The primary crop produced for export by colonists in 1640was tobacco. It was cultivated in Virginia, Bermuda, Bar

The massive out-migration from England helped to bind these new At-lantic settlements to the center, since the passenger-carrying trade vastly in-creased the number of English ships sailing Atlantic waters.

All plantations were heavily reliant on the ships that plied the Atlanticseasonally, bringing new settlers and servants as well as essential supplies thatcould not be produced locally. T

Efforts to keep the government in the hands of a selectgroup within the Massachusetts Bay Company had failed when the malehousehold heads demanded and got (save for a restriction based on churchmembership) the right to send representatives to the annual meeting of theassembly

Warwick had trouble getting colonists to acceptthe governor he sent, acquiescing in 1640 to the popular choice after his owncandidate was rejected. 19 By 1640, about half of all colonies had created alegislative body that would allow planters a degree of self-government, re-gardless of the plans of their colonial masters

Planters sought to own theland they worked and to have the say in government that went with landownership in England, despite the claims of proprietors or charter compa-nies. As one observer put it, settlers objected that English lords “exact rent,and would fain be absolute.

nRhode Island, New Hampshire, New Haven, Connecticut, and Long Island,colonists functioned independently of any English proprietor. They oftenshored up their claims by purchases from or agreements with local Indians

Connecticut was on the sameunofficial footing as neighboring New Haven and Rhode Island; all threecould be characterized as “squatter” colonies. 15

Maryland, half a dozen years old in 1640, remained on aprecarious footing, a high death rate having reduced the population to onlyabout six hundred people. 13 In all, nearly half the residents in the Stuart At-lantic of 1640 lived on land owned by a (usually nonresident) proprietor

Kirke himself settled with one hundred colo-nists at Ferryland on the southeast coast in 1639. 10 More populous thanNewfoundland, Maine had perhaps five hundred residents, living in three orfour coastal villages and as many fishing stations, along the coast betweenPiscataqua and Casco Ba

Unlike the predominantly English migrants who resided in their colo-nies, this group of proprietors included men with extensive Scottish and Irishinterests; Carlisle, though he lived most of his life in England, had inheriteda Scottish earldom,

Great men—most of whom never gazed upon a single colonial planta-tion—owned the English Atlantic world and sought to control it. Had theEnglish produced a map of North America and the Caribbean in 1640,

Then its shoulders, its legs, its tail. It rolled itself in the blood, letting it coat its driedskin, before slithering along the rocks.

n the damp light of the moon, a faint silhouette of a man dragged the bodies of twohikers out of the cav

bon

A stalactite had fallen and jutted out of the skin where his neck met his should

This is so fuckin’ cool,” he laughed, bouncing the light off the rocks, causing theshadows to dance around them.“Mhm,” Kate mumbled, taking another bite of her bar. I could be eating pasta right now,she thought.

slope into the lak

o digging through them no

e an unconscious toddle

eat, Buck.” D

Dicky spotted her near the statue where the sea of bodies starteddissipating, canvassing big red

ould’ve been his world, but it wasn’t, and it never would be. He had his scholarship, and then hedidn’t.

Translation: Dicky

Dicky?

grade

elling me horrors wit

“Oh I apologize, does Mr Ellis not live here? I’ll have to stop sending his checks to this address,then.” They both fell silent, so the voice continued. “Please sit down, sir.”

free as they w

al and intimate as a kis

Dani, you and I, we’re different. You were born in America, and two wonderful men adopted you.I grew up here, in a country where kissing you could get us both in a lot of trouble. If

This would have been the perfect time to say something, to tell him the truth.But I was scared.

“I wouldn’t have a problem with it if you weren’t.”

But I think that’s just what they were telling themselves to feel better about their lazy,unromantic partners.

fiveguys with defined calves stood behind Jake in support.

was six hours to prom.

In 1789 William Wilberforce, a wealthy philanthropist and M.P. fromHull, and a close friend of Pitt—later esteemed, as we have seen, by literateWest Indian slaves—introduced resolutions in the House of Commons againstthe slave trade

Ines Braul

. Her sadness was overwhelming, it was like a bad smell that stays in your nose for a few minutes

oms always used her as an example “You don’t want to end up like Maria. She dropped out of school and now nasty men are visiting her. Ant Gracie says she’d addicted to cocaine too. You better stay in school girl or you’ll end up just like her

Maria was infamous in the neighbourhood

which left Mayumi very confused.

he girls danced together all night long and Mayum

At her last party, she had kissed her best friend. She knew she liked her a lot but wasn’t sure of what her feelings were. Her parents were Filipino, and she didn’t think they would accept her if she came home with a girlfriend.

And you Adan, you shouldn’t get involved in your brothers’ stupid fight, you’re too old for that

xcept that Mayumi had been forced to become a woman because she was the second mom for her siblings, she took and picked them up from school, made them supper, and helped them with their homework when her mom wasn’t there

Mayumi teared up the poster and threw it into the tr

The painting embraced the purity and innocence that Mayumi had lost, and it represented the insecurities that she had carried with her since she was a little gir

To feel more adult, more sophisticated, she had hanged a poster of Botticelli’s Birth of Venus.

Mayumi lived her life one obsession to another, it kept her alive and distracted her from the emptiness she felt, constantly chasing her, like a cat chasing a moos

Should we go down and get a few beers before the party?

shoulder dance transformed in a more intimate on

Valentina had never felt anything like it before

August smiled and looked into Vale

Valentina had meet August at a neighborhood party, he lived five minutes away from her in another big grey apartment building and had always been sweet to her. As Valentina was lost in August’s warmth, the vinyl stopped playing. Valentina got up and asked August to come and help her find a new vinyl to put on. August got up and looked through her collection. Valentina had the best hip hop vinyl collection of the whole neighborhood

he wasn’t aware o

As he was sharing his story, Valentina stared at his moving lips

nd a small mustache that made his baby face look a little bit older.

f him like a heat

how attractive he w

iving room but made the room heavy with smoke since the apartment was tiny and did not breathe w

August had come to Valentina’s apartment for the first time. She was nervous, looking at August was like staring at the sun; August seemed to be shining so bright that Valentina felt both comfortable and intimidated

Maria finished her cigarette, got up, and started to put her makeup on. She was late on her sched

Moments

he whished she was invisible again

t the blood rushing through her hea

He wasn’t attractive and had the audacity to put down his poor wife in front of her.

Prettier than my wife. Th

You’re very pretty you know,”

she learned that her mom had tried to run away with her that da

Yes?” “Does dad know we’re not coming back tonight?

Maria w

Just by looking at the bottle, she could smell the fruity essence with flowery accents.

and worst of all, she got assaulted at school. Once, a Senior put her in a corner to grab her boobs.

It’s free, it’s running free while I’m stuck here

her big circl

Jerry was a single middle-aged man who lived alone and was tired of smelling Maria’s cigarettes and had made many complains about her.

sadly poeti

apartments.

6 P

I was frozen. "That's all?”

here's no one there except other concepts

He leaned in close to me, the smell of alcohol cut with aftershave wafting upward. “I'm Larryof the Parking Lot,” he repeated

I wanted to ask him why he'd talked to me. Whatdid he expect from me? What was I supposed to say to him? What would I do when he nally decidedto leave?

what,the mysteryof it all."

pend another night

"Well. What should I do now?"

"I can’t make peace with any of this,” I said. “Life.”

That's what it's all about.”

except to catch a bus once a week. He just stays in bed.”“Where was he going on the bus?

But that's really not the point,” he said

omething scared me.

That isn't something you do,”he said. “Imagine you were a river. When the river meetssomething cold and unyielding, jagged rocks and twisted tree trunks, the water does not ail against itand rage and protest. It just goes arou

Because it happened to somebody who was never alive in the rst place.”He was getting to me a bit, I had to admit

e come back as a ghost or something?

ke blood on a paper towel.

wrote back, because it felt right. Her sisters had brought Ivy into paradise, back when theyweren’t so willing to be virtuous. She had danced and danced, until He found her spinning and left muddymarks on her skin. Then she was twirling into vines across the walls of paradise and couldn’t keep any youngwoman from borrowing her name

Offering the sacrifice, t

Among the floral arrangements of the Man who continued to ignore her, of the Man who condemnedHis progeny to live among the taida sweet berries and peace lilies, she thought about what hadn’t belonged.She let blood soak her muddy skin and thought about the bruised shape fluttering into her hair, a wet tearpulling down one dark petal of four. Follow those leaves, their broken seams, to a pile of discard. There shehad found forbidden fruit

Or we can choose. To be seen.” She’d begged, but her sisters pretended not to see the bitemark, thestains on her teeth

Ivy,”

She reminded herself that this was a dandelion in her hand; it cost her nothing to see what a gust ofwind could do

As she swiped through the profiles, she wondered what was faltering. Had she yet to match anyonebecause she hadn’t the courtesy?

to do was succumb to hunger.

They were still hunting for a serpent, instead of investigating her bite. The same bite they had erasedfrom memory with nectar and drunken love.

d swiped and swiped, she would never have to settle, never have to give i

and she saw the loophole in His order

Once all the preparations had been made, they all sat in a circle and prepared to watch herdecide.“I’m sorry,”

Download it and you’ll see!”

She might as well let garter snakes race into the ponds. God forbid she grew lonely

when her sisters laughed and spilled their palm sugar nectar onto her c

notunlike their father, whose cacophonous breaths rarely sounded through paradise.

oy only turned onto her other side,

him

someone close to her, to feel a thud on the skull, the drunken haze turning rare before she tasted sweet fles

All sh

fried her lips, burnt her tongue black and bubbly, and singedthe eyes off of her orchids. It clapped and roared, shook and bellowed, until she cried out and hid under thetaida and lilies. Light punishment. Lazy retribution. Many suffered more for less.

pulpy flesh, lift up into her skin

ince years later, now that she’dlong grown into the ivy, she should have been avoiding luck altogether

ould pull atighter across her throat, they’d s

ingers tangled into stems, ripping leafy hearts from their roots.

This all started

I

Servings: 6

THE LI

Work with

Gather, assign and edit stories for the Fringe Arts section.

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oaching contributors on arts reporting and writing.

(6) articles

emptied from her pockets,

No, shereplied, that couldn't be it, and he looked at her the way a hungry dog looks at an empty bowl,and said, “Not even a little?”

Mama!

Sheswore and dragged her gaze to the pregnancy test on the counter. Two lines. Two lines, shethought, a false positive, surely. She’d take anothe

osephine blinked at Dr. Lilith and shifted again on the crinkly paper beneath her.

“Back on our meds again, are we?”

hair.

always liked the smell of the doctor’s and the cold fingers of the nurseon her arms.

w old are you?” the emperor asked.

1 Erin Staley

s he spoke, the master’s voice seemed to fade out, as if his head was submerged in water. Malko glanced around, but none of the other boys seemed to notice anything unusual

Had he just killed the master? His lip trembled and he suddenly found it very hard to breathe.

Malko felt everything go silent once more. His own hand reached up and grabbed his neck. In front of him, the man stood and said something, and Malko watched him climb back up the hill as he clawed out his own throat.

Blood splattered across his face and Master Kostin crumpled on to the grass, his still-warm heart lying inches away.

l Master.

To become a mage was a great honour, his mother had told him before he left, and he would be the greatest there was. They wouldn’t have taken him so young if he hadn’t been great, would they?

Boris

The prince is a sickly and disturbed boy. His musings are of no consequence.

e replie

complexion, and his eyes reminded Malko of the saucer-eyed oxen they had kept up north

k from his mother’s cabinets.

earch of his next snack

The vendors smiled sadly down at him as they handed him his food, and he grinned back, letting the juice from his kebab dribble down his chin as he bit into it.

gers slipping as they pushed him against the wooden posts of the bunks

. “Was it true... what you said about your brother when we were baked?” J asked instead. “Y

alcoholic”, which ran deep in his bloodline, and hesitated to answe

Better to be with Will than alone at times.

J decided in that moment that he would never get high with Will again

he always reminded him of a younger version of his mom, and J adored her sweet angel-like personality

to an unpleasant exposed surface

On the front, the image of a larynx cancer victim’s little black hole gaping in the center of his neck, J reflected on the box’s origin.

ather, Son and the Holy Ghost was arranged, and the entirety of the Holy trinity decided to say, “Fuck you J”, J’s hand shook for the last time, and the majority of the contents from that crinkled sweat stained paper spilled on his lap

umulative publicrecord evidences a people and its rulers entering the abolition process primarilybecause they wanted to sustain their national momentum in a situation where theyalready felt themselves to be leaders in coalescing international movements forhuman amelioration

hen abolitionism burst on the scene late in 1787, both the external andinternal conditions of Britain had never seemed so favourable. Its century-long rivalhad ceased to seem a menace. More astonishingly, a flattering cultural ‘Anglomania’had taken hold across the channel as France’s internal movement for reform acceler-ated. The British press took note that English language and literature studies were evenbe

mpeachment of Warren Hastings for misrule in Indiawere simultaneous reflections of a new sense of reforming humanity on a globalscale

not only for a new, but for a better empire: ‘The eighteenth-century faithin man’s potential reached its British peak in the decade 1783–1792’. In this context, anumber of new African projects began to emerge.5

he ex-slaves were ‘most shamefully given up to their cruelmasters [when] Lord Cornwallis surrendered himself and his gallant army’, and theex-slaves were made to suffer hanging, whipping, mutilation and death. The writercalled upon Cornwallis to support the remnant in England with compensation forlife in reparation for his earlier abandonment.

lists of prominent contributors gave the intended beneficiaries more publicprominence and commentaries than any previous group of blacks had ever enjoyed

most of the impoverishedblacks had served the country fighting under the British flag. Having deserted theirmasters and placed themselves under a British commander, they were now left toperish by famine and cold. They were entitled to the benefit of British ‘gratitude,humanity and policy’.5

le for parish reliefwhen unemployed or disabled. News items appeared with some frequency describingsuffering blacks who were offered legal support in claiming damages for being treatedcruelly or denied wages.

‘the revenue and the present subsistence of many upon theproduce of the Plantations and the labour of slaves, seem to damp the hopes their exer-tions might have raised, but the end is to be prayed for’.47

e free port system was viewed as another way for the WestIndian planters and merchants to recuperate all of the losses that they had enduredduring the harsh years of the war

imilar British trade success inthe French and Spanish Caribbean. New markets for the British transatlantic slavetrade were opened by both French and Spanish merchants in the British Caribbeanfree ports

British anxiously watched the dynamism of the French on the coast ofAfrica and in the Caribbea

he peak decade of the transat-lantic slave trade.4

rospects of the ‘end of conflict’in Europe seemed to rise, the question of ending the brutal conflict and inhumanitythat fed the slave trade was easily tagged onto the agenda of public discussion.

ould not even threaten to forestall a Prussian interven-tion (with British support) into a Dutch republic mired in revolution. The Nether-lands’ civil war was described by one newspa

mark the present aera as being distinguishable for more prosperityand tranquility than any former period in British history’.

British flag alone enjoyed exemption from corsair predation

To what a pitiful condition are the worthy sons of American liberty reduced! Theyare forced either to fly from the Barbarians of Africa or to become their slaves. Achanged state of things indeed from that which they enjoyed while dependent onthis country. Then our naval thunder frightened the enemy from them.

1785 that American shipswere extending their slaving activities.

results of the American exper-iment seemed uninspiring.26

illiam Grenville introduceda new bill in Parliament to regulate trade between the United States and the BritishWest Indies. He emphasised that the provisions had to be temporary because it wasdifficult to decide whether Americans were ‘under one government, whether theyconsisted of many discordant governments, or whether they were under no govern-ment at all’.2

On arriving in London the fol-lowing year, he was astonished to find that the Quakers had long since formed an anti-slave trade committee with the intention of arousing the public.

Despite the initiative of Gustavus Vassa (Olaudah Equiano) and an enormous effortof Granville Sharp to get the legal system to treat the event as a case of murder, notmerchandise, the case was not reopened.

British evangelicals – above all James Ramsay – during theperiod between 1783 and 1787.

hatever their achievements as catalysts, theFriends were to play their most significant role in British abolitionism as the coreorganisers of the London Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in 1787 andas cadres of the provincial movement thereafter.16

divine disfavour nor any British faltering in the cause of liberty in com-parison with the new American republic

Price to the outcomeof the Quakers’ intervention: ‘Was not Parliament lately petitioned to prohibit theslave trade, did they show the least regard to the petition?’

Ministers still complimented their action, but ‘thought the time was not yet cometo bring the affair to maturity’. They still imagined that there was, as yet, little prospectof success

wrote a letter signed ‘A West Indian’ and published pamphlets anonymously, inorder to conceal their sponsorship. In other words, ‘with unusual guile’, they tried‘to create the impression that hostility to slavery was widespread’.1

Unfortu-nately, he replied, all Europe’s maritime powers had to make use of the African trade

tudent in London during the 1750s and 1760s, he was an early member of a London-based black community that in time produced a number of articulate critics of Atlantic slavery.

ess to participate in the violence on which the Company of Merchants' business depended and his comments on the harshness of the trade suggest that by the early 1790s he had become a firmer opponent of the slave trade.

articipate in military action against the African people of the town there, an event that resulted in "great slaughter and deves tation." Quaque refused on the grounds that his participation would have been "highly inconsistent and injurious to my Profession and the Station I hold in the African Committee's Service."

Quaque was willing to provide visitors to

antislavery figure, Quaque was cited as a source of information by men who testified before the House of Commons committee that investigated the slave tra

rs raised for the first time the possibility that the Society's long-standing acceptance of and involvement with slavery

This trip placed Quaque in London when the debates that gave rise to the Parliamentary campaign against the slave trade were becoming more heated. Quaque was likely exposed to these debates,

ublicly acknowl edging that the SPG's management of Codrington plantation had not produced large numbers of converts and lamenting Britain's leading role in the slave trade.85