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: t(27) = 2.66, p<0.05)
Is this t test correct? The t statistic and degrees of freedom you've provided don't seem to be consistent with any given p-value given.
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t(27) = 5.31, p<0.01)
Is this t test correct? The t statistic and degrees of freedom you've provided don't seem to be consistent with any given p-value given.
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t(44) = 3.10, p<0.05;
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vs. t(72) = 3.07, p<0.05)
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t(27) = 3.12, p<0.05)
Is this t test correct? The t statistic and degrees of freedom you've provided don't seem to be consistent with any given p-value given.
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t(55) = 2.02, p<0.05)
Is this t test correct? The t statistic and degrees of freedom you've provided don't seem to be consistent with any given p-value given.
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Corresponding author
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References
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Irino & Tada 2009)
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Lee and Sherman, 2011)
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Sherman and Guillery, 1998)
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Groenewegen and Berendse, 1994;
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Golding et al., 2002)
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Popescu et al., 2007)
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Pakhotin and Bracci, 2007)
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Pawlak and Kerr, 2008)
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Surmeier et al., 2007;
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Calabresi et al., 2007;
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Mahon et al., 2004;
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Kreitzer and Malenka, 2007;
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Kreitzer and Malenka, 2008)
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Losonczy et al., 2008)
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Plotkin et al., 2011)
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Nanda et al., 2009)
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Berndt et al., 2011)
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Gunaydin et al., 2010)
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Smeal et al., 2007)
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Ding et al., 2010)
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Kitai et al., 1976;
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Ellender et al., 2011)
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Groenewegen, 1988)
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Herkenham, 1979;
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Krettek and Price, 1977;
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Boyden et al., 2005)
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Smeal et al., 2008)
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Ding et al., 2008;
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Moss and Bolam, 2008;
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Raju et al., 2006;
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Fujiyama et al., 2006;
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Lacey et al., 2005;
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Sidibe and Smith, 1999)
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Rudkin and Sadikot, 1999;
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Lapper and Bolam, 1992;
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Lacey et al., 2007)
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Sadikot et al., 1992;
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Xu et al., 1991;
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Smith et al., 2009)
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Castle et al., 2005;
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Berendse and Groenewegen, 1990;
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Macchi et al., 1984)
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Doig et al., 2010)
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Smith et al., 2004;
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Buchwald et al., 1973;
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Yin and Knowlton, 2006)
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Grillner et al., 2005;
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Graybiel et al., 1994;
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Irino, T; Tada, R (2009): Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP Site 127‐797. Geological Institute, University of Tokyo. http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.726855
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Yin HH, Knowlton BJ (2006) The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:464-476.
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Smith Y, Raju D, Nanda B, Pare JF, Galvan A, Wichmann T (2009) The thalamostriatal systems: anatomical and functional organization in normal and parkinsonian states. Brain Res Bull 78:60-68.
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Smith Y, Raju DV, Pare JF, Sidibe M (2004) The thalamostriatal system: a highly specific network of the basal ganglia circuitry. Trends Neurosci 27:520-527.
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Smeal RM, Gaspar RC, Keefe KA, Wilcox KS (2007) A rat brain slice preparation for characterizing both thalamostriatal and corticostriatal afferents. J Neurosci Methods 159:224-235.
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Sadikot AF, Parent A, Smith Y, Bolam JP (1992) Efferent connections of the centromedian and parafascicular thalamic nuclei in the squirrel monkey: a light and electron microscopic study of the thalamostriatal projection in relation to striatal heterogeneity. J Comp Neurol 320:228-242.
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Rudkin TM, Sadikot AF (1999) Thalamic input to parvalbumin-immunoreactive GABAergic interneurons: organization in normal striatum and effect of neonatal decortication. Neuroscience 88:1165-1175.
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Raju DV, Shah DJ, Wright TM, Hall RA, Smith Y (2006) Differential synaptology of vGluT2-containing thalamostriatal afferents between the patch and matrix compartments in rats. J Comp Neurol 499:231-243.
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Popescu AT, Saghyan AA, Pare D (2007) NMDA-dependent facilitation of corticostriatal plasticity by the amygdala. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:341-346.
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Plotkin JL, Day M, Surmeier DJ (2011) Synaptically driven state transitions in distal dendrites of striatal spiny neurons. Nat Neurosci 14:881-888.
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Pawlak V, Kerr JN (2008) Dopamine receptor activation is required for corticostriatal spike-timing-dependent plasticity. J Neurosci 28:2435-2446.
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Pakhotin P, Bracci E (2007) Cholinergic interneurons control the excitatory input to the striatum. J Neurosci 27:391-400.
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Nanda B, Galvan A, Smith Y, Wichmann T (2009) Effects of stimulation of the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus on the activity of striatal cells in awake rhesus monkeys. Eur J Neurosci 29:588-598.
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Moss J, Bolam JP (2008) A dopaminergic axon lattice in the striatum and its relationship with cortical and thalamic terminals. J Neurosci 28:11221-11230.
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Mahon S, Deniau JM, Charpier S (2004) Corticostriatal plasticity: life after the depression. Trends Neurosci 27:460-467.
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Macchi G, Bentivoglio M, Molinari M, Minciacchi D (1984) The thalamo-caudate versus thalamo-cortical projections as studied in the cat with fluorescent retrograde double labeling. Exp Brain Res 54:225-239.
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Losonczy A, Makara JK, Magee JC (2008) Compartmentalized dendritic plasticity and input feature storage in neurons. Nature 452:436-441.
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Lee CC, Sherman SM (2011) Drivers and modulators in the central auditory pathways. Front Neurosci 4:79.
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Lapper SR, Bolam JP (1992) Input from the frontal cortex and the parafascicular nucleus to cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal striatum of the rat. Neuroscience 51:533-545.
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Lacey CJ, Boyes J, Gerlach O, Chen L, Magill PJ, Bolam JP (2005) GABA(B) receptors at glutamatergic synapses in the rat striatum. Neuroscience 136:1083-1095.
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Lacey CJ, Bolam JP, Magill PJ (2007) Novel and distinct operational principles of intralaminar thalamic neurons and their striatal projections. J Neurosci 27:4374-4384.
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Krettek JE, Price JL (1977) The cortical projections of the mediodorsal nucleus and adjacent thalamic nuclei in the rat. J Comp Neurol 171:157-191.
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Kreitzer AC, Malenka RC (2007) Endocannabinoid-mediated rescue of striatal LTD and motor deficits in Parkinson's disease models. Nature 445:643-647.
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Kitai ST, Kocsis JD, Preston RJ, Sugimori M (1976) Monosynaptic inputs to caudate neurons identified by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase. Brain Res 109:601-606.
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Herkenham M (1979) The afferent and efferent connections of the ventromedial thalamic nucleus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 183:487-517.
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Gunaydin LA, Yizhar O, Berndt A, Sohal VS, Deisseroth K, Hegemann P (2010) Ultrafast optogenetic control. Nat Neurosci 13:387-392.
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Groenewegen HJ, Berendse HW (1994) The specificity of the 'nonspecific' midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei. Trends Neurosci 17:52-57.
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Groenewegen HJ (1988) Organization of the afferent connections of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus in the rat, related to the mediodorsal-prefrontal topography. Neuroscience 24:379-431.
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Grillner S, Hellgren J, Menard A, Saitoh K, Wikstrom MA (2005) Mechanisms for selection of basic motor programs--roles for the striatum and pallidum. Trends Neurosci 28:364-370.
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Graybiel AM, Aosaki T, Flaherty AW, Kimura M (1994) The basal ganglia and adaptive motor control. Science 265:1826-1831.
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Golding NL, Staff NP, Spruston N (2002) Dendritic spikes as a mechanism for cooperative long-term potentiation. Nature 418:326-331.
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Fujiyama F, Unzai T, Nakamura K, Nomura S, Kaneko T (2006) Difference in organization of corticostriatal and thalamostriatal synapses between patch and matrix compartments of rat neostriatum. Eur J Neurosci 24:2813-2824.
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Ellender TJ, Huerta-Ocampo I, Deisseroth K, Capogna M, Bolam JP (2011) Differential modulation of excitatory and inhibitory striatal synaptic transmission by histamine. J Neurosci 31:15340-15351.
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Doig NM, Moss J, Bolam JP (2010) Cortical and thalamic innervation of direct and indirect pathway medium-sized spiny neurons in mouse striatum. J Neurosci 30:14610-14618.
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Calabresi P, Picconi B, Tozzi A, Di Filippo M (2007) Dopamine-mediated regulation of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity. Trends Neurosci 30:211-219.
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Buchwald NA, Price DD, Vernon L, Hull CD (1973) Caudate intracellular response to thalamic and cortical inputs. Exp Neurol 38:311-323.
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Berndt A, Schoenenberger P, Mattis J, Tye KM, Deisseroth K, Hegemann P, Oertner TG (2011) High-efficiency channelrhodopsins for fast neuronal stimulation at low light levels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.
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Berendse HW, Groenewegen HJ (1990) Organization of the thalamostriatal projections in the rat, with special emphasis on the ventral striatum. J Comp Neurol 299:187-228.
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Acknowledgements and funding
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Introduction
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t(72) = 1.73, p<0.05;
This t-test is consistent with its p-value using a 1 tailed test
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: t(27) = 1.99, p<0.05;
This t-test is consistent with its p-value using a 1 tailed test
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: t(27) = 1.98, p<0.05)
This t-test is consistent with its p-value using a 1 tailed test
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This looks like an institutional email address
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Figure 5: Long term plasticity at Pf, but not CL, synapses
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Figure 3: Dynamic properties of CL, Pf and cortical synapses on MSNs
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Figure 2: The majority of MSNs receive both thalamic and cortical input
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1: Localized transfection of thalamic neurons in the central lateral or parafascicular thalamic nucleus
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Data Access
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bstract
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32%
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30%
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Abbreviated title
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Figure 5A
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Figure 3A
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Figure 2B
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Figure 1A,
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Discussion
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p=0.02)
It's good practice to report p values exactly. So a p value of 0.46 would be reported as p = .46, not p < .05. An exception is for p values less than 0.001, which can always be reported as p < .001.
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Conflicts of Interests
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Irino, T; Tada, R (2009): Chemical and mineral compositions of sediments from ODP Site 127‐797. Geological Institute, University of Tokyo. http://dx.doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.726855
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References
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