wanted to moveaway from both the established order of fictionand the established order of society which wasbased on the standard, as Woolf says, set byWhitaker’s Table of Precedency: “

narrative not only discards therepresentative element in the narrative dis-course, it does away with most of the conventions– plot, character, setting - which are commonlyobserved by the novelist, and concentrates onthe workings of the mind at large, on the eyless,i.e., on “the flickerings of that innermost flamewhich flashes its messages through the brain”27

nfold in random order that turns into afragmentary collage of unfinished vignettes. Andas it turns, it produces a series of multifariousintrospections on the nature of life and theweight of reality, the future of literature and thecommitments of the writer, the social order ofmale–governed and military-oriented hierarchicsociety etc.

“dormant”emotions are aroused, her “latent perception”is evoked, and the imagination is stirred.

he Mark on the Wall” (1918),one of Woolf’s early exercises with narrative and“visual language” that fully accords with thetenets of the Post-Impressionist paradigmmentioned above, W

o arouse emotions which are normallydormant

into the life of Monday or Tuesday”14.

mind receives a myriadimpressions – trivial, fantas

writermust abandon the tyranny of convention andpursue a form that can resemble the mentalreality,

ote that this i

uring the Stevens inquiry it became apparent that the UDA had access to a large number of security files on Republicans and suspected members of Republican paramilitary groups.

UDA, through the use of road blocks, which brought large sections of Northern Ireland to a stand-still

s 40,000)

In April 1983 Joseph Bennett, who was a commander in the UVF, became an informer giving the RUC information which lead to the conviction of 14 leading members of the UVF. In the coming years the UVF was to suffer from the effects of further informers.

e Red Hand Commando (RHC) a loyalist paramilitary group closely associated with the UVF was formed in 1972.

aim of the present UVF is to ensure that Northern Ireland's constitutional position within the United Kingdom is secur

hen UVF joined the British Army's 36th (Ulster) Division and fought - and died in large number

It is estimated that the UVF and RHC were responsible for the deaths of over 500 people, mainly Catholic civilians.

22

33

75

351

Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) 62

Protestant Action Force (PAF) 37

ederick Douglas

The arm of the Lord is not shortened,” and the doom of slavery is certain. I, therefore, leave off where I began, with hope. While drawing encouragement from the Declaration of Independence, the great principles it contains, and the genius of American Institutions, my spirit is also cheered by the obvious tendencies of the age

the Constitution is a GLORIOUS LIBERTY DOCUMENT. Read its preamble, consider its purposes. Is slavery among them? Is it at the gateway? or is it in the temple? It is neither. While I do not intend to argue this question on the present occasion, let me ask, if it be not somewhat singular that, if the Constitution were intended to be, by its framers and adopters, a slave-holding instrument, why neither slavery, slaveholdi

Then, I dare to affirm, notwithstanding all I have said before, your fathers stooped, basely stooped To palter with us in a double sense: And keep the word of promise to the ear, But break it to the heart.37 And instead of being the honest men I have before declared them to be, they were the veriest imposters that ever practiced on mankind. T

ndangers your Unio

ou declare, before the world, and are understood by the world to declare, that you “hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal; and are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; and that, among these are, life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;” and yet, you hold securely, in a bondage which, according to your own Thomas Jefferson, “is worse than ages of that which your fathers rose in rebellion to oppose,” a seventh part of the inhabitants of your country.

aro

republican religion,

improving the condition of mankind,

hey teach that we ought to obey man’s law before the law of God.32

American church is guilty, when viewed in connection with what it is doing to uphold slavery; but it is superlatively guilty when viewed in connection with its ability to abolish slavery.

and tramples in the dust the great truth of the brotherhood of man.

given the sanction of religion and the Bible to the whole slave system.

The fact that the church of our country, (with fractional exceptions), does not esteem “the Fugitive Slave Law” as a declaration of war against religious liberty, implies that that church regards religion simply as a form of worship, an empty ceremony, and not a vital principle, requiring active benevolence, justice, love and good will towards man.

lavery has been nationalized in its most horrible and revolting form. By that act, Mason and Dixon’s line has been obliterated;25 New York has become as Virginia; and the power to hold, hunt, and sell men, women, and children as slaves remains no longer a mere state institution, but is now an institution of the whole United States

i

hout wages, to k

uld you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty? that he is the rightful owner of his own body? You have already declared it

Must I undertake to prove that the slave is a man? That point is conceded already. Nobody doubts it. The slaveholders themselves acknowledge it in the enactment of laws for their government.

n the name of the constitution and the Bible, which are disregarded and trampled upon, dare to call in question and to denounce, with all the emphasis I can command, everything that serves to perpetuate slavery

do not hesitate to declare,

ellow-citizens; ab

mouth

The rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity and independence, bequeathed by your fathers, is shared by you, not by

The evil that men do, lives after them, The good is oft-interred with their bones.18

Washington could not die till he had broken the chains of his slaves. Yet his monument is built up by the price of human blood, and the traders in the bodies and souls of men shout — “We have Washington to our father

The causes which led to the separation of the colonies from the British crown have never lacked for a tongue.

interests.

eclaration of Independence is the ring-bolt to the chain of your nation’s destiny; so, indeed, I regard it. The principles contained in that instrument are saving principles

th of July is the first great fact in your nation’s history — the very ring-bolt in the chain of your yet undeveloped destiny.

They did so in the form of a resolution; and as we seldom hit upon resolutions, drawn up in our day whose transparency is at all equal to this, it may refresh your minds and help my story if I read it. “

hese people were called Tories8 in the days of your fathers; and the appellation, probably, conveyed the same idea that is meant by a more modern, though a somewhat less euphonious9 term, which we often find in our papers, applied to some of our old politician

they became restive under this treatment.

This, however, did not answer the purpose. They saw themselves treated with sovereign indifference, coldness and scorn. Yet they persevered. They were not the men to look back

t is fashionable to do so; but there was a time when to pronounce against England, and in favor of the cause of the colonies, tried men’s souls.

fathers

It is the birthday of your National Independence, and of your political freedom.

we”, “us”, “they” and “you”?

wo years after the Compromise of 1850, which included a strengthening of the Fugitive Slave Act—which bolstered the ability of Southern planters to retrieve escaped slaves in the North—Douglass praised American political principles while excoriating the country for ways in which slavery made a mockery of these very same ideals.

The term 'punishment' attacks covers shootings or beatings carried out by paramilitary groups on individuals they accuse of being involved in activities that are classified as 'anti-social behaviour' such as drug dealing, theft, and joyriding.

Kneecapping' One form of 'punishment' favoured by paramilitary groups. Initially it involved shooting the victim in one or both kneecaps. However later on people who were punished in this way could be shot in the knees, or ankles, or thighs, or elbows, or wrists, or any combination of locations. Often guns were not used and instead victims limbs were broken by sticks or iron bars.

remind us that there is no limit to the horizon, and that nothing — no ‘method’, no experiment, even of the wildest —is forbidden, but only falsity and pretence.

More accurately indeed we might speak of the inconclusiveness of the Russian mind. It is the sense that there is no answer, that if honestly examined life presents question after question which must be left to sound on and on after the story is over in hopeless interrogation

, or ‘that is tragic’, nor are we certain, since short stories, we have been taught, should be brief and conclusive, whether this, which is vague and inconclusive, should be called a short story at all.

e has to have the courage to say that what interests him is no longer ‘this’ but ‘that’: out of ‘that’ alone must he construct his work. For the moderns ‘that’, the point of interest, lies very likely in the dark places of psychology. At once, therefore, the accent falls a little differently; the emphasis is upon something hitherto ignored; at once a different outline of form becomes necessary, difficult for us to grasp, incomprehensible to our predecessors.

ain.

In contrast with those whom we have called materialists, Mr Joyce is spiritual; he is con- cerned at all costs to reveal the flickerings of that innermost flame which flashes its messages through the brain, and in order to pre- serve it he disregards with complete courage whatever seems to him adventitious, whether it be probability, or coherence, or any other of these signposts which for generations have served to support the imagination of a reader when called upon to imagine what he can neither touch nor see.

hat it is of the utmost sincerity and that the result, difficult or unpleasant as we may judge it, is undeniably important.

n what is commonly thought big than in what is commonly thought small.

trace the pattern, however disconnected

even if to do so they must discard most of the conventions which are commonly observed by the novelist.

some such fashion as this that we seek to define the quality which distinguishes the work of several young writers, among whom Mr James Joyce®

it not the task of the novelist to convey this varying, this un- known and uncircumscribed spirit, whatever aberration or com- plexity it may display, with as little mixture of the alien and

semi-transparent

ind on an ordinary day. The mind receives a myriad impressions — trivial, fantastic, evanescent, or engraved with the sharpness of steel. From all sides they come, an incessant shower of innumerable atoms; and as they fall, as they shape themselves into the life of Monday or Tuesday,’ the accent falls differently from of old; the moment of importance came not here but there; so that, if a writer were a free man and not a slave, if he could write what he chose, not what he must, if he could base his work upon his own feeling and not upon convention, there would be no plot, no comedy, no tragedy, no love interest or catastrophe in the accepted style, and perhaps not a single button sewn on as the Bond Street tailors would have it

Look within and life, it seems, is very far from being ‘like this’.

as the pages fill themselves in the customary way. Is life like this? Must novels be like this?

to provide a plot, to provide comedy, tragedy, love interest, and an air of prob- ability embalming the whole so impeccable

writer seems constrained,

labour thrown away

ceases to resemble the vision in our minds.

If we fasten, then, one label on all these books, on which is one word materialists, we mean by it that they write of unimportant things;

taking upon his shoulders the work that ought to have been discharged by Government officials, and in the plethora of his ideas and facts scarcely having leisure to realise, or forgetting to think important, the crudity and coarseness of his human beings.

is characters live abundantly, even unexpectedly, but it remains to ask how do they live, and what do they live for?

e can make a book so well constructed and solid in its craftsmanship that it is difficult for the most exacting of critics to see through what chink or crevice decay can creep in. There is not so much as a draught b

writers are materialists.

r Wells, Mr Bennett, and Mr Galsworthy have excited so many hopes and disappointed them so persistently that our gratitude largely takes the form of thanking them for having shown us what they might have done but have not done; what we certainly could not do, but as certainly, perhaps, do not wish to do.

accomplishment that we can scarcely refrain from whisper- ing that the fight was not so fierce for them as for us.

We do not come to write better; all that we can be said to do is to keep moving, now a little in this direction, now in that, but with a circular tendency should the whole course of the track be viewed from a sufficiently lofty pinna- cle.

compare their opportunities with ours! Their masterpieces certainly have a strange air of simplicity.

modern practice of the art is somehow an improvement upon the old.