3 7 8 22 Several propositions have been made in the past to classify cone–rod disorders. Some classification systems have focused on individual case reports and were based on nosologic aspects; others have made a distinction according to the various patterns of inheritance. 3 6 23 24 In recent studies, Szlyk et al. 7 and Yagasaki et al. 8 made use of full-field ERGs, dark adaptometry, and modified perimetric techniques to identify functionally distinct subtypes of CRD. Finally, over the past few years, a molecular genetic classification of CRD has emerged.  At the moment, four genes and three loci have been implicated in autosomal dominant CRD, whereas one X-linked locus has been described. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Thus far, two loci and one gene (ABCA4) have been associated with autosomal recessive CRD. 12 33 34 The genetic heterogeneity seen in CRD is matched by the range of the clinical findings attributed by various investigators to this type of retinal dystrophy.  Whatever the classification system used, some patients display retinal disorders that cannot be classified satisfactorily. Often, these retinal degenerations involve overlapping features. Krill et al. 5 reported that 9 of 45 patients with cone degenerations showed typical features associated with fundus flavimaculatus. Heckenlively 2 described 76 patients with cone–rod patterns on the ERG in whom retinal disease otherwise met the standard definition of RP (progressive peripheral visual field loss with ring scotoma). Alternatively, as seen in patient 10125 in this study, patients with STGD have been described who had progressive peripheral retinal degeneration with severe abnormalities in the ERG and electro-oculogram (EOG) later in life—a condition that has been described by Fishman 4 as secondary progressive cone–rod dysfunction.  The association of CRD and a dark choroid has also been described previously. 35 36 The atypical pattern of retinal degeneration with confluent patches of chorioretinal atrophy in patient 9378 resembles that in another previously described unrelated patient with CRD-like disease caused by mutations in ABCA4. 37 In the molecular genetic study by Maugeri et al., 14 in which 11 of the 12 patients with autosomal recessive CRD described in this study were analyzed, ABCA4 mutations were found in 13 of 20 unrelated patients, strongly suggesting that ABCA4 mutations are the major cause of this disorder. If this is true, the genetic heterogeneity in autosomal recessive CRD, compared with, for example, classic RP, is surprisingly low. Because autosomal recessive inheritance is believed to be the most frequent mode of inheritance of monogenic chorioretinal disorders, it is very possible that a large fraction of the patients with CRD who have been clinically studied previously carry ABCA4 mutations. In that case, the explanation for the high variability of the clinical findings in autosomal recessive CRD would not be genetic heterogeneity but rather the genotype–phenotype model for ABCA4. According to this model, there is an inverse relationship between the presumed residual ABCA4 function as an N-retinylidene-PE flippase and the severity of the disorder. 12 37 38 As a consequence, a continuum of phenotypes is to be expected, ranging from STGD to CRD to RP. Although this is probably a simplified representation of reality and needs corroboration by detailed biochemical studies of individual mutations, as described previously, this model explains why mutations in the ABCA4 gene could give rise to phenotypes that do not satisfy the standard classification of retinal dystrophies. 39   Two patients in this study may reflect borderline CRD phenotypes. Patient 9553 carries a combination of a mild (2588G>C) and severe ABCA4 mutation, which, according to the genotype–phenotype model described earlier, should be associated with STGD. We have previously discussed that most likely, one of the pathologic mutations has not yet been identified in this patient. 14 However, the age of onset in this patient (25 years) is relatively high, and although other features such as visual acuity, perimetry, and ERG findings are typical of CRD, this may indicate a relatively mild subtype. Another more convincing example of blending of ABCA4-associated phenotypes is patient 10125. The molecular findings in this patient have not yet been described elsewhere. He carries a severe splice site mutation (IVS30+1G→T) in combination with a nucleotide change leading to a stop codon at Gln1029. A patient with RP who was homozygous for the IVS30+1G→T mutation has been described, 12 whereas the Q1029X mutation has not been described. Both mutations can be considered to be null alleles. According to the proposed ABCA4 model, the clinical phenotype in patient 10125 should be RP. Instead, this patient exhibits a typical retinal dystrophy, which gradually progresses from STGD to a more widespread degeneration of photoreceptors in a cone–rod pattern later in life. At present, both rod and cone ERG responses are not detectable, indicative of a final stage similar to that in many patients with RP. Functional studies are necessary to clarify whether these specific ABCA4 mutations are responsible for the particular progression of the retinal degeneration in this patient, or whether other as yet unknown modifying factors play a role.  In this study we have described 12 unrelated patients with retinal dystrophy resembling CRD caused by mutations in the ABCA4 gene. In a previous study we described the ophthalmic features in five siblings with CRD-like retinal dystrophy who were carrying ABCA4 mutations. 37 From the clinical data of these patients and previous molecular studies in patients with autosomal recessive CRD, two important conclusions can be drawn. 12 14 First, the genetic basis of autosomal recessive CRD is less heterogeneous than was thought, based on the variability in clinical features, because mutations in the ABCA4 gene seems to be the major pathologic cause. Second, given the wide clinical spectrum of CRD-like phenotypes associated with ABCA4 mutations, detailed clinical subclassifications are difficult and may not be very useful.   Supported by the British Retinitis Pigmentosa Society, the Rotterdamse Vereniging Blindenbelangen, the Algemene Nederlandse Vereniging ter Voorkoming van Blindheid, the Stichting Blindenhulp, the Stichting de Drie Lichten, the Gelderse Blindenvereniging and the Landelijke Stichting voor Blinden en Slechtzienden and the Stichting voor Ooglijders.  Submitted for publication June 15, 2001; revised December 21, 2001; accepted January 2, 2002.  Commercial relationships policy: N.  The publication costs of this article were defrayed in part by page charge payment. This article must therefore be marked “advertisement” in accordance with 18 U.S.C. §1734 solely to indicate this fact.  Corresponding author: B. Jeroen Klevering, Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; b.klevering@ohk.azn.nl. Table 1. View Table Patients with Cone–Rod Degeneration and ABCA4 MutationsTable 1. Patients with Cone–Rod Degeneration and ABCA4 Mutations Patient Sex Current Age (ys) ABCA4 Mutations* Visual Acuity Age of Onset (ys) Fundoscopy Color Vision Perimetry ERG Cone (μV), † ERG Rod (μV), † OD OS OD OS OD OS 9250 M 30 1622T→C; 3113C→T 194G→A CF CF 6 Pigment clumping in the macula NP Large central scotoma over 40° ND, ‡ ND, ‡ 9303 M 21 1622T→C; 3113C→T 20/400 20/400 7 Granular pigmentary changes in the macula Diffusely disturbed Central scotoma of 20° Severely decreased, § Severely decreased, § 9369 F 40 6601-6602deIAG LP LP 8 Irregular hypopigmentation, mainly in the posterior pole. In later stages: attenuated vessels and bone spicula temporal to the macula Red-green defect Central scotoma varying from 10–30° 65 (65%) 80 (80%), ∥ 140 (90%) 160 (nl), ∥ 9370 M 15 1622T→C; 3113C→T 20/200 20/200 7 Granular aspect of the macula NP Concentric central scotoma of 8° 10 (13%) 9 (13%), ¶ 29 (29%) 29 (23%), ¶ 9371 M 38 1622T→C; 3113C→T 1622T→C;3113C→T 20/400 20/400 10 Bull’s eye maculopathy Red-green defect Concentric central scotoma of 20° NP 29 (16%), ‡ NP 54 (30%), ‡ 9378 F 50 768G→T CF CF 12 Bull’s eye maculopathy, narrow vessels in periphery with mild granular changes of the pigment epithelium and confluent patches of chorioretinal atrophy Severely disturbed Large, absolute, paracentral scotomas, relative scotoma centrally 20 (20%) 30 (30%), ∥ 70 (47%) 90 (60%), ∥ 9553 F 45 2588G→C IVS35del-2→+2del4 20/400 20/400 25 Bull’s eye maculopathy. Peripheral diffuse motting of RPE Severely disturbed Large central scotoma over 40° 14 (14%) 19 (19%), ¶ 41 (41%) 24 (24%), ¶ 9633 M 22 1622T→C; 3113C→T 4469G→A 20/400 20/200 12 Atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium in posterior pole. Early stages of bull’s eye maculopathy Red-green defect Central scotoma of 20° 12 (16%) 12 (16%), ¶ 61 (62%) 39 (39%), ¶ 9650 F 20 3364G→A 20/400 20/400 5 Central granular aspect Red-green defect Large central scotoma of 30° and relative constriction of III-4 70 (39%) 106 (59%), ‡ 272 (nl) 115 (76%), ‡ 10125 M 30 IVS30+1G→T 3085C→T 20/200 20/200 8 Central hypopigmentation with dark surrounding, resembling bull’s eye. Later in life: peripheral changes characteristic of RP Severe red-green defect; mild blue-yellow defect Central scotoma of 10–15° with mild peripheral restriction 75 (75%) 80 (80%), ∥ 130 (87%) 140 (93%), ∥ 11872 M 30 634C→T 20/200 20/200 10 Bull’s eye pattern Severely disturbed; blue-yellow more than red-green Central scotoma of 25° 23 (23%) 35 (35%), ∥ 110 (73%) 95 (63%), ∥ 13163 M 15 1622T→C;3113C→T IVS36+1G→A 20/400 20/200 6 Granular aspect of retinal pigment epithelium in macula. Slightly pale optic disc Severely disturbed Central scotoma of 10–15,° no peripheral involvement ND, ¶ ND, ¶  CF, count fingers; LP, light perception; ND, not detectable; NP, not performed. *  Allele 1, first line; allele 2, second line. †  Between parentheses: percentage of the ERG value compared to the lower limit of the normality; normal ERG values are indicated nl. ‡  Minimal values for ERG recordings: 150 μV for the photopic ERG, 180 μV for the scotopic ERG. §  ERG performed with skin electrodes. ∥  Minimal values for ERG recordings: 100 μV for the photopic ERG, 150 μV for the scotopic ERG. ¶  Minimal values for ERG recordings: 99 μV for the photopic ERG, 75 μV for the scotopic ERG. Figure 1. View OriginalDownload Slide (A–D) Fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms in eyes of patients with (atypical) CRD. (A) Patient 11872 with bull’s eye maculopathy. (B) Patient 9369, demonstrating CRD in the later stages with attenuation of the retinal arterioles and irregular pigmentation temporal to the macula. (C) Fluorescein angiograms in patient 9378 showing confluent patches of chorioretinal atrophy. (D) Patient 10125 with central hypofluorescence enclosed by an ellipsoid hyperfluorescent area. In the surrounding area, hyperfluorescent flecks are visible, and the choroidal background fluorescence seems blocked, as seen in STGD.

      Case#: Klevering Patient 9369, female, Netherlands, 40yo at report, 8yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: cone-rod degenerations/ ABCA4-associated retinal dystrophy resembling CRD

      FamilyInfo: "In view of the reputedly normal visual acuity of the parents and the molecular defects, the inheritance pattern of the gene defects in these patients (individuals 9303, 9369, 9553, and 13163) was classified as autosomal recessive."

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: Visual acuity: light perception OU. Fundoscopy: Irregular hypopigmentation, mainly in the posterior pole. In later stages: attenuated vessels and bone spicula temporal to the macula. Red-green defect of color vision. Perimetry: Central scotoma varying from 10–30°. ERG Cone (μV): OD-80 (80%), OS-140 (90%) from 12 yo (all ERG responses had been non-detectable since the age of 21). ERG Rod (μV): 160 (nl). Fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms show CRD in the later stages with attenuation of the retinal arterioles and irregular pigmentation temporal to the macula. Narrowing of retinal vessels and bone spicula (Fig 1B). Fundus description (PMID: 10958761): atrophy of the RPE around the optic disk, bone spicules along arteries and venules in the mid-periphery, and attenuated arterioles (Fig 1D)

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) and direct-sequencing techniques to look for mutations in the 50 exons and flanking intron sequences of the ABCA4 gene

      PreviouslyPublished: Maugeri et al (PMID: 10958761)

      Variant: c.6601_6602delAG

      CAID: CA227421

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Whole exome sequencing identifies a novel splice-site mutation in IMPG2gene causing Stargardt-like juvenile macular dystrophy in a northIndian family

      PMID:35973334

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNC ID: 34

      Case#: the youngest sister II.7, aged 12 years, was the least affected

      Variant splice-site variant NC_000003.11(NM_016247.3):c.1239 + 1G > T [Chr3:100972539C > A

      FammilyInfo two-generation north Indian family with three members affected with Stargardt-like macular dys trophy

      CasePresentingHPOs:ow vision and difficulty in night vision, with symptoms starting in the early second decade of life, which progressed slowly over time

      PedrigreeIn the results section is mentioned

      CaseHPOFreeText:NA

      CaseNotHPOs:Na

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:NA

      Genotyping Method:2.3. Validation of identified variant by Sanger sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished:NA

    1. ABCA4-retinopathy

      Case#: 1 male, 24 years old, from consanguineous parents, Somali ancestry.

      DiseaseAssertion: ABCA4-related retinopathy Stargardt disease

      FamilyInfo: Single affected individual consanguineous parents, Somali ancestry. No additional information about family is provided in text.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000572- reduced central vision, HP:0001102- Angioid streaks, HP:0007980- retinal pigment epithelium atrophy, HP:0007401- Macular atrophy, HP:0000630- Abnormal retinal arterial/arteriolar morphology

      CaseHPOFreeText: Presents with reduced central vision, Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) showed angioid streaks, reduced signal in the central macula indicative of retinal pigment epithelium atrophy. Electrophysiological testing showed severe macular dysfunction with generalized retinal involvement.

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0200070- Peripheral retinal atrophy

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: Peripheral retina appears unaffected after ultra-widefield FAF imaging

      Genotyping Method: PCR-amplification and Sanger sequencing of ABCA4 on Exon 42, Stargardt/Macular dystrophy SmartPanel v5; Molecular Vision Laboratory, Hillsboro, Oregon tested DNA for mutations which confirmed findings of ABCA4, with no additional pathogenic mutations found.

      PreviouslyPublished: PMID: 22261738, 1 male, 24 years old, from consanguineous parents, Somali ancestry presenting with reduced vision.

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5882G>A (p.Gly1961Glu)

      ClinVar: Variation ID: 7888

      CAID: N/A

      SupplementalData: N/A

    1. 20/28/2/18/
female CRD c.1654 G>A
c.4363 T>C 35, 35 38,
34 52,
57 4,
5 45.0,
42.5 1.0,
0.7

      Case#: Subject 20, 28yo, 18yo at first ffERG, Sweden, female

      DiseaseAssertion: CRD, group 2

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs:

      CaseHPOFreeText: extensive atrophies in the posterior pole. peripheral pigmentations. few peripapillary changes. Normal thickness of the most central segment recorded on OCT. total absence of the PIL (photoreceptor integrity line) and RPE atrophy on the OCT B-scans. ETDRS VA score= 35, 35. Rod
ffERG= 38, 34 Ampl
(µV). Combined ffERG= 52, 57 Ampl
(µV). Cone
ffERG= 4, 5; 45.0, 42.5 Amp IT
(µV; ms). mERG sum= 1.0, 0.7 Ampl (µV). Group 2 with larger central scotomas from 10° to 35°

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Sequence analysis of the entire coding region of the ABCA4 gene was performed.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.1654G>A; c.4363T>C

      CAID: CA239745

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Sixteen patients from 13 families with signs of Stargardt macular dystrophy/fundus flavimaculatus and known mutations on both alleles of the ABCA4 gene (15 compound heterozygous, one homozygous) were characterized by clinical examination, fundus autofluorescence, psychophysics (color vision, kinetic and two-color dark- and light-adapted static threshold perimetry), and electrophysiology (Ganzfeld, multifocal ERG, EOG).

      Article is a PDF, so annotating here.

      ClinVar assertion listed this paper; however looking at the genotype table, none of the variants appear to match the variant in question.

    1. Patient 2

      Case#: 39 Year Old Female, India Punjab

      DiseaseAssertion: EORSD

      FamilyInfo: Family history for other disease was negative, husband was first cousin and their son had normal vision

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007401, HP:0007913

      CaseHPOFreeText: Macular atrophy and pigmentation, yellowish flecks

      CaseNotHPOs: N/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: N/a

      Genotyping Method: BGISeq-500 2 x 100-bp paired-end module, Burrows-Wheeler Aligner and Genome Analysis Tooklit HaploptypeCaller

      PreviouslyPublished: N/a

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.6729+5_6729+19del

      ClinVar: 283573

      CAID: CA501163

      SupplementalData: Confirmed that she had never seen properly or normally, marked horizontal nystagmus and poor pupil reaction to light

    1. Additional file 2: All supplemental tables cited in the text. Enclosed data include data set meta-information, CAP scores for all drug-related genes, DRP scores for all drugs, CAP and DRP differences between populations, and a comparison between allele frequencies in the studied data set and CPIC guidelines. (XLSX 776 kb)13073_2017_502_MOESM2_ESM.xlsx (776K)GUID: B02AAF40-A613-411F-A471-357C45A33F82

      This variant is mentioned in the supplemental table, S1 CAP. No additional details provided

    1. Screening of reported pathogenic variants in ABCA4 for Stargardt (STGD) The disease prevalence of STGD is estimated as 1 in 10000 individuals4. It has been estimated that about 70% of STGD patients carry variants in ABCA45. Therefore, this represents the scenario of a recessive disease with a relatively homogeneous genetic cause. We screened 945 reported pathogenic variants in ABCA4 genes collected in HGMD. Among them, 11 variants are likely benign, as their population AF in is higher than 0.7% (1/20000‾‾‾‾‾‾‾‾√)<math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline" id="M11"><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>20000</mn></mrow></msqrt></mrow><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow></math>, the cutoff based on STGD disease prevalence, therefore were excluded from further analysis. The remaining 934 variants were subjected to our test model. As a result, 26 variants with the AF in the range of 0.46% to 0.03% were identified as likely benign (Binomial test1, Bonferroni correction p-value ≤ 0.05/934 and test2 Bonferroni correction p-value > 0.05/934) (Figure 3A).

      This variant is reported in Table S6, but only location, predictions, frequencies, etc are reported for it, not cases.

    1. STGD-06

      Case#: Case 6, Sex:Female, Age:34

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs: n/a

      CaseHPOFreeText: Clinical Notes: Classic Stargardt. General notes: participant had classic features of STGD and field ERG showed abnormal cone responses with preserved rod function.

      CaseNotHPOs:n/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: n/a

      Genotyping Method: Exome sequencing data generation. Additional sequencing targeted amplification fo PRPH2 and ELOVL4 using PCR.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: ABCA4, NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.2966T>C (p.Val989Ala)

      ClinVar: Variation ID: 99180

      SupplementalData: Proband variant information given in Table 1.

    1. Case 4A 52-year-old male was examined for declining vision OS over the past few months. He was previously clinically diagnosed with STGD 7 years before presentation. Family history was not significant for ocular disease. Best-corrected visual acuity measured 20/100 OD and 20/70 OS. Spherical refractive error measured −3.00 OD and −3.25 OS. Anterior segment examination was unremarkable and applanation tonometry measured 17 mmHg OD and 14 mmHg OS. Posterior segment examination was significant for central atrophy and classic peripheral pisciform flecks sparing the peripapillary regions OU (Figure 4, A and B). Autofluorescence imaging demonstrated inner atrophic flecks and outer hyperautofluorescent flecks. Moderate peripapillary hypoautofluorescence, but not atrophy, was present, likely secondary to the patient’s myopia (Figure 4, C and D). Genotyping revealed two heterozygous ABCA4 mutations, P1380L and S1696N.Open in a separate windowFig. 4Case 4. STGD mutation IVS40 + 5G>A. A, Color Photo OU. B, Red-Free Photo OU reveal central atrophy and classic peripheral pisciform flecks sparing the peripapillary regions OU. C, Autofluorescence OD. D, Autofluorescence OS show that the innermost flecks are hypoautofluorescent, consistent with atrophy, whereas the outermost flecks are hyperautofluorescent, demonstrating excess lipofuscin. There is moderate peripapillary hypoautofluorescence that is not as dark as this patient’s central atrophy or the peripapillary atrophy of Case 1. This finding may thus be due to the patient’s myopia.

      Case#: Hwang Case 4, male, 52yo at report, 45yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt

      FamilyInfo: Family history was not significant for ocular disease.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000545

      CaseHPOFreeText: declining vision OS, BCVA was 20/100 OD and 20/70 OS. Spherical refractive error measured −3.00 OD and −3.25 OS. Posterior segment examination was significant for central atrophy and classic peripheral pisciform flecks sparing the peripapillary regions OU (Figure 4, A and B). Autofluorescence imaging demonstrated inner atrophic flecks and outer hyperautofluorescent flecks. Moderate peripapillary hypoautofluorescence, but not atrophy, was present (Figure 4, C and D).

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0500087

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping was performed by the ABCR400 microarray followed by direct sequencing to confirm identified variants.

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: P1380L and S1696N

      ClinVar: 7904

      CAID: CA129033

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. Mutations of the retinal specific ATP binding transporter gene (ABCR) in a single family segregating both autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa RP19 and Stargardt disease: evidence of clinical heterogeneity at this locus

      PMID: 10874631

      Gene: ABCA4

      HGNC ID: 34

      Case#: patient 34, female

      DiseaseAssertion: STGD

      FamilyInfo: paternal first cousin with RP19, healthy father heterozygous for 1938-1 G>A splice mutation

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007663, HP:0000608, HP:0000603,

      CaseHPOFreeText: yellowish flecks

      Genotyping Method: PRISMTM Ready Reaction Sequencing Kit on an automatic fluorometric DNA sequencer

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.1938-1G>A

      ClinVar: 99106 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/99106/?term=%22ABCA4%22%5BGENE%5D+AND+%22(c.1938-1G%3EA)%22%5BVARNAME%5D

      gnomAD: 0.000002488 https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/variant/1-94060760-C-T?dataset=gnomad_r4

    1. Patient 1 is 44 years old and presented in 1991 aged 23 with deteriorating central vision and visual acuity (VA) of 6/36 in the right eye and 6/60 in the left. Fundus photography in 1994 identified bilateral numerous yellowish-white flecks at the posterior pole (Fig. 1). In 2003, her VA was 6/60 in each eye, with bilateral macular atrophy surrounded by flecks (Fig. 1). Autofluorescence (AF) imaging in 2005 detected a localized low signal at the macula with numerous foci of abnormal signal (Fig. 1). By 2008, the macular atrophy had enlarged and flecks were less apparent.

      Case#: Female, age 44 years old

      DiseaseAssertion: Discordant STGD phenotype

      FamilyInfo: Information revolving the sister of this patient is given as well as they both have a discordant STGD phenotype. Additionally, it mentions that the parents each harboured a mutation but were asymptomatic/had normal examination results.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0001141, HP:0007401, HP:0030602

      CaseHPOFreeText: At 23 central vision was deteriorating and patient had a VA of 6/36 in the right eye and 6/60 in the left. Through fundus photography, bilateral yellow/white flecks were found at the posterior pole. 12 years later, her VA was retested and it was 6/60 in both eyes. After autofluorescnece (AF) imaging was done, there was localized low signal at the macula found with abnromal foci. In 2008 her macular atrophy had enlarged and the flecks were less apparent.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/a

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: In this article there was not a phenotype presented that was normal.

      CasePreviousTesting: It mentioned that there were two previously reported variants on the same allele detected in the siblings and one unique novel variant on the second allele for this patient. However, the testing they used was not listed, it just stated that the variants were found through sequencing. For this patient the variants were p.L541P/p.A1038V and p.R881C.

      GenotypingMethod: Just mentioned sequencing and ABCA4 screening to look for two variants p.L541V and p.A1038V and a third novel variant p.R881C.

      PreviouslyPublished: N/a

      Variant: 1) NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.1622T>C (p.Leu541Pro) 2) NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.3113C>T (p.Ala1038Val) 3) N/a

      ClinVar ID: 1) 99067 2) 7894 3) N/a

      **CAID: ** 3) Because there was not a reference or alternate allele provided in this article I was unable to find a CAID for p.R881C.

      gnomAD: 1) Highest minor allele frequency was 0.00017 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/99067/) 2) Highest minor allele frequency was 0.00188 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/clinvar/variation/7894/) 3) N/a

      SupplementalData: Figure 1 had information regarding imaging and other testing done on the patient that is vital for phenotypic characterization. Also, it mentions a variant known as p.R881C, but was unable to find anything on ClinVar or gnomAD.

    1. We report an 11-year-old girl

      Case#: 11 year old female

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt’s Disease

      ParentalTesting: She was the product of an uncomplicated pregnancy born to a healthy Filipino mother and Italian/Irish father with no known family history of ocular disease. The mother and father were asymptomatic but not examined. Segregation analyses showed that both parents are asymptomatic carriers.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0007754, HP:0011462, HP:0008035

      CasePhenotypeFreeText: The ABCA4 gene, when mutated, results in a spectrum of retinal degeneration, including Stargardt macular dystrophy, fundus flavimaculatus, autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa, and cone-rod dystrophy (1). Over 800 disease-associated ABCA4 gene mutations have been reported.

      CaseNotHPOs: N/A

      CaseNotPhenotypeFreeText: N/A

      CasePreviousTesting: The proband underwent a full consultative ophthalmic examination at the Ocular Genetics Clinic at Wills Eye Hospital, including visual acuity, slit-lamp, and dilated fundus examination. Fundus autofluorescence and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (Spectralis; Heidelberg Engineering), Goldmann visual field (Octopus 900 perimeter; Haag-Streit International), and intravenous fluorescein angiography were obtained. Full-field electroretinogram (Espion; Diagnosys LLC) and multifocal electroretinogram (Veris V.6.4.3; EDI Inc.) were performed in accordance with the International Society of Clinical Electrophysiology and Vision standards. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/125 in the right eye and 20/200 in the left eye. The patient demonstrated eccentric fixation. Pupillary responses were normal. Slit-lamp examination was normal. Fundus examination revealed healthy optic nerves and retinal blood vessels, bilateral macular geographic pigmentary stippling with subretinal flecks in and around this area, and a blunted internal limiting membrane reflex (Fig. 1). Peripheral retina was normal.

      GenotypingMethod: Genotyping microarray chips for ABCA4 can identify >98% of the most common mutations. In this report, we describe 2 novel ABCA4 variants in a patient with Stargardt disease. Bioinformatic and in silico analysis of the functional consequences of these variants provided compelling evidence for pathogenicity.

      Variant: c.850_857delATTCAAGA and c.6184_6187delGTCT

      CAID: CA10604079 and CA10604078

      MultipleGeneVariants: N/A

      PreviouslyPublished: N/A

      AdditionalInfo: Bioinformatic assessment of the c.850_857delATTCAAGA mutation showed that it resulted in a truncated 317 amino acid polypeptide, devoid of several essential domains of the ABCA4 transporter. The c.6184_6187delGTCT mutation led to a premature stop codon at the C-terminal end of the protein, resulting in a loss of a total of 161 amino acid residues. Although less than 7% of the protein was absent, the important VFVNFA motif, present within the last 30 amino acids of the NBD2 domain, was deleted (Fig. 2). This motif is known to be critical to ABCA4 protein function, is highly conserved among members of the ABCA transporter subfamily, and has also been linked to Tangier disease in the ABCA1 protein (9). Removal of this motif in ABCA4 leads to a loss of retinal stimulated ATPase in vitro and energy transduction of the transporter (9, 10). Protein modeling predicted a loss of an essential β-sheet, which significantly altered its structure. The NBD domains are sites of ATP hydrolysis that provide energy for transport of R-PE through rod outer segment membranes. Enzymatic studies suggest that the NBD2 domain in particular provides energy necessary for translocation of retinal derivatives generated in the visual cycle. The structural changes in NBD2 would affect ABCA4 transporter’s ability to transport retinoids, leading to accumulation of cytotoxic lipofuscin in RPE cells and ultimately photoreceptor cell death.

    1. A cohort of 12 unrelated STGD families diagnosed on the basis of clinical manifestations underwent analysis by targeted exome or whole-exome sequencing. Bioinformatics analysis, Sanger sequencing, and cosegregation analysis of available family members were used to validate sequencing data and confirm the presence of disease-causing genes. Results: Using targeted exome and whole-exome sequencing, we found that eight families had disease-causing variants in the ABCA4 gene, one family had only one heterozygous variant in the ABCA4 gene, and the remaining three families have not been identified with any disease-causing variants for STGD. We identified 15 variants in the ABCA4 gene; of these, five variants have not been previously described for STGD.

      Unable to annotate on PDF, so annotating here.

      Case#: Proband #4, male, Chinese, onset at 12yo

      DiseaseAssertion: stargardt

      FamilyInfo: parents are deceased, so phase is unknown. daughter is an unaffected carrier of this variant

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0025147, HP:0011507, HP:0000608

      CaseHPOFreeText: BCVA=0.3/CF, mean retinal nerve fiber layer(µm)=167/154, Visual field(mean deviation)= 7.52/NA, fundus fluorescein angiography=type C (a pattern of speckled hypofluorescence and hyperfluorescence without central hypofluorescence)

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: c.6289C > T p.(Pro2097Ser); c.4720G > T p.(Glu1574*) on targeted exome sequencing or WES

      ClinVar: 2202780; 1460063

      CAID: CA341277622; CA341283936

      SupplementalData: n/a

    1. To determine the overall CF for all AR-IRD–causing mutations in different subpopulations, we initially calculated CF for each of the 10,044 likely pathogenic variants in each subpopulation (SI Appendix, Tables S2 and S3).

      This variant is found in Supplemental Table S3, but this table lists frequencies and does not give case information

    2. To determine the overall CF for all AR-IRD–causing mutations in different subpopulations, we initially calculated CF for each of the 10,044 likely pathogenic variants in each subpopulation (SI Appendix, Tables S2 and S3).

      This variant is found in Supplemental Table S3, but this table lists frequencies and does not give case information

    1. The proband

      Case#: two affected sisters

      DiseaseAssertion: Stargardt Disease

      FamilyInfo: compound heterozygotes for the mutations. Unaffected family members did not carry either or had one of the two mutations.

      CasePresentingHPOs: NR

      CaseHPOFreeText: NR

      CaseNotHPOs: NR

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: NR

      Genotyping Method: ABCA4 408 microsatellite

      PreviouslyPublished: NR

      Variant: NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.5018+2T>C , NM_000350.3(ABCA4):c.655A>T

      ClinVar: 265008, 632118

      CAID: CA10588304, CA645372240

      SupplementalData: NR

    1. We identified 255 patients (87.9 %) harboring biallelic ABCA4 variants, 27 probands (9.3 %) with two or three variants but lacking familial segregation analysis, and eight patients (2.8 %) with monoallelic ABCA4 variants (Supplemental Table S4). We detected 268 distinct ABCA4 variants, consisting of 114 missense, 35 nonsense, 34 frameshift deletion or insertion, 31 canonical splice variants, 13 noncanonical splice site variants, 9 in-frame deletion or insertion, 9 DIVs, 4 structural variations, and 19 complex variants (Fig. 2).

      Case#: Patient#010455, Chinese, male, 18yo at onset

      DiseaseAssertion: stargardt

      FamilyInfo: n/a

      CasePresentingHPOs: STGD1 diagnosis based on the following criteria: "a bilateral central vision defect; fundus displaying a beaten-bronze appearance and/or orange-yellow flecks in the retina from the macula to the midperiphery; fluorescein angiography presenting with a typical dark choroid; and normal to subnormal ERG results." BCVA=0.01/ 0.01

      CaseHPOFreeText:

      CaseNotHPOs:

      CaseNotHPOFreeText:

      PreviouslyPublished: n/a

      Variant: p.P2097S; c.4906_4908del p.(Asn1636del) phase unknown

      ClinVar: 2202780;

      CAID: CA341277622;

      SupplementalData: supplementary table S4 has phenotype information

    1. a 45-year-old man

      Case#: a 45-year-old man from Sardinia, Italy

      DiseaseAssertion: Cone rod dystrophy

      FamilyInfo: Five members, this patient is the only one affected by CRD

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000505, HP:0007663, HP:0000603, HP:0001123, HP:0000608, HP:0007401, HP:0011504, HP:0000548, HP:0030329, HP:0000543

      CaseHPOFreeText: 1998: Subacute central vision loss in both eyes, choroidal and RPE atrophy surrounding left fovea and small white patches of atrophy around right fovea. Pale appearance of optic disc in both eyes. Punctate retinal pigment epitheliopathy observed bilaterally in midperipheral retina, hyperfluorescent macular regions suggesting bull's eye maculopathy. Paracentral ring scotoma, surrounded by a relative annular scotoma, early and predominant involvement of photopic over scotopic responses; 2018: BCVA was bilateral light perception with visual field extinction. FAF showed a central round area of decreased autofluorescence corresponding to area of macular atrophy, surrounded by an area of relatively increased autofluorescence. Several roundish areas of reduced autofluorescence in midperipheral retina. Severe macular atrophy surrounded by a ring of preserved RPE in both eyes. Sparse pigmentary deposits in midperipheral retina of both eyes. Severe bilateral retinal thinning with disappearance of external retinal layers. Outer retina tubulations

      CaseNotHPOs: HP:0025148

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: No pigment deposits on optic disc, no dark choroid

      Genotyping Method: Candidate gene approach on ABCA4 followed by whole exome sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: NR

      Variant: NM_000350, c.4535C>G, p.P1512R

      ClinVar: 99291

      CAID: CA227203

      SupplementalData: Patient's healthy brother showed the same molecular condition for ABCA4. Patient also has 2 novel frameshift mutations in C2orf71.

    1. An eight year-old Hispanic female

      Case#: An 8-year old Hispanic female

      DiseaseAssertion: Whole exome sequencing identified a homozygous ABCA4 missense variant (p.Arg602Trp) that has been identified as a Stargardt Disease mutation

      FamilyInfo: consanguinity, her parents being first cousins, no family history of blindness. Familial cosegregation analysis was used, with both parents being heterozygous carriers.

      CasePresentingHPOs: HP:0000529, HP:0000662, HP:0000556, HP:0002017,HP:0008046, HP:0031528, HP:0003678

      CaseHPOFreeText: rapidly progressive vision loss, nyctalopia and retinal dystrophy, bilateral decreased vision following a febrile gastrointestinal illness with nausea and vomiting, Initial visual acuity was 20/60 at distance and 20/30 at near in both eyes, after 2 years visual acuities of 20/200 at distance in both eyes, attenuated vessels and multiple subretinal blister-like elevations, Cycloplegic retinoscopy detected very mild hyperopia and astigmatism in both eyes (OD: + 1.00 sphere + 1.00 cylinder axis 110 degrees; OS: + 0.75 sphere + 0.50 cylinder axis 60 degrees)

      CaseNotHPOs: NR

      CaseNotHPOFreeText: no evidence of a diffuse post-infectious/inflammatory process

      Genotyping Method: DNA analysis by whole exomic sequencing

      PreviouslyPublished: No

      Variant: NM_000350.3:c.1804C>T

      ClinVar:99084

      CAID:CA226932

      SupplementalData: