first, workers were no longer cast as embodiedthinker

I propose therefore that a knowledge economy is best understood not as a temporalconcept of the latest stage of capitalism, but as a geographical one: it marks a spatialreorganization of production

second, a regime of management emerged to control the productionprocess, and consequently, knowledge came to be seen as something alienated from thelaboring body/mind.

, manufacturing is still at the center oftrade, but profits arerealized in the realm of concepts

Standardization of the labor process lay at the heart of these Tayloristreorganizations of production.

Creativity and knowledgewere, first of all, allegedly the only things that resist standardization

The interest in intangibles reinforced a geography of value (and difference) in whichknowledge economies had the ideas, and others did the work.

The valorization of ideas isbacked by an organization and determination of value that marks knowledge economiesas competitive and‘high-value’economies

Enfolding defeat with progress is a classic move in the framing of economictransformations

The geopolitical reorganization of production and the resulting bleak economicreports have been the impetus for recent searches formodelsthat reframe this alarmingpicture

Thus, while it embodies a shift in the regime of production, aknowledge economy is also a continuation of a manufacturing economy, albeit‘elsewhere.’

The dream in which the demise of old economies can be wrappedin a celebratory narrative of a great leap forward, in which Western brains, intuition,ingenuity, and creativity will float so-called knowledge economies back to the center ofthe world economy, may turn out to be just that, a dream

And from a certain vantage point it sounds quite interesting to unfasten thedefinition of capital, to look beyond the numbers, and to try to incorporate aneconomy if not of appearances, of knowledge, people and ideas.

On the one hand, it is seen to partake inthe production of objectivity

The rationale for a new accounting categoryfollowed the narrative logic–not unlike the CIT advertisements–thatprevious calculative practices did not portray‘what was really going on’.

in my analysis I look first of all at how existing classifications havebeen transformed to incorporate knowledge through a close reading of therules and regulations of economic models, complemented by policy documentsand popular accounts

John Dewey’s process of inquiry begins and ends in experience

A practitioner who uses a working hypothesis as a tool of inquiry mustbe prepared for the unexpected

Dewey oftenused the termworking hypothesisto emphasize the provisional nature ofhypotheses

The technical-rational approach rewards profes-sionals dedicated to their specialized field. It also disconnects the techni-cal expert from the people and an ethical framework.

Inquiry is an open-ended process with positive feedback.

Positivism isdisconnected from values and is individualistic. In contrast, classicalpragmatism links the scientific attitude with a rich participatorycommunity.

members of the community of inquiry bring a scientific attitudeto the problematic situation

community of inquiry

participatory democracy

Common to all communities of inquiry is a focus on a problematic situ-ation.

Here, too, the starting point is the opposition between the being o f the absolute and the being o f the empirical- conditioned, i.e., between the being o f the infinite and o f the finite. But now the opposition is no longer merely dogmatically posited; rather it must be understood in its ultimate depth and conceived o f through the conditions o f human knowledge. This position towards the problem o f knowledge makes o f Cusanus the first modem thinker.

All knowledge presupposes comparison, which, in turn, more precisely understood, is nothing but measurement.

precisely this condition becomes unfulfillable as soon as the goal, the object o f knowledge is no longer something finite, conditioned, singular, but rather an absolute object.

any contents are to be measured by and through each other, the first, inevitable assumption must be the condition o f homogeneity. They must be reduced to one and the same unit o f measure; they must be capable o f being thought o f as belonging to the same quantitative order

The distance between the finite and the infinite remains the same no matter how many intermediate terms we may place between them

Aristotle’s logic, based on the principle o f the excluded middle, seems precisely for that reason to be merely a logic o f the finite, one which must always and necessarily be found wanting when it comes to contemplating the infinite.

In keeping with the medieval ideal o f the whole, it includes the totality o f the spiritual and physical cosmos.

hilosophy o f the early Renaissance does not seem to bear out Hegel’s presupposition that the full consciousness and spiritual essence o f an epoch is contained in its philosophy

Cusanus is the only thinker o f the period to look at all o f the fundamental problems o f his time from the point o f view o f one prin­ciple through which he masters them all

here is never any danger o f specialization or o f frag­mentation in his work.

hen Cusanus takes up and elaborates any­thing, it comes to fit into an intellectual whole, and combines with his other efforts to form a subsequent unity

To be sure, the concept o f docta ignorantia, and the doc­trine o f the ‘coincidence o f opposites’ based upon it, seem to do nothing more than to repeat thoughts that belong to the solid patrimony o f medieval mysticism.

Medieval cosmology and faith, the idea o f universal order, and the idea o f the moral-religious order o f salvation here flow to­gether into a single fundamental view, into a picture that is at once o f the highest significance and o f the highest inner consequence.

With this, every kind o f ‘rational’ theology is refuted—and in its place steps ‘mystical theology*.

Nevertheless, the first sentences o f the work De doctaignorantia give birth to a new thought, and point to a completely new total intellectual orientation. Here, too, the starting point is the opposition between the being o f the absolute and the being o f the empirical- conditioned, i.e., between the being o f the infinite and o f the finite.

Whenever these middle terms do not offer themselves immediately to natural thought, we must discover them by means o f syllogistic reasoning. Thus we can join the abstract with the concrete and the general with the particular in a definitely determined order o f thought.

Aristotle’s criticism o f the Platonic doctrine begins with his objec­tion to this separation o f the realm o f existence and the realm o f ideal ‘meaning*. Reality is one

The Neo-Platonic system is dominated by the Platonic idea o f ‘transcendence*, i.e., by the absolute opposition between the intelligible and the sensible

The Maximum is not a quantitative, but a purely qualitative concept. It is the absolute foundation o f being as well as the absolute foundation o f knowledge.

It was more because in the modern world the RomanCatholic Church has lost its explicit power over kings

This set Roman Catholics at odds both with their King and with themselves,which prompted faction and war.

Modern international relations theory begins withHobbes, who provides the proper way to understand the relationshipsbetween states in the world that Westphalia is said to have given us.

How does Calvin’s Reformation rejection of analogical ordering yield the pro-blem of radical-particularism, as I have called it, even if only inadvertently?

A world orderedanalogically meant, on the one hand, that the lower orders enjoyed a certainsubsidiary autonomy

Through the RomanCatholic Church, God’s vicegerent on earth, man is lifted up to the Divine; andthe world, made luminous by God’s Light, is now understood to be orderedin accordance with that Light, with the Church at the apex of the world

The only way Hobbes thought this intractable tension could be resolvedwas for citizens to obey the sovereigns who were the authorizedpersonatorsoftheir various nations.

Rather than understanding God’s creation to be ordered analogically, withman located in an ordered cosmos with a dispositive nature that reason cancomprehend, Calvin strips away the created world entirely, along with thefaculty of reason that can comprehend it.

In thehands of Calvin, the Roman Catholic Church is merely an earthly institutionthat presumptuously claims universal authority over nations and over souls.

The first author of speech was God himself, that instructed Adam how to name such creatures as he presented to his sight; for the Scripture goeth no further in this matter.

For after the object is removed, or the eye shut, we still retain an image of the thing seen, though more obscure than when we see it. And this is it, the Latins call imagination, from the image made in seeing; and apply the same, though improperly, to all the other senses

Special uses of speech are these; first, to register, what by cogitation, we find to be the cause of any thing, present or past; and what we find things present or past may produce, or effect: which in sum, is acquiring of arts. Secondly, to show to others that knowledge which we have attained; which is, to counsel, and teach one another. Thirdly, to make known to others our wills, and purposes, that we may have the mutual help of one another. Fourthly, to please and delight ourselves, and others, by playing with our words, for pleasure or ornament, innocently

This decaying sense, when we would express the thing itself, (I mean fancy itself) we call imagination, as I said before: but when we would express the decay, and signify that the sense is fading, old, and past, it is called memory.

our dreams are the reverse of our waking imaginations; the motion when we are awake, beginning at one end; and when we dream, at another

without words, there is no possibility of reckoning of numbers; much less of magnitudes, of swiftness, of force, and other things, the reckonings whereof are necessary to the being, or well-being of mankind.

The imaginations of them that sleep, are those we call dreams

Much memory, or memory of many things, is called experi-ence

Which kind of thoughts, is called foresight, and prudence, or providence; and sometimes wisdom; though such conjecture, through the difficulty of observing all circumstances, be very fallacious.

For between true sci-ence, and erroneous doctrines, ignorance is in the middle. Natural sense and imagination, are not subject to absurdity

The present only has a being in nature; things past have a being in the memory only, but things to come have no being at all; the future being but a fiction of the mind, applying the sequels of actions past, to the actions that are present; which with most certainty is done by him that has most experience; but not with certainty enough.

When we say any thing is infinite, we signify only, that we are not able to conceive the ends, and bounds of the things named; having no conception of the thing, but of our own inability

The best prophet naturally is the best guesser; and the best guesser, he that is most versed and studied in the matters he guesses at: for he hath most signs to guess by

But this conjecture, has the same uncertainty almost with the conjecture of the future; both being grounded only upon expenence

The signs of science, are some, certain and infallible; some, uncertain

The use and end of reason, is not the finding of the sum, The use of and truth of one, or a few consequences, remote from the first reason. definitions, and settled significations of names; but to begin at these; and proceed from one consequence to another. For there can be no certainty of the last conclusion, without a certainty of all those affirmations and negations, on which it was grounded, and inferred.

To conclude, the light of human minds is perspicuous words, but by exact definitions first snuffed, and purged from ambiguity; reason is the pace; increase of science, the way; and the benefit of mankind, the end. And on the contrary, metaphors, and senseless and ambiguous words, are like ignes fatui;* and reasoning upon them, is wandering amongst innumerable absurdities; and their end, contention, and sedition, or contempt [indifference].

truth consisteth in the right ordering of Necessity of names in our affirmations, a man that seeketh precise truth, had definitions. need to remember what every name he uses stands for; and to place it accordingly; or else he will find himself entangled in words, as a bird in lime twigs;* the more he struggles, the more belimed

Signs of prudence are all uncertain

because to observe by experience, and remember all circumstances that may alter the success, is impossible

such facts, or effects of nature, as have no dependence on man's will;

The other, is civil history; which is the history of the voluntary actions of men in commonwealths

Speculative design is a discursive practice, based on critical thinking and dialogue

Speculative design is a critical design prac-tice that comprises or is related to a series of similar practices known under the follow-ing names: critical design, design fiction, future design, anti-design, radical design, interrogative design, discursive design, adversarial design, futurescape, design art, transitional design etc.

Such an approach to design does not focus on meeting the current and future consumer needs, but rather on re-thinking the technological future that reflects the complexity of today’s world.

However, speculative design can also function in the so-called “real world”, i.e. in companies em-ploying designers to consider scenarios for future trends and research into the adop-tion of emerging technologies

uses fiction and speculates on future products, services, systems and worlds, thus reflec-tively examining the role and impact of new technologies on everyday life;

moves away from the constraints of the commercial practice

Speculative design fictions find their inspiration in science fiction, which has a long history of creating imaginary scenarios,

Today we can see that capital uses pro-motion and investments in the technology by programming the technological develop-ment to actually colonialize the future.8 In this technological context, design often acts in the so-called “Western melancholy”9 dis-course where “the problem” of technologi-cal alienation, manifested as the extinction of real social interactions, “is resolved” with the production of new technologies or new products

where-as traditional design actually legitimizes the status quo, speculative design envisages and anticipates the future, at the same time help-ing us to understand and re-think the world of today

Design is based on the observation and understanding of the world around us, and by practicing it we endeavour to articu-late our needs, desires and expectations.

reaffirm the tech-nological progress instead of questioning or being critical of it.

The approach and practice of speculative design is a particularly stimulative strategy for researching the “space” that lies beyond “current” and the “now”.

Speculative practice is related to two basic concepts: speculation on possi-ble futures and the design of an alternative present.

Speculative fictions do not exist solely in a futurist vacuum, because the past ( i.e. the present we live in ) funda-mentally impacts our designed vision of the future.

hat’s the real difference between con-spiracists and a popularized, that is a teachable version of social critique

Matters of fact are only very partial and, Iwould argue, very polemical, very political renderings of matters of concernand only a subset of what could also be calledstatesofaffairs. It is this secondempiricism, this return to the realist attitude, that I’d like to offer as the nexttask for the critically minded

What if explanations resorting automatically to power, society, dis-course had outlived their usefulness and deteriorated

Artificially maintained controversies are not the only worrying sign

I intended toemancipatethe public from prematurely naturalizedobjectified facts. Was I foolishly mistaken? Have things changed so fast?

My question is thus:Can we devise another powerful descriptive tool that deals this time withmatters of concern and whose import then will no longer be to debunk butto protect and to care, as Donna Haraway would put it? Is it really possibleto transform the critical urge in the ethos of someone whoaddsreality tomatters of fact and notsubtractreality? To put it another way, what’s thedifference between deconstruction and constructivism?

My argument is that a certain form of critical spirit has sent us down thewrong path, encouraging us to fight the wrong enemies and, worst of all,to be considered as friends by the wrong sort of allies because of a littlemistake in the definition of its main target. The question was never to getawayfrom facts butcloserto them, not fighting empiricism but, on the con-trary, renewing empiricism.

The mistake we made, themistake I made, was to believe that there was no efficient way to criticizematters of fact except by movingawayfrom them and directing one’s at-tentiontowardthe conditions that made them possible. But this meant ac-cepting much too uncritically what matters of fact were.

Philosophy never deals with the sort of beings we in sciencestudies have dealt with. And that’s why the debates between realism andrelativism never go anywhere

hings have become Things again, objectshave reentered the arena, the Thing, in which they have to be gathered firstin order to exist later as whatstands apart.

What set Whitehead completely apart and straight on our path is thathe considered matters of fact to be a very poor rendering of what is givenin experience and something that muddles entirely the question

The so-lution or, rather, the adventure, according to Whitehead, is to dig muchfurther into the realist attitude and to realize that matters of fact are totallyimplausible, unrealistic, unjustified definitions of what it is to deal withthings

If the United States and China do find it easier to cooperate on issues like climate change and global health it will be because both share similar cosmological discourses that constitute compatible purposes and goals

First, a global anti- modern, anti- scientific movement could challenge the scientific cosmology at the heart of international order today.

In the language I have introduced, Bull hypothesized that a common scientific ontology could support a shared orientation to the purpose of scientific and technological development.

devel-opments within the scientific tradition itself could transform ideas about purpose. This change from within scientific cosmology might emerge from quantum mechanics, experiments at CERN, the biological and complexity sciences, or from recent claims that we are entering a new geological era, the anthropocene

have shown that the scientific ideas that constitute international order are rich enough to constitute and natural-ize purposes and values.

if international order could be reconstructed on the basis of a shared scientific cosmology, then common purposes and institu-tions acceptable to both the United States and China could be produced.

First, the ecological sciences introduce new ontological and epistemic elements by reconceptualizing physical processes.

On the other hand, for some, the ongoing ecological crisis presents a direct challenge to the modernist idea that humans ever controlled or dominated nature

Second, the anthropocene forces a fundamental reconceptualization of time.42 By embedding humans in geologic time, the anthropocene nar-rative broadens time horizons.

ies less in philosophy and more in fields such as sociology, psy-chology, anthropology, communica-tions, and political science

computational experts dealing with social phenomenon are rarely called to conversely embrace tradition-al sociological thought

integrate the analytic lenses sup-plied by social science theories and methodologies.

Per-haps the most important of these was computing’s unique disciplinary way of thinking and practicing, which, as narrated by Tedre and Denning,22 was variously labeled as “algorithmizing,” “algorithmic thinking,” “algorithmics,” and, more recently, as “computational thinking.”

Along with this expansion have come bold claims about computing’s ability to better understand and ex-plain the social world without needing background in social theory, economic models, or psychological concepts.

premise that compu-tational thinking will be a necessary part of all future work and thus it is es-sential that children learn it in school

The Digital Humanities—that is, using computa-tional approaches and technologies within the humanities—was seen by its advocates as a way to refresh the humanities by modernizing its meth-ods, moving it out of dusty dark librar-ies and into the clean, bright air of the datacenter.5 Computational social sci-ence is another recent curricular ex-periment in adopting the methodolo-gies and techniques of computing

instead of replacing social science ap-proaches, academic computing would be immeasurably improved by supple-menting its own with the methods, the-ories, and perspectives of the social sciences.

One of the key insights (and values) of the social science of the past half century is its embrace of complexity.

one could even go further and make the claim that not only would computing be improved by more social science, but that comput-ing today actually is a social science

computing is already deeply impli-cated in relations of power. As re-nowned sociologist Manuel Castells noted, power relations are “the founda-tional relationship of society because they construct and shape the institu-tions and norms that regulate social life.”8

This has already been recognized within legal studies, where scholars such as Karen Yeung, Shoshana Zuboff, Anthony Casey, and Anthony Nisbett, have made compel-ling arguments that algorithms are al-ready transforming the rule- and stan-dard-based nature of law and justice, to a privatized and force-based one implemented via algorithms.

Recommendation 1: Embrace other disciplines’ insight.

Moving forward, we need to do better, and be willing to inform both our work and our thinking, with the more nu-anced, historically grounded, empir-ically supported thinking of the so-cial sciences.

Recommendation 2: Replace some computing courses with social science ones.

A better under-standing of human psychology, power, and the incentive structures in society, may have allowed us to avoid some of the socio-technical problems we face today.

Recommendation 3: Embrace mul-tidisciplinarity through faculty hiring.

Just one look at the curriculum and a student will no doubt get the im-pression that the ethics course is not all that important in comparison to courses such as numeric theory, algo-rithm evaluation, and programming

they are perhaps now more than ever hindered in their abilities to extrapolate from the present in order to anticipate what the future will hold

Overall,wefindclimatepolicybundlesthatincludesocialandeconomic reforms such as affordable housing, a $15minimumwage,orajobguaranteeincreaseUSpublicsupport for climate mitigation.

inking climate policy to economic and social issues is particularly effective at expandingclimate policy support among people of color.

Providing informationabout costs, expenditures, and sponsorship ensuresthat respondents are not evaluating policy altern-atives based on implicit assumptions about theseattributes

governments around the world have struggled to pass andimplement climate policies

To break policy gridlock, US climate advocateshave begun to champion a new strategy: linking cli-mate policy to social and economic reforms.

bundling climate policy with progressive socialand economic programs reflects an effort to expandthe scope of political conflict (Schattschneider1975)to engage new voters.

To date, we have lackedempirical evidence to assess advocates’ claims thatbundling climate policy with economic and socialprograms can deliver broader support coalitions

narrative and calculative device that allowsentrepreneurs to explore a market and plays a performative role by contributing to the construction ofthe techno-economic network of an innovation

role played by business modelsin the innovation process

usiness models can be fruitfullyanalyzed as “market devices”

convey information about a resource or associations between resources

The approach proposed here can allow us to examine howthe deployment of future-oriented grammars reflect (or, in fact, help to discursivelyconstitute) differential authority, access,and influence in relation to decision-making processes, at various levels of institutional power

This leads me to my bet: by analyzing the form and content of futures talk in such sitesof hyperprojectivity, we can understand the mechanisms by which future projectionsaffect decisions, relations, and institutions

pattern is suggestive enough to pose a number ofinteresting questions for a more extensive analysis (perhaps assisted by automatedtextual analysis). For example,

I have made a number of theoretical arguments and placed somemethodological bets for future researc

Second, I have argued that while some future projections are routinized andimplicit, others are developed through contentious communication, often elabo-rated in what I call“sites of hyperprojectivity.

Yet while futures imaginaries exist“in our heads,”they are nevertheless subject to avariety of externalizations in text, talk, and material objects, which make them acces-sible to empirical study

While there is an extensive subfield in sociology studying the sources,content, and consequences of collective memory

ites of heightened, future-oriented public debate aboutpossible futures

Jointly Told Tales

o be sure, ethnography has a long history, and its techniques, goals, and representational styles mean different things, not always complementary, to its many cu-rious readers.

Like a Gestalt, this framework is embedded in the very terminology through which policymakers communicate about their work, and it is influential precisely because so much of it is taken for granted and unamenable to scrutiny as a whole. I am going to call this interpretive framework a policy paradigm

Second, the role of actors, the ‘bearers of ideas’, issometimes neglected in ideational analyses

Third, ideational explanations typically rely on intangiblesthat are difficult to define and measure

Finally,and related to the previous problem, there is an ambiguous relationshipbetween ideas and institutional change, including policy change

Logicians have, by and large, engaged in the convenient fiction that sen- tences of natural languages (at least declarative sentences) are either true or false or, at worst, lack a truth value, or have a third value often inter- preted as 'nonse

Given fuzzy sets we can, in a straightforward way extend classical propositional and predicate logics to the corresponding fuzzy log

Fuzzy propositional logic can be extended to fuzzy predicate logic in a straightforward way by defining valuations for predicates and for quan- tifiers

We have been employing a many-valued logic in an attempt to provide an initial explication of fu

ur dataset is comprised of 165 annual “flagship” publications from six core organizations: the G7/8, the OECD, UNDP, UNEP, UNFCCC and the World Bank. To code the documents, we used a method of qualitative textual analysis that allowed us to capture complex changes in the economic ideas that inform policy, rather than only changes in the quantitative counts of certain keywords.

hedgedetection algorithm

Boosting, using terms such asabso-lutely,clearlyandobviously, is a communicative strategyfor expressing a firm commitment to statements

Hedging is a commonly used strategy in conversational management to show the speaker’s lack of commitment to what they com-municate

Besides hedge words, people use discourse markers tohedge in conversations

Words that reflect the speaker/writer’s mental stateor internal actions are known as epistemic words

Hedge words that are composed of multiple words are sim-ply called multi-word hedges

With a number of computerized text analysismethods, we can now analyze these open-ended narratives quickly andobjectively

Word patterns: Extracting meaning

It’s really OK if theytell their stories. Even if you can’t analyze their data in the next few months,researchers in the decades ahead will view this data with genuine excitement –even when those self-reports you have collected will lose all interest to futuregenerations.

With thedevelopment of computer technology over the last decade, we are now standing atthe threshold of a new era that suggests some novel ways to think about words,natural language, and narrative.

Counting words: Content and style

Word patterns: Comparing texts

The factors that emerge represent groups of words that clumptogether and that reflect basic themes inherent in the stories.

One of the keys to R’s explosive growth (Fox & Leanage,2016; TIOBE,2017) hasbeen its densely populated collection of extension software libraries, known in R terminology aspackages, supplied and maintained by R’s extensive user community.

se advanced software that enables this type of analysi

One of the main advantages of performing text analysis in R is that it is oftenpossible, and relatively easy, to switch between different packages or to combine them.

creasing importance of computational text analysis in communication research

designed to promote this interoperability tomaximize flexibility and choice among users

presents an overview of the text analysis operations that we address, categorized in threesections.

We also propose tostore attributes in a relational model, instead of the traditional text-based struc-tures, to facilitate learning data analysis and manipulation

This thesis studies the use of sequential supervised learning methods on two tasksrelated to the detection of hedging in scientific articles: those of hedge cue identi-fication and hedge cue scope detection

Hedge cues are composed of one or more words with a very clear semantic role such as, forexample, verbs of modality

Compared with state-of-the-art methods, the results arevery competitive, suggesting that the approach to improving classifiers based onlyon the errors commited on a held out corpus could be successfully used in other,similar tasks

suggesting the incorporation of expert knowledge intothe learning process through the use ofknowledge rules

publicly available hedge classification data-set [10] available at [18], which consists of a manuallyannotated test set of 1537 sentences (380 speculative)extracted from six full-text articles on Drosophila mela-nogaster (fruit-fly) and a training set of 13,964 sentences(6423 speculative) automatically induced using a proba-bilistic acquisition model.

Medlock and Briscoe [10] extend Light et al.'swork by creating a publicly available hedging dataset anduse weakly supervised learning with an SVM classifier toimprove to a recall/precision break-even point (BEP) of0.76, from a BEP of 0.60 obtained using Light et al.'s sub-string matching method as the baseline.

Conventions Used in This Book

tidy data has a specific structure

For example, some sentimentanalysis algorithms look beyond only unigrams (i.e., single words) to try to under‐stand the sentiment of a sentence as a whole.

We thus define the tidy text format as being a table with one token per row

This one-token-per-rowstructure is in contrast to the ways text is often stored in current analyses, perhaps asstrings or in a document-term matrix.

bigramscan be especially useful when you have a very large text dataset

Not every English word is in the lexicons because many English words are pretty neu‐tral. It is important to keep in mind that these methods do not take into account qualifiers before a word, such as in “no good” or “not true”; a lexicon-based methodlike this is based on unigrams only.

to count the numberof times that two words appear within the same document, or to see how correlatedthey are.

We found that using tidy data principles can makemany text mining tasks easier, more effective, and consistent with tools already inwide use

the tidytext package doesn’t expect a user to keep text data in a tidyform at all times during an analysis.

we could easily add “miss” to a customstop-words list using bind_rows(). We could implement that with a strategy such asthis:

ForBruner, some of the functions of narrative include solving problems,reducing tension, and resolving dilemmas

narrative mode of organizing experience in which events’ particularity andspecificity as well as people’s involvement, accountability, andresponsibility in bringing about specific events are more centrally importantthan are logical considerations.

These research designs involve analyzing patterns of words innarratives using software and statistical tools