At the end, historians decide what is an importantfact and what is not

should develop the habit of reading and interpreting the evidence at the same time.

he objective historian is also one who “penetrates most deeply” into the mutual method of fact and value, who recognises that facts and values are not necessarily in opposition to differences in standards emerging from disparity of historical fact, and vice versa.

does this by arguing that the standard for objectivity in history is the historian’s “sense of the direction in history”, which means the historian selects facts not on personal bias, but on the ability to choose “the right facts, or, in other words, that he applies the right standard of significance”.

He overlooks the reality that new evidence and new theory can offer new interpretations.

For example, Carr’s argument that facts are a priori decision of the historian, and that the historians’ influence on and the arrangement of these facts is what constitutes historical meaning. However, this gives rise to the risk of subjectivity and the outcome may not be an accurate representation of the evidence. 

. The writing is added to and subtracted from as he goes along. He found that his reading was more guided and directed by the writing as he went along.

A society which loses its belief in its capacity to move into the future will quickly cease to concern itself with its progress in the past.

The historian must seek to bring into the picture all known or knowable facts, relevant in one sense or the other to the theme and the interpretation proposed.

They are always refracted through the mind of the recorder

French history in the latter twentieth century was deeply affected by the Russian Revolution of 1917. Carr advises historians that equal importance should be given to the date and publication of writing as the name of the author when commencing on a study.

The modern historian on the other hand has the dual task of discovering a few significant facts and discarding the insignificant ones as unhistorical.

Their status as historical facts will depend on their interpretation.

he question whither also assumes importance, since the line of demarcation between pre-historic and historical times is eclipsed when people cease to live only in the present and become consciously interested in their past and future.

raw material for the historian,

He however asserts that fact without accurate interpretation is ineffectua

great history is written when the historian’s view of the past is illuminated by insights into the conditions of the present.

history is a continual process of interaction; a dialogue between the historian in the present and the facts of the past and the relative weight of individuals and social elements on both sides of the equation.

Carr’s theory of the subject of history is at odds with the modern idea of history as it has many branches such as social, economic, education history amongst others.

Carr, since people did not form into political organisations in the modern sense until the last two centuries he considers the history of the masses prior to the 1800s as insignificant and ‘unsound’. This is very narrow definition of history

the very act of asking a question the historian limits his choice of material – that he finds in the evidence that for which he looks”

oncludes that history in effect is determined by historian and as such it is the reflection of the historian’s time and environment.

mprobable that all sources regarding any one event can be attained. As such it is inevitable that some form of selection must occur.

e events are undeniable

Whilst, it is acceptable that the historian will be, to an extent affected by their environment, it does not necessitate that their interpretation will necessarily be biased. It is entirely possible that Meineckes has changed his opinion about the German government due to the appearance of new evidence. This point is exemplified by Elton (2002, p. 54) who states, “This is not a question of interpreting fact but of establishing it, and the difference resulting is likely to be differences in the degree and depth of knowledge, no more.”

how

e uniforms and cinder blocks.

musicians

For them, the border is a not an invitationto think about nations, music or politics: it is thewall of a prison

e virtual,

bridge blockade

mimeograph

The Eastern Door

met guitarist Rex Richardson, and toured across the U.S. in 1979 with Richardson, who set his poems to music.

Haida people in the Queen Charlotte Islands of British Columbia, as a ranch hand in the vicinity of Susanville, California, and doing archaeological field work with the Paiute people of Pyramid Lake

became an ironworker in his teens, working in various cities in the American West. In

nfluenced by European and American traditions. His grandfather was a school teacher at Kahnawake, exposed to the art of storytelling through the plays of William Shakespeare and the tales of Haudenosaunee.

raised in the Mohawk language.

“and showeth forth the ulcers that are covered withtissue,” thereby making “kings fear to be tyrants.

superior to both the philosopher ang thehistorian, because he is more concrete than the one and more universal than theother.

livelier and more affecting way than, nature does,

efense argues both that the, poet, erate els intervene r“withi ; is own wi

Halifax food scene inside and out

You love food, from

ry but stories from food and

beyond the mainstream and social media news a

provided a few African-Canadian boxers like Langford and George Dixon with temporary social momentum,allowing them to live relatively lavish lifestyles. But we should be careful aboutromanticising boxing as the first bastion of black Canadian "economic advancement.

, boxing is only "good for some black men, allowing them to escape thedeprivation of the slums, but for many, it merely reflects and aggravates their basicoppression

was revered by black and white Nova Scotians. As his careerwound down and his skills inevitably deteriorated, however, many of his white NovaScotian 'fans' deserted him. Practically blind, Langford was reduced to travelling with theBill Lynch amusement show, putting on boxing exhibitions against local boxers like JoeHartnett of Halifax. Not long after his Bill Lynch days, Langford was found living blind,penniless and alone in a small apartment in New York City

In interwar Nova Scotia the ring was by no means a place where racism and racialintolerance could so easily be surmounted. Even the most successful and celebrated ofAfrican-Nova Scotian boxers, Sam "the Boston Tarbaby" Langford, was unable to escapewhite hatred and its devastating effects. Langford was one of the most talented boxersin the history not only of Nova Scotia but the world. At the height of his career, hefought some of the best boxers in the world - Jack Johnson, Joe Gans, Joe Jeanette -travelled the globe in search of opponents, and won the Australian and Mexicanheavyweight championships.

ing that we are living the bestmoments with them infinitely.

lashists believe that when you die and your life flashes before youreyes, you will not view the few “important” moments of your life, but instead you will see everysingle one again, including the moment that your life flashes before your eyes

It is also common practiceto wear shoes a few sizes too small so that they squeeze on your toes, causing them to curl in,putting you in a constant state of standing on your toes.

Women and children received most of the clothing Johnson distributed:they accounted for almost 69 percent of his total expenditure on clothingduring this period. Outfitting warriorsand sachems accounted for i6.3 per-cent and I2.5 percent respectively and outfitting the dead only 2.6 percen

It accounted for fif-teen kinds of items and approximately66.5 percent of the total value of thepresents

Like many eighteenth-century gentlemen, he collected and displayed within his home "curiosities,"objects he valued for beauty, craftsmanship, or rarity. These includedwampum, bows and arrows, calumets, and Indian clothing. Other gentleman-collectors requested Johnson's assistance in procuring such items of Indiandress as beaver coats, moccasins, and belts.

Johnson sponsored Mohawk raids on Frenchcolonists and their Indian allies. In his expense account between December1746 and November 1747 he identified by name more than thirty Indianswith whom he conducted this busines

him of gr

Hendrick's costume added to his prestige and influence among Indians aswell. Much of his power as a sachem rested on his ability to funnel goodsfrom his European counterpartsto his fellow villagers. In this capacity, thepeople of Canajohariecould not have asked for a more productive emissary.From I70I, when h

. Realizing thatan impressive outfit, a well-orchestratedentrance, or a ceremonial presenta-tion of a gift could speak volumes, Johnson and Hendrick used the nonver-bal languageof appearanceto negotiate cultural borders

ohnson's accounts reveal that he distributed clothing to sachems and war-riors personally-often in one-to-one encounters-when going to war, hon-oring the dead, or entertaining friends. When he gave clothing to Indianwomen and children, he distributed it in much greater quantities and formore utilitarian reasons:on May 24, I747, for example, he entered a debit inhis accounts of ?49.I7.o for "Cloathing for their [Indian warriors']Womenand Children being naked."3

lso gave paint and knives, along with "A Shirt very fine withRuffles & ribon" and "A fine lac'd Hatt . . . with a Cockade."31The sameaccount shows that Johnson distribute

and vermillion, which has a red.

IndianFashion."23Indian consumers rarely adopted European costume from headto foot, an

ohnson lived in the middle of this trade. T

l mobility of its weare

did more than simply imitate the fashions of English gentle-folk. They used trade goods to invent new appearances,new ceremonies, anda new, visual language by which they communicated in a diverse and con-tentious world.

ing offered to Indian men, women, and children.11Clothing helped the Mohawk Valley's inhabitants establish what RichardWhite calls a "middle ground

mportance of clothing inself-presentation.

,dressed and painted after the manner ofan Indian War Captai

portrai

Together, Johnson and Hendrick exerted a tremendousinfluence on the Covenant Chain, an alliance governing economic anddiplomatic relations between the Iroquois confederacy and Great Britain'sNorth American colonies.

hose who earned their freedom continued to desire land and au-tonomy, and their aspirations threatened a renewal of the Indian wars thatrelentless territorial expansion had brought in its trai

saw colonization as an opportunity to erect a reformed reli-gious polity. Unlike their counterparts elsewhere, settlers in those plantationswere watched more closely and disciplined more effectively than they hadbeen in England—and they in turn had responsibility for the watchful care oftheir neighbors. Since they simplified worship and replaced oversight by bish-ops with that of the congregation, their praxis transferred more easily intothe “wilderness.”

Other migrants who were unableto pay their passage signed indentures to serve for a set number of yea

Proportionally more English people mi-grated to the Atlantic world in the 1630s than would be the case at any othertime

male majority, even in New England, where migrantfamilies helped somewhat to balance the sex rati

The primary crop produced for export by colonists in 1640was tobacco. It was cultivated in Virginia, Bermuda, Bar

The massive out-migration from England helped to bind these new At-lantic settlements to the center, since the passenger-carrying trade vastly in-creased the number of English ships sailing Atlantic waters.

All plantations were heavily reliant on the ships that plied the Atlanticseasonally, bringing new settlers and servants as well as essential supplies thatcould not be produced locally. T

Efforts to keep the government in the hands of a selectgroup within the Massachusetts Bay Company had failed when the malehousehold heads demanded and got (save for a restriction based on churchmembership) the right to send representatives to the annual meeting of theassembly

Warwick had trouble getting colonists to acceptthe governor he sent, acquiescing in 1640 to the popular choice after his owncandidate was rejected. 19 By 1640, about half of all colonies had created alegislative body that would allow planters a degree of self-government, re-gardless of the plans of their colonial masters

Planters sought to own theland they worked and to have the say in government that went with landownership in England, despite the claims of proprietors or charter compa-nies. As one observer put it, settlers objected that English lords “exact rent,and would fain be absolute.

nRhode Island, New Hampshire, New Haven, Connecticut, and Long Island,colonists functioned independently of any English proprietor. They oftenshored up their claims by purchases from or agreements with local Indians

Connecticut was on the sameunofficial footing as neighboring New Haven and Rhode Island; all threecould be characterized as “squatter” colonies. 15

Maryland, half a dozen years old in 1640, remained on aprecarious footing, a high death rate having reduced the population to onlyabout six hundred people. 13 In all, nearly half the residents in the Stuart At-lantic of 1640 lived on land owned by a (usually nonresident) proprietor

Kirke himself settled with one hundred colo-nists at Ferryland on the southeast coast in 1639. 10 More populous thanNewfoundland, Maine had perhaps five hundred residents, living in three orfour coastal villages and as many fishing stations, along the coast betweenPiscataqua and Casco Ba

Unlike the predominantly English migrants who resided in their colo-nies, this group of proprietors included men with extensive Scottish and Irishinterests; Carlisle, though he lived most of his life in England, had inheriteda Scottish earldom,

Great men—most of whom never gazed upon a single colonial planta-tion—owned the English Atlantic world and sought to control it. Had theEnglish produced a map of North America and the Caribbean in 1640,

Then its shoulders, its legs, its tail. It rolled itself in the blood, letting it coat its driedskin, before slithering along the rocks.

n the damp light of the moon, a faint silhouette of a man dragged the bodies of twohikers out of the cav

bon

A stalactite had fallen and jutted out of the skin where his neck met his should

This is so fuckin’ cool,” he laughed, bouncing the light off the rocks, causing theshadows to dance around them.“Mhm,” Kate mumbled, taking another bite of her bar. I could be eating pasta right now,she thought.

slope into the lak

o digging through them no

e an unconscious toddle

eat, Buck.” D

Dicky spotted her near the statue where the sea of bodies starteddissipating, canvassing big red

ould’ve been his world, but it wasn’t, and it never would be. He had his scholarship, and then hedidn’t.

Translation: Dicky

Dicky?

grade

elling me horrors wit

“Oh I apologize, does Mr Ellis not live here? I’ll have to stop sending his checks to this address,then.” They both fell silent, so the voice continued. “Please sit down, sir.”

free as they w

al and intimate as a kis

Dani, you and I, we’re different. You were born in America, and two wonderful men adopted you.I grew up here, in a country where kissing you could get us both in a lot of trouble. If

This would have been the perfect time to say something, to tell him the truth.But I was scared.

“I wouldn’t have a problem with it if you weren’t.”

But I think that’s just what they were telling themselves to feel better about their lazy,unromantic partners.

fiveguys with defined calves stood behind Jake in support.

was six hours to prom.

In 1789 William Wilberforce, a wealthy philanthropist and M.P. fromHull, and a close friend of Pitt—later esteemed, as we have seen, by literateWest Indian slaves—introduced resolutions in the House of Commons againstthe slave trade

Ines Braul

. Her sadness was overwhelming, it was like a bad smell that stays in your nose for a few minutes

oms always used her as an example “You don’t want to end up like Maria. She dropped out of school and now nasty men are visiting her. Ant Gracie says she’d addicted to cocaine too. You better stay in school girl or you’ll end up just like her

Maria was infamous in the neighbourhood

which left Mayumi very confused.

he girls danced together all night long and Mayum

At her last party, she had kissed her best friend. She knew she liked her a lot but wasn’t sure of what her feelings were. Her parents were Filipino, and she didn’t think they would accept her if she came home with a girlfriend.

And you Adan, you shouldn’t get involved in your brothers’ stupid fight, you’re too old for that

xcept that Mayumi had been forced to become a woman because she was the second mom for her siblings, she took and picked them up from school, made them supper, and helped them with their homework when her mom wasn’t there

Mayumi teared up the poster and threw it into the tr

The painting embraced the purity and innocence that Mayumi had lost, and it represented the insecurities that she had carried with her since she was a little gir

To feel more adult, more sophisticated, she had hanged a poster of Botticelli’s Birth of Venus.

Mayumi lived her life one obsession to another, it kept her alive and distracted her from the emptiness she felt, constantly chasing her, like a cat chasing a moos

Should we go down and get a few beers before the party?

shoulder dance transformed in a more intimate on

Valentina had never felt anything like it before

August smiled and looked into Vale

Valentina had meet August at a neighborhood party, he lived five minutes away from her in another big grey apartment building and had always been sweet to her. As Valentina was lost in August’s warmth, the vinyl stopped playing. Valentina got up and asked August to come and help her find a new vinyl to put on. August got up and looked through her collection. Valentina had the best hip hop vinyl collection of the whole neighborhood

he wasn’t aware o

As he was sharing his story, Valentina stared at his moving lips

nd a small mustache that made his baby face look a little bit older.

f him like a heat

how attractive he w

iving room but made the room heavy with smoke since the apartment was tiny and did not breathe w

August had come to Valentina’s apartment for the first time. She was nervous, looking at August was like staring at the sun; August seemed to be shining so bright that Valentina felt both comfortable and intimidated

Maria finished her cigarette, got up, and started to put her makeup on. She was late on her sched

Moments

he whished she was invisible again

t the blood rushing through her hea

He wasn’t attractive and had the audacity to put down his poor wife in front of her.

Prettier than my wife. Th

You’re very pretty you know,”

she learned that her mom had tried to run away with her that da

Yes?” “Does dad know we’re not coming back tonight?

Maria w

Just by looking at the bottle, she could smell the fruity essence with flowery accents.

and worst of all, she got assaulted at school. Once, a Senior put her in a corner to grab her boobs.

It’s free, it’s running free while I’m stuck here

her big circl

Jerry was a single middle-aged man who lived alone and was tired of smelling Maria’s cigarettes and had made many complains about her.

sadly poeti

apartments.

6 P

I was frozen. "That's all?”

here's no one there except other concepts

He leaned in close to me, the smell of alcohol cut with aftershave wafting upward. “I'm Larryof the Parking Lot,” he repeated

I wanted to ask him why he'd talked to me. Whatdid he expect from me? What was I supposed to say to him? What would I do when he nally decidedto leave?

what,the mysteryof it all."

pend another night

"Well. What should I do now?"

"I can’t make peace with any of this,” I said. “Life.”

That's what it's all about.”

except to catch a bus once a week. He just stays in bed.”“Where was he going on the bus?

But that's really not the point,” he said

omething scared me.

That isn't something you do,”he said. “Imagine you were a river. When the river meetssomething cold and unyielding, jagged rocks and twisted tree trunks, the water does not ail against itand rage and protest. It just goes arou

Because it happened to somebody who was never alive in the rst place.”He was getting to me a bit, I had to admit

e come back as a ghost or something?

ke blood on a paper towel.

wrote back, because it felt right. Her sisters had brought Ivy into paradise, back when theyweren’t so willing to be virtuous. She had danced and danced, until He found her spinning and left muddymarks on her skin. Then she was twirling into vines across the walls of paradise and couldn’t keep any youngwoman from borrowing her name

Offering the sacrifice, t

Among the floral arrangements of the Man who continued to ignore her, of the Man who condemnedHis progeny to live among the taida sweet berries and peace lilies, she thought about what hadn’t belonged.She let blood soak her muddy skin and thought about the bruised shape fluttering into her hair, a wet tearpulling down one dark petal of four. Follow those leaves, their broken seams, to a pile of discard. There shehad found forbidden fruit

Or we can choose. To be seen.” She’d begged, but her sisters pretended not to see the bitemark, thestains on her teeth

Ivy,”

She reminded herself that this was a dandelion in her hand; it cost her nothing to see what a gust ofwind could do

As she swiped through the profiles, she wondered what was faltering. Had she yet to match anyonebecause she hadn’t the courtesy?

to do was succumb to hunger.

They were still hunting for a serpent, instead of investigating her bite. The same bite they had erasedfrom memory with nectar and drunken love.

d swiped and swiped, she would never have to settle, never have to give i

and she saw the loophole in His order

Once all the preparations had been made, they all sat in a circle and prepared to watch herdecide.“I’m sorry,”

Download it and you’ll see!”

She might as well let garter snakes race into the ponds. God forbid she grew lonely

when her sisters laughed and spilled their palm sugar nectar onto her c

notunlike their father, whose cacophonous breaths rarely sounded through paradise.

oy only turned onto her other side,

him

someone close to her, to feel a thud on the skull, the drunken haze turning rare before she tasted sweet fles

All sh

fried her lips, burnt her tongue black and bubbly, and singedthe eyes off of her orchids. It clapped and roared, shook and bellowed, until she cried out and hid under thetaida and lilies. Light punishment. Lazy retribution. Many suffered more for less.

pulpy flesh, lift up into her skin

ince years later, now that she’dlong grown into the ivy, she should have been avoiding luck altogether

ould pull atighter across her throat, they’d s

ingers tangled into stems, ripping leafy hearts from their roots.

This all started

I