Hmm... - Attack fuelled more by neglect, unstable relationships, mental illness than ideology allegedly (well, just not a totally political act)

Knigh Imagery Breivik

• Holy shit. Tie into the "brutality" emphasized and traditional masculinity steeped in violence platformed by the manifesto
• Planned to behead the prime minister and broadcast this

EVIDENCE KNIGHT - BREIVIK

• Spent much of his time playing medieval fantasy games prior to attack
• Began reading counter jihad in 2006

Evidence Knight / Breivik

• Secondary Breivik knight imagery (this is evidenced by Shaffer who notes that he made blog posts claiming to be this...)

Fjordman's actual name

Web enables this -> why its so effective

ABSOLUTE definition about what KIND of movement/tradition this is

Evidence Knighthood

• Patron and protector is Bernard of Clairvaux
• Guardian saint is George of Lydda
• Therefore archetypes of trad masc (at least George) emphasized here and drawn on for support of trad masc implementation in the present.

EVIDENCE RECONQUISTA

• Explicit role is to conduct a "reconquista" and assert trad masc

Evidence Knighthood Manliness

• DIRECTLY CITES BERNARD OF CLAIRVAUX
• Who claims that a Templar Knight is fearless -> protected both through literal armour and faith
• Accompyaning photo is yet another contemporary rendition of a knight. Stoic pose, bearded, light (of faith?) shines on his face. White, obv. Armoured and muscular
• This demonstrates again that ideal man is based on knighthood -> implementation of traditional masculinity based on imagined, THEORETICAL past (Bernard is evidence of both directly citing medieval sources AND showing that this is all theory)

Evidence for terrorists and trad masc based on knighthood

• Again, submit yourself to poverty and be a REAL man who fights for the people (status quo / chivalry) and who can endure hardship / pain unlike modern feminized men

Evidence feminized society and conquered people

• Cites rape statistic for self defence justification (primary one or at least among them)

Argument Participation of Women

• Calls for women to be participants in this civil war ("brothers and sisters" used for recruitment and morale), but only in logistical function -> also not intellectuals either -> literally only subservient to men of movement

POTENTIAL CONCLUSION: - Shows that race may not actually be the biggest factor -> instead fears of emasculation lead to scapegoating race? Gender is the biggest issue here.

Argument/Evidence Knight Manhood

• Two things in this graph:

• Justicar knights will each individually become a one-man army when they commit terrorism ("brutal" methods and mention of using advanced weaponry like they think their badass). Demonstrates again that the vision of a real man is one who is proficient in many "manly" activities like technology, weaponry, etc -> is independent and able to act manly in opposition to the PC status quo

• Doing so will "humiliate" the cultural marxist system and thus weaken it -> implies an emasculation of "feminized" men and the modern PC system NOT based on Knighthood/etc. Again, asserting that imagined past of Templars and ideal masculinity is the way forward

Argument Intellectuals / intelligentsia

• What are their takes on "warrior philosophers" ?
• Where does intellect and academia fit within traditional norms of masculinity that they're seeking to replant into modern society?
• In THIS case -> arguing that the right wing "intellectual" movements must be united with the "military orders"
• SIDE NOTE: would be sick to look @ other scholarship on the far right (secondary sources) and see if this all fits together.

Argument Stretching it a Bit

• Maaaaybe could argue something like: All about CONTROL and because we're rising up in a MILITARY operation / cell structure directly modelled on the medieval Templars/warrior culture -> asserting dominance -> implicitly rising up over weaker "feminized" men and women who had gained power through being corrupted by capitalism and cultural marxism.

Argument Trad Masc Goal

• Explicitly claim that their goal is to "implement a cultural[ly] conservative political agenda"

Evidence Knight / Poverty

• This is interesting -> where does voluntary poverty fit within masculinity?
• Could argue that since women are rising in workforce (earlier complaints of this in the manifesto) and since global capitalists have risen and helped open Europe's gates, that -> Need to return to idyllic pre-modern past (does he blame rise in women's rights on capitalism? If so, we got a point in the bag)
• Again, knighthood os IDEAL man occupation here (trad masc activities like hunting, fishing, need for only men to be warriors, etc)

Argument Marxism / Women

• So...because we've established that cultural marxism's MAIN crime against the west is to weaken it through feminism and the feminisation of man / ascendency of women -> means that any reference to cultural marxism needing to be stamped out by the Knights Templar is a call to rescind women's rights and implant traditional masculinity
• Again, done so by callbacks to Knights Templar and imagined past of traditional masculinity

Evidence Knight

• Sees need for formation of this order NOT just because of Islam, but also to try Marxist criminals for their control of the west and enforcement of multiculturalism that has eroded trad masc
• Frames this movement as an Indigenous rights org -> sees ind rights as trad masc

Evidence Knight Imagery

• Throughout PCCTS history -> some characteristics have remained consistent:
• strength, honour, courage, and martyrdom
• Order must be re-founded because of the CURRENT NEED FOR THESE PRINCIPLES -> explicitly "ancient Christian military order"

Again, demographic warfare

Evidence Knight Imagery

• Lmao not even all about being a "hard man" -> emphasizes benefits of RIDING into battle because it prevented fatigue :,(
• THESE knights seen as the "only true soldiers of Europe" -> THE ONES THAT DEFEATED THE UMAYYAD INVASION AT TOURS IN 732
• Using past conflicts to show importance of having a warrior culture and the MOST traditional men

Evidence KnightImagery

• Literally calling on "Knighthood" and defining it here. Just need to link it to this being a conservative reaction to women's rights, war being used to try and reinstate/justify traditional masculinity

Evidence Templars

• A lot of insecurity here -> expressing desire to be as "skilled" and "feared" as the Templars who 'never surrendered"
• Vows of chastity

Evidence Reconquista

• Cites this as something that could be directly mirrored in the modern age (strategy)
• How to tie to masculinity? Rape of Europe?

Evidence ROME and General Hist

• Likens fall of Europe to fall of Rome but worse and more "barbaric" -> because even "more barbarians" flooding through boarders

Evidence General Hist/Violence

• Quotes Thomas Jefferson that leaders need to be reminded of liberty by rebelling masses (not medieval, but still traditional masculine societies)

Evidence (Violence)

• Need masculine warrior culture BECAUSE
• Escalating violence IN Europe from Muslim communities -> traditional, Knight-based masculinity is the way to combat this
• Cites weird numbers of rising rape, etc statistics
• Again, demographic jihad -> need traditional "military" culture to combat this by asserting dominance over women-led country

EVIDENCEPROTECTION

• Militaristic man societies need to be revived because feminism leads to women oppression through aforementioned reasons (embracing multiculturalism and opening up the door for Islamic culture, and weakening of western men to defend against these cultures)

WesternWomenExample

• Good example here of a woman ON BOARD with this movement and return to traditional masculine roles (does not, however, cite medieval conflicts or anything like that)

EVIDENCE:

• Submission to men is described as "sexually very alluring" (by a guy) and that women implicitly want to submit to totalitarian Muslim societies / men instead of feminized men in Scandinavia
• NEXT claims that Swedish women are converting to Islam -> says this is because women are attracted to the [traditional] family life -> therefore DO implicitly want a traditional family structure run by a man and therefore the west needs to rise up and put its men back on traditional warrior culture path

Fucking hell

EVIDENCE

• In Scandinavia, obvious viking heritage
• Here, actually calls out romanticization of vikings -> they're "barbarians"
• AND YET -> women are being (allegedly) sexually assault and just plain old assaulted by Muslim men entering Scandanavia while modern men stand by and watch
• This makes modern men MORE barbaric (and, consequently, less civilized) than vikings who "wouldn't have stood by and watched"

COUNTERJIHAD ARGUMENT

• Again, post from GALLIA WATCH (women?) -> on some forum mentions that Europe is being feminized by the (rest of world?) -> idea of Europe as land to be conquered and whose women can be raped -> "gang rapes" by Muslim men
• A "tribe" that doesn't protect its women behaves as if it already lost the war
• THERFORE -> suggests need to assert masculine warrior values in order to protect women from existential Jihad threat

lol ok

Yikes

ARGUMENT

• HARKENS BACK TO HISTORICAL CONFLICTS NOT JUST KNIGHTHOOD
• By doing so, legitimizes the foundation of traditional masculinity/gender roles in western society by saying we need to protect women against this existential threat
• Legitimizes the threat by painting all Muslims as engaged in the same jihad as the "modern one"
• Therefore, Counter Jihad movement uses its anti-islam rhetoric NOT just to ban Muslims from Europe, but to put women in their place

KNIGHT IMAGERY

• Past Muslim conflicts shown to result in "rape of women and stolen children:

Explicitly counter Jihad movement

WesternWomen/Legitimacy

• DIRECTLY links feminism to rise in Muslim "colonization" of west
• Thereby paints west as victim as well

Knight/Legitimacy

• gender theory and affirmative action and all that ERODE the family base and therefore justify a cultural traditional reset into this knights templar model -> draws on historical military traditions this way

Uh oh

WesternWomen

Military

• "assault" of feminism compromises west

KNIGHT IMAGERY

MILITARY

• Role of women in military is degeneracy -> actually causes (male) "warriors" to leave and militaries to be compromised. -"Inferiority" of the male -> uses sexual harrassment charges to "keep men in line"

KNIGHTIMAGERY

• "inquisitors of political correctness" who must be "defeated" by standing up to them

lmao

Sex

• Side note, how does abstinence and Christian purity factor in here? I think he's explicitly said he doesn't agree with sex before marriage -> KNIGHTS

Sex

Unorthodox, women-liberated "authoritarian" families must be fought against -> miniatures of the authoritarian state

Blames promiscuity, etc on the unleashing of the "primeval" power of sex from its "civilized restraints"

KNIGHTIMAGERY

• Muslims, FEMINISISTS AND HOMOSEXUALS could be the "vanguard" of a communist revolution in Europe

KNIGHTIMAGERY

• Cultural Terrorism was acts that promoted ideas of free love, etc in schools and those which unmoored women from their traditional roles (implicit threat to monogamy/fear of abandonment by women)

KNIGHTIMAGERY

• This is a BATTLE with cultural marxism

KNIGHTIMAGERY

• Those who would oppose must embrace the "old rules" of our culture
• Explicitly says women should NOT be 'cops or soldiers" but instead remain housekeepers

KNIGHTIMAGERY

• Homosexuality a direct PHYSICALY threat to society that must be vanquished -> AIDS is voluntary and root of problem lies in the Gays™

CulturalMarxism

it ALLOWS Islamification

KNIGHTIMAGERY

• Cultural Marxism "looming over" western Europe like a colossus

Deconstructionism (post modernism) means reading meaning into texts that simply isn't there

CulturalMarxism

• White 'native" MEN are penalized by the state which acts in the interests of minorities / victims

CulturalMarxism Definition

EUROPE

cultural marxism contradicts human nature BECAUSE not everyone is meant to be equal

Again, not just relying on memory of warrior tropes to get rid of Islam -> but to counter emasculating ideologies (policical corectness)

EUROPE

• PORNOGRAPHY as a weapon?

lmao what

EUROPE

claims modern society is way more violent (carjacking, mugginf, other dogwhistle minority crimes)

EUROPE

Consistantly identifies all of European society as one "country" -> Knights Templar not a pan-European society? These conflicts not one bi-cultural clash, but a series of Christian nations bickering that temporarily aligned?

WesternWomen

• Idyllic 50s women devoted themselves to running households and men treated women "like ladies" -> emphasis on lots of (presumably white) children

WesternSociety

ideology and political correctedness (which is one) are not masculine because of these allowances -> therefore immoral (so Breivik's masculinity is drawn on from Knight's templar NOT just to denounce Islam, but also to reign in control at home back to the white Christian male

WesternWomen

• Claims that those who speak against ideology (conservatives) are greeted with hatred -> point out that WOMEN AND MEN SHOULD OCCUPY TRADITIONAL ROLES THAT REFLECT DIFFERENT NATURES -> HOMOSEXUALITY AND FEMINISM UNNATURAL (but how to tie to war?)

WesternWomen

Defines feminism as an ideology? -> therefore "wrong" since ideologies assume they are absolutely correct instead of the "nuance" of conservatism

Fuck you Breivik (test)

Again, in face of globalization (Americanism, neoliberal economics) -> resistance and creation of reinforced regional identity. Overall Cape Breton is in a very bleak situation -> highest child poverty rates, lack of educational opportunities, but regional identity exists despite this. Identifies CB as a region existing outside of a localized/municipal or national identity -> existing despite these

1960s: - American popular culture enters -> commercialization imminent. Documentary about the demise of fiddling tradition -> sparks organized communal attempts to revitalize this-> succeeds and is internationally recognizable by the 90s. Linked to broader cultural revival -> again, tie to fiddle article's assertions that fiddling allows a cultural umbrella to exist despite it being "Scottish" in origin -> celebrated in cross-cultural manner as a regional thing distinct from Canada, Scots, etc. (above national and ethnic identity) Also. this movement sparks more government inspired regionalization efforts -> Crown Corporation of Cape Breton Development Corporation (Devco) and the Industrial Development Division (IDD) 70s-90s.

Banfield migration can be seen as echo since this was one fo the "most dramatic movements of people in NFLD history" Defines migration as a cumulative result of individual decisions based on rational decisions / benefit/costs evaluation as opposed to something that happens within a fixed period, etc -> THEREFORE can be retroactively extended to the 30s, 40s since the same trend is almost verbatim followed. ALSO -> notes that permanent almost always preceded by seasonal migration (which Pauline's father partook in)

Crisis in fisheries of NFLD in late 19th-early 20th centuries mirrors the lack of work still present in the 30s, 40s that prompted the Banfield's relocation to Sydney / CB as industrialization. Mirrors in that they relocated from a rural economy to a predominantly industrial one -> Banfield's reactions "Like moving to New York" -> this makes the establishment of a tight knit community / regional identity even MORE impressive / compelling -> should be alienating, and yet Banfield's experiences closely resemble her's as a child growing up in NFLD. - Could be argued that NFLD has this unique identity too -> but closer inspection shows other reasons (as mentioned, that Banfield related to much of population, more ethnic/religious cohesion, actually a locality -> never went to St John's (none of her family members did aside from father) -> unlike later on when she bounced around entire island. -> doesn't mention this as a possibility in more rural setting.

DEFINES region as something distinct from a locality (city, etc) or nation-state -> economic, political, cultural, etc -> individuals and communities may develop attachments to this type of identity. In This study's case, primarily looking @ Cape Breton's Gaels -> underrepresented in research thus far

Cape Breton overall pretty bleak. Highest child poverty rates, substance abuse, lack of educational opportunities, and outmigration. It's the latter of these that actually CONTRIBUTES to CB's regionality (via isolation I guess).

Hmm...maybe, even for someone who felt confined and constricted by the heterosexual norms that surrounded her, still found company / friendship , etc

GENERAL: - Also worked at the bank in Sydney -> quits and joins SYDNEY's BIGGEST INDUSTRY -> STEEL PLANT

LEISURE: despite living decades apart and leading different lifestyles, enjoyed remarkably similar passtimes. Summer road trips, movie theatres (as COMMUNAL spaces again), sport, dance, music. Also involved in Canadian Girls in Training (CGIT) -> youth org run by Church that Nana was also a part of. Therefore partook in and enjoyed same communal forms of leisure guaranteed because of security and close social ties/atmosphere of neighbourly behaviour and friendliness. Also shows that all this extended beyond Sydney into the surrounding Cape Breton towns.

LEISURE: Obviously an outlier, but DID escape into the wilds -> showed it was secure enough and with company

OPPOSED TO NATION OF ISLAM AND SEPARATE BLACK IDENTITY > "segregation is not what we're working for" -> similar / opposite to what the Canadian identity peddled through MfM was -> just wanted to unify the world (but not really, just an ego boost).

labels it "Black supremacy" -> All black political community would be isolating

In either case, ONLY STUDENTS WHO'D RESIDED OUTSIDE OF THE COUNTY HAD ANY OPINIONS AT ALL ABOUT IT -> proves the isolation/detatchment from broader Black political sphere in America -> nationwide/ethnicity wide effort on both other cases's part.

Students still WANT education / see desire in it

test

MIXED LONG TERM EFFECTS on protestors: - Some become politically active - Others more "victims" than anything else - Protestors were small percentage of regional teenage pop -> distance and lack of transport limited their participation -> RURAL BLACKS vs URBAN JEWS? Also Black kids WORKING to support families (again, CLASS -> similar case for Jewish students?) So -> overall breakdown of connections between Black teenagers. Seems almost like the pandemic really. Did Jewish striking result in stronger ties?

Suit is filed ON BEHALF of students and request by them but, note, it was part of a broader "community organization effort" This is what SPARKED the case that would make up Brown v Board of Education Adults at NAACP impressed not with kids alone, but with "community effort" THIS results in schools shutting down -> had wanted better facilities before hand (contrast to Jewish strikers who resulted in end of segregation?)

Fiercer opposition to Black communities here than Jewish? Massive push (90% of pop) to defund Black school board

COMMUNITY RALLIES -> EDUCATE THEIR CHILDREN THEMSELVES

Again, Baptist minister L Francis Griffin LEADS a new direct action initiative in the 60s -> MOST people of the 50 arrested were teenagers. So maybe not LEADING the initiative but certainly suffering the effects / on the front lines.

REGION is isolated in the conservative south. Ties to rights/labour orgs like the AFSC / Religious Society of Friends

In THIS instance -> adult orgs are more preciptating the action -> seeking end to segregation via reopening of schools and end to discrimination in hiring. That said, teenage picketers still at the front lines. It IS effecting them SCHOOLS AS SITE OF PROTST AND CATALIST -> CHILDREN USED HERE TO DRIVE SOCIAL CONCERNS -> CONCERNS OF CHILDREN AT HEART OF CULTURE/ETHNICITY

Attitudes towards their culture -> tied up in resistance (southern black culture) -> want to fight but also to escape and "see the world"

Also using kids w/o permission -> appropriating famine images

Noted by author here: - Handouts appropriate the clenched fist iconography but replace with an outstretched hand -> no struggle AGAINST a political ideal/nation -> instead idk abstract forces

Adopts aesthetics of a protest movement

Assertion of national identity, again, as a heroic and kind young nation but, perhaps a darker interpretation, one that is above the developing world and not racialized.

Even NOT a protest event -> MAIN CONTRAST -> actually used to make adults think the kids are alright and in line with national values -> NOT protesting for something else

NATIONAL IDENTITY -> Canada as a nation of helpers, Jewish identity being explicitly nationalist too and both events help create sense of nation hood.

Young people NOT primary targets / exclusive participants -> but utilized to gain support (just like how segregation affected all Black community)

Still see children as AGENTS though -> like Black teens getting arrested on front lines -> call to action.

Use of INNOCENCE -> same with Black communities? (maybe Jewish ones subverted this)

Overall, community rallies BEHIND Jewish striking kids - eventiually leads to more action, stepping stone to creation of Jewish streams/classes within school boards -> eventual schools

Allegedly bridging gaps between race lines in solidarity later in life

Jewish kid strikers never disciplined / recieved quasi apology -> what result did the OTHER kids get? Dependant on race? Other circumstances?

Conversely, how much agency did the suburban kids exercise?

What ISSUES are they addressing and how do these impact the children? - specifically related to schooling? ALSO -> how do schools faciliatte these actions ?

BROADER SENSE OF RISING MILITANCY (or activism) within community at large

OVERALL: The children's strike asserted the kids' Jewish identity by resisting antisemitism (ie, cultural attacks AGAINST their own culture). Also established the kids' belief /perception of themselves as operating members of the working class/ strikers in LINE WITH THEIR PARENTS who were labor-activists.

So... looking for: - Links to parents (or failing to identify) - Links to CULTURE because of oppression - Kids viewing THEMSELVES as activists (probably third reading/walkathon.

Violence creates specific discourses around the events in terms of collective and individual memory Discredits and silences individuals (Black students in this case) Violence forges memories torn with pain -> collective memory leaves no room for ambiguity (us vs them) Public histories are thus tarnished by these (ie, silences abound in memories of violence -> us vs them for the people, them vs us for the narratives spun by the state to discredit those who had violence inflicted upon them Result is to have competing narratives that ultimately leave gaps/silences between them

For "where does the Virgin Mary stand in the rank of saints" -> good example of at once tackling theological ideas and their give/take and evolution, but also of actual on-the-ground practice, continuity, agency of laity, and idk

liturgy could also fit here for explanation of structural-functionalism and lay agency

DIRECT contrast to Vauchez in regards to imposition / papal canonization

Might be good example to use here.

FOR examples, need: - emphasis on lay agency - functional role of religion explaining social action, etc - Ways in which bartlett counters Vauchez - Evolution or congruency, etc

Highlighrs TNSIONS

Like Arnold kinda -> belief and unbelief was a SPECTRUM across society

Hagiography though a GATEWAY into Medieval mentalities / worldviews At once shows Church imposition but also looks inside minds here

Akin to Vauchez here too -> Virtus is ultimately the biggest influence here.

Even THIS has roots in total functionalism -> asking the main questions deviates significantly ->Not "what scripture said" or even "what the Church imposed" but whoever was treated as such

So DOES touch on papal canonization but shows it within context of MANY "revolutionary" changes

This less of an emphasis on change over time / development / granting more agency is evidenced in part by the arrangement of Bartlett's book -> where the secnd (and significantly longer) half titled "Developments takes a thematic approach as opposed to chronological -> looks @ beliefs over specific subjects (martyrdom, types of saint, the concept of miracle) across time, space, etc

SO...NOT dealing with theology -> structural functionalist in that he wants to use Cult of Saints to explore behaviour (at least RELATED to belief and Church life) -> also actually other forms of life (trade, politics -> saints "taking sides" on secular disputes, giving bounty to harvests -> so in that sense his treatment of religion IS woven into society. BUT -> still not looking too hard at epistemologies? Ultimately still using religion as a means to EXPLAIN society

Also, again, not theology or taking Church doctrine as a given. Writing in the 21st century, unlike Vauchez in that it isn't necessarily a Medieval reaction.

In CONTRAST to Vauchez -> comes down not to this methodological approach / adoption of anthropological approaches that they share. Instead, is a matter of WHAT shapes belief -> Bartlett grants laity far more agency. DOES note a change over time (perhaps in process falls for the "developmental" fallacy) but not exclusively caused by the church. Does concede that papal canonization had an outsized impact, but notes many examples of the give/take of belief shaped by laity (example here)

Background in Medieval scholarship more generally -> has examined social history of communities, cultures, and crowns

also geographically across Europe and the Mediterranean

Again, central question is WHAT religion is secondary is how belief is created (imposition vs agency)

EDGES on positing that religion and "society" are inseparable but not quite

Structural functionalism

What is he referring to here?

Good outline for summary -> examines origins of cult-of-saint phenomenon -> over x amount of time (1000 years + w/ emphasis on the nature and PRACTICE of cult worship over time. Thereby LESS concerned w/ epistemologies and MORE with the actual material reality of how this played out

NOT like Vauchez in that h doesn't show us a vision of religion that was dictated and controlled by the Church -> DOES show how laity was involved in decisions and all that -> influencing change over time

Change over time: - Does he fall into "progress" trap? -> talk about the Reformation maybe -> blames "progress" more on environmental change (lower pop because of Black Death following 14th century)

1. Overall, might still be a functionalist in terms of using religion to EXPLAIN action -> but takes a view that the top-down approach is wrong and the laity have more of a role in shaping religion

Hmm that's a good point. Instead of just asking about the saints, looks at WHO turns to them and why

Unlike Japanese, Bin Laden and Al-Quaeda were NOT engaged in negotiations with the US -> did not have a military infrastructure, though the US did take the vision of a great caliphate seriously

this is all a FAILURE OF IMAGINATION on behalf of Americans - Racism is PART of this but not whole picture -> actually general sense of cultural superiority

So overall, clear evidence that the Japanese had military might and even technological advantage, but consistent underestimation by US forces

"Imagination" on display prior to Pearl Harbour - Pacific fleet relocated as a deterrent in 40 - Yellow Peril since Russo-Japanese war and role of media peddling this here

hmm

Three problems make Iraq's prospects poor despite elections success: 1. Ethnic divide (what author is arguing needs to be addressed through learning of nationalist movement 2. Religious revival of 90s -> radicalism and Islam in the constitution 3. Tanked economy -> no education or job opportunities

SO...young Iraqis (MOST, remember) might be drawn to radicalism instead

Iraqis themselves say standards of living and security are higher priorities than functioning democracy (understandably)

Hope: - All reject authoritarianism and Baathist ideology since 91 -> new ways of thinking about politics here - New constitution to prevent state excess power -> could hold return to authoritarianism at bay with legal checks - Most powerful Islamic leaders, as discussed, are NOT radical and anti clerical-state -> secularists NEEDED to form a new govt.

Saddam and the project to rewrite history: - Erased all pre-63 accomplishments/historical traditions - A new project could revive Iraqi historical memory

A NEW campaign: - Will need to assert Democracy's compatibility w/ Islam - tolerance of Iraqi political opposition has historic grounds / cooperation - Baghdad University here is key -> US SHOULD FUND THIS AND PROJECTS OF THIS TYPE HERE ALSO UN - NEEDS TO CENTRE NATIONALIST TRADITIONS AND RESISTANCE TO BAATHIST RULE - create national PRIDE by doing so (key) - Use the internet (lol) - USe this to spread word of democratic success in Muslim societies (like in Afghanistan lmao) - Using media (internet, TV, radio) to combat sectarianism -> talkshows w/ multiple viewpoints - Emphasis on folklore -> many formerly rural -> myths endure - National "town hall meetings" over zoom basically - Infrastructure infrastructure, infrastructure - truth and reconciliation commission - Emphasize interethnic trust here -> SO ONE GROUP DOESN'T GET BLAMED FOR TRAUMA LIKE IN RWANDA AND SA -

IN NONE OF THIS DOES DAVIS SUGGEST US INTERVENTION / CONTROL -> WHAT IS ROLE OF INVADER HERE?

" Iraq reminds us, in often dramatic ways, how important it is to intelligently synthesize the universal norms and principles of democratic theory with the unique experiences and practices of countries that yearn for freedom after years of suffering under official intolerance, political exclusivity, and dictatorship

KEY: - Is Davis "right" in all this? Ie, is the whole democracy project even a good thing, or is it just an imposition by the Americans. - Says that "individual rights, institutions for civil society, transparency of governance, MARKET MECHANISMS, and LIMITED ROLE OF STATE in social/econ affairs are all NECESSARY FOR ESTABLISHING DEMOCRACY

Ok, that said, Davis explitly says classical-liberal understanding / model of state here is non-effective

Answer is: - State that shoulders responsibility for employment, social welfare, and infrastructure - Crippled by Hussein and sanctions so free market utopia a bollocks dream - This would draw once again on Nationalist tradition -> Iraqi communist and National Democratic Parties of earlier-in-the-century. - Need land reforms, education and employment guarantees, etc

Baathist Political Makeup: - Hussein favours Sunni's overwhelmingly. A group who, historically, are mostly poor/rural having not lived in the oil-rich areas of the north (Kurds) and south (Shi'ites) Therefore fear any loss of power as economic turbulence Baathists have made this nationalist tradition unknown / not talked about REVIVING knowledge and education of this Nationalist movement would – posits Davis – help young Iraqis preserve democracy by demonstrating that anti sectarian cooperation is possible and has been done before.

Ethnic and religious makeup of Iraq is STILL not known in the west today even in higher levels

Same for, say, Northern Ireland or the Balkans -> but at least a cursory understanding or like you can namedrop the ethnic groups involved -> no such case for the Middle East (same for Vietnam? More of a unified ethnic group?) Also, more of a result of the "war on terror" -> ie, not fighting an enemy like "the Vietnamese" or "The Germans/Japanese" but "terrorists" IN Iraq and Afghanistan

So artistic traditions MUCH like the literary traditions of Russian intellectuals under Nick I: - Drew from "ancient" cultural / Arabic traditions of past empires to question the status quo and address imbalances in society - Also a Pan-Arab movement that exists which is more xenophobic but still broad definition of political unity / community

Nationalist movement promotes democracy because of the independent institutions it generates: - Free press tradition (carried on from Young Turks and ottomans) -> continues even after Batthist coup - Student, worker, academic, artistic associations all foster civil society - Overall VERY MUCH like Russian state under Nick I and Alex III/Nick II

Also democratic acts - ALWAYS promotes cooperation along ethnic lines - 1954 elections -> interethnic cooperation here - Opposition to colonial rule (ethnic unity) - rebellion to Hussein at tail end of First Gulf War -> intertehnic alliance across all 8 provinces

A note on Ottoman traditions: - We view, say, European states like Yugoslavia or what have you as maintaining infrasturucture from the Hapsburgs, Austro-Hungary, etc -> but not for Iraq which we view as a backward desert wasteland of nothing -> but there are imperial traditions here too

Ah, so THESIS: - opposite and yet the same approach as Hoogland Noon -> who argued that historical memory influences US policy for expansionism - Here, argues that scholars ignore uses of historical memory as a tool for democratic transitions - Collective memory definition the same (CHECK THIS AND COMPARE) -> group of narratives that everyone agrees founded the current status quo and led to the events of today

Societies emerging from authoritarian regimes often lack truest among citizens -> divided populace because of exploited wedges and differences (racial hierarchy, religious differences, class, gender) so no common unity Divide and rule Also force citizens into centralized hierarchical bureaucracies that breed authoritarian thinking -> combined w/ low population age in Iraq -> mean that legacy of authoritarianism looms large (they don't know anything else)

Counter? -> Who's to say that being under a fascist regime doesn't make you MORE united? WHAT are the differences between this kind of unity out of fear and/or might of a single unified Volk and this kind of historical memory / nationalism project? - Both use / abuse / TAILOR history to suit an historic memory?

K, so.

Iraq is transitioning to a democracy in 2005 -> 3mil vote despite terrorist threats However, majority lack clear understanding of what democracy is aside from being anti-authoritarian To this end, could an historical memory aid their struggle? There ARE democratic traditions in Iraq's history -> exactly like Russia being progressive under Nicholas I

This memory is: - foundation of the Baath party which was eventually taken OVER by Hussein - Even earlier Iraqi nationalist movement prior to 52 founding of the party (a branch, party itself began in Syria) - Hussein takes over in 68 in a coup -> BUT intellectuals from nationalist movement operate WITHIN system and resist.

The Enemy: -Immediate Pearl harbour comparisons - 9/11 CAST as an act of war by politicians - Michael Kelly and WP -> cites Orwell essay proclaiming pacifists fascist -NYT uses rockwell paintings as America under attack - BIN LADEN ARISES AS HITLER ANALOGY -> HAD BEEN TRYING TO PORTRAY HUSSEIN AND MILOSEVIC as such

All the Boomers fault -> create SPR to reenact the image and PROJECT their own ideals/image onto their parents (idealized images of themselves)

So BEFORE 9/11 Bush is complaining about the "underfunded" military and directly comparing his own times with those of the 30s in Europe. Quotes Churchill. So is drawing legitimacy from that era (lessons) to PREEMPTIVELY launch an American campaign to get back this country's sense of purpose -> a new greatest generation

Post Cold war threats on the rise too according to Bush

Similarly, Busg DRAWS LEGITIMACY FROM WWII TO PERPETUATE AMERICAN MILITARY MIGHT -> myth propells notuion of American world police

Bush paints picture of America POLITICALLY led by greatest generation as time of peace and exceptional character. Clinton later claims that veen though he had "wars" there was no "vision thing" to guide his own presidency / time in office. Jealous of Bush

Pretty easy stuff here: - good war emphasized - Bastion amidst global catastrophe of Vietnam (and yet exists despite it) - war aims and accomplishments never question (Marshall Plan, etc)

WHY WE FIGHT: - Bush's speech shows builds American identity off of camp liberation and D Day -> thereby Americanizing the meaning of the Holocaust - Exactly like "why we fight" which up until that point actually does discuss some of the complexities of war (war crimes, shit conditions, what are we actually fighting about this is all pointless, etc)

DAMN

Popular in 80s - trade war, abortion and Holocaust, etc - used by both suppressed (Gay/AIDS) and dominant communities (govt) - Essentially, dates back much further

Like forever war. Only, instead of needing to be at ACTUAL war for nation to continue -> just imagined one

KEY: DOING SO WARPS FACTS INTO MYTHS THAT ARE UNTOUCHABLE -> LEGITIMIZES THE EXISTENCE OF THE PRESENT AS THE OUTCOME OF THESE

Questions

How does PRINT MEDIA impact all this (NYT)?

Effect of analogies: - Darwin -> may be a "deceitful guide" - all are falliable -> no perfect comparisions obviously emphasize SOME parts of the narrative continuing/being the same while SUPPRESSING other parts to make the new event fit into the box of the old (analogy is inherently like this, even in a literary sense methinks) - But NEED these to teach -> so they are important - Essentially, then, Hoogland Noon acknowledges that all analogies are flawed but that this is a necessary evil. There's no point in critiquing them. - Instead, better to ask what INTENT is put behind these by those who peddle them

Questions

• How does LANGUAGE impact these narratives
• Bush draws links between LIBERATION of Paris and Iraw by calling the latter "liberation" of Baghdad, etc
• Tony Blair and Bush -> Anglo American alliance
• postwar reconstruction in both places (denazification mentioned?

Thesis: - Notes the consistent and exponential use of WWII memory (greatest generation) by Bush jr since 1999 -> increasing since 9/11. These legitimize the war on terror by drawing direct links between then and now (exactly like PIRA) Specifically a post Cold War context that allows this, characterize the world as simple black/white terms

camera never neutral

Encourages creativity through photography, etc -> BUT still element of conservatism that is intended to control girls' lives

Still same for today? Queer for sure

reward incentive part of colonial project?

SCOUTS headquarters -> colonialism with totem pole?

Photography the same as guiding -> a colonial export that could create equal spaces for imperial control as well as resistance and counter discourse by Indigenous pops.

Overall how COLONIALISM impacts GIRLHOOD through these institutions. Can we examine the evidence and find the answer to this question?

Same w/ scouts? Idk but POC only represented in the ARCHIVE as vague references to civilization and emancipatory work these orgs are doing?

Cool

God tier. Is this for historical nonfiction vs academia? Audience?

Brilliant

Cool, I often find my fiction pieces have reflected the history work I've been doing and reading _> tonally and in regards to setting

hmm

Just do this

But we need to have STAKES emphasized throughout otherwise this can feel out of place or take too long to meaningfully explain -> any tips for expanding the horizons here w/o rambling on?

Key, exact;y what Roslagova said here -> use example and then relate that to what you're talking about as an illustration of broader issues.

Sometimes thesis hard to decipher or at least not explicitly highlighted -> thoughts?

Very much agree w/ this but definitely lacking in many I find Can hooks be too lost?

Immaculate paragraph

Cool

Basically, these passages have two things in common: 1. Lack of exciting imagery 2. Vagueness and a failure to express what the author intends.

Lmao

Key: naysayers / defeatists think this is a natural course of language "evolution" or degradation, but orwell claims we should shape language to our own purpose as a tool

Formal distinction made increasingly rigid in latter MA -> sancti and beati differences

KEY KEY KEY KEY K E Y K E Y-> So Vauchez is firmly in the camp of those who examine "religion" through the lense of a structure / top down. Sttudying social history, sure 9ie, not just history of the Church), but assumes that we can find out about lay people THROUGH the Church. -> laypeople themselves appear off the centre stage here. This is because the SOURCES V examines are only hagiographic / papal/ local clergy

What the book IS functionally (an examination of the PROCESS of sainthood via looking at records and formal (papal) processes.

Direct contrast / replacement of family styles

Ex of lasting institutional behaviour forced upon IND by res schools

Again, more of a labour camp than a school. Very little actual classtime compared to just chores -> so, again, losing culture for absolutely nothing

Maybe, struck by how intentional the goal was to DESTROY as opposed to replace culture -> absolutely no regard for these children. Also how they remembered the sensory experiences )food, cold, wetting the bed, loud noises, etc here)

Overall taking advantage of the fact that they're children and very impressionable -> loneliness especially here. Some couldn't go home for Christmas if they couldn't afford it, and this likely contributed to their absorption of the rigid structure of residential schools. A place not even really compatible with white Christian Canada due to its extremes -> thereby erasing culture and leaving one with nothing (not that replacing one culture with another isn't also an evil act)

So food was at once one of these cultural boundaries to cross (Custard) but also evidence of just straight up mistreatment through malnourishment / psychological harm (pigskin soup)

But then ENGAGE in sex on the job -> not mocked enough unlike Dr. Strangelove?

A bit like lazertag

K so just because old symbols exist alongside new ones in this new mixed economy of symbols doesn't mean change isn't occurring

Sometimes, embracing old symbols PREPARES communities for change like "trust us, we're still Sinn Fein -> still have Bobby Sands as a mural here. - Sands interpetation too -> some say opportunistic to have actual political Sinn Fein when Sands' seat was not taken in protest. BUT he could also have been a community leader -> in either case, lending trust to people of their constituents

Loyalists and WWI: a similar example to Sands - Shift in INTERPRETATION of WWI images - UVF formed as illegal army AGAINST HR in 1912 -> absorbed into British army as we know (36 Ulster) -> from what the current UVF draws its legitimacy - Two differences -> first is RACIST rallying call AGAINST new minority groups in Belfast (they didn't die for...) - Second involves Somme associations -> DIRECT reference to Somme commemoration (no red hand?) Poppies, etc -> ie NO direct link between these and Loyalist UVF/UDA/UFF groups

Reimaging communities has dovetailed this - Poppies, etc used to LEGITIMIZE presence/actions of UVF -> but no purely historical commemoration -> so REMAINING symbols of nationalistic character - Attempts still to ease into this new era cautiously -> UVF PLAQUE exists below some murals listing dead recent fighters next to "purely historical" murals -> "The UVF now hitches a ride, as it were, with the historical representation, in effect telling the world 'we were soldiers too'"

CONCLUSION: - Murals help NAVIGATE the peace process for both groups -> cling to identities but not inherently a bad thing. All about give and take -> foreground for CONSTRUCTION OF NEW COLLECTIVE MEMORIES -> like one big moving painting - Exists in concert with other debates -> should new, united, sports stadium replace the H-Blocks where Sands died in 81? - Should there be CIVIC memorials? (there AREN'T stranegly enough yet) - Strange scenario then -> tourist city with crowds clamouring for painted murals/curbstones, ie MEMORIALS of the conflict, yet no actual city-driven things. All in the hands of community members - "emollient hand of the heritage industry [will] transform it into something altogether more soothing" - But there is a rich collective of memory that doesn't NEED TO LEAD TO FORGETTING - Some symbols might be outdated and anachronistic -> but doesn't mean they aren't still very real symbols of these communities that have struggled through and survived conflict. - So reimaging fund MAY be useful but it goes beyond displaying "different images" - Collective remembering over enforced forgetting

Thesis Key

• Maybe something like, "what role did the state play in ERASING MURALS?

thesis key

key

Collectove memory CANNOT be analyzed this way (as in an individual's relationship to inescapable, recurring, more-vivid-than-present trauamatic memories)

because of trauma

BASICALLY: lib shit. Tryna stop peak of violence and just end up blaming irish working class in the north

Thesis

Academic bias

Again, "zombie" view of history

Is this view that Ireland has constant violent mythmaking (outsized) actually just British propaganda (ie, we're just a neutral party here?) Also ignores british myths that justify colonial violence

Supporting Quote!

Let the sources provide colour for you

Supporting quote!

Again, already tells you what the attitude at this event was like through providing concrete physical detail (ie, not -> " the atmosphere was one of __"

Describing ramshackle/ impromptu nature of the event without directly saying it

Again, just mentioning presence of children adds colour to the event