After all, policy also shapes, albeit through law and regula-tion, human activity. For purposes of value sensitive design, we currentlyconsider policy to be a form of technology.

Value Sensitive Design

But we cannot have become social beings unless weassumed limitations on freedom of action in the struggle for exis-tence. Hence we must have become ethical before we becamerational.

If those problems are planetary, then trying to cohere them around the game theory dynamics of locally embedded sovereign zones called countries disables the paths that should be open.

Planetary governance must be seen not just as an extension of Internationalism but in contrast to it. Internationalism, such as the United Nations, is a kind of Federalism. It presumes the sanctity of the isomorphic Nation-State, and it understands the organization of the world as primarily the circumscription of plots of land. In many ways, it is fundamentally ethnocentric, fundamentally traditionalist, and as such its form represents a misalignment of the governor and the governed.

If societies are able to sense themselves, model themselves, and act back upon themselves, then this also means recognizing that society is planetary and has been so long before Modernity.

If the pandemic is a wake-up call that international anarchy can no longer hold, then the question is what forms may fill this void?

The international system could not respond to the planetary crisis because it was not built to do so; it is an architecture of and for another era.

He is a patriot of a particular kind: he is more concerned with the salvation of his fatherland than with the salvation of his soul. His patriotism therefore presupposes a comprehensive reflection regarding the status of the fatherland· on the one hand and of the soul on the other.

To justify Machiavelli's terrible counsels by having recourse to his patriotism, means to see the virtues of that patriotism while being blind to that which is higher than patriotism, or to that which both hallows and limits patriotism.

Machiavelli, we are told, was so far from being an evil teacher of evil that he was a passionate patriot or a scientific student of society or both.

A perspective oriented to humane and social values is adopted,formulating the challenges in terms of the impact of emerging intelligent interactive technologies onhuman life both at the individual and societal levels.

Democratizing robot programming by introducing cobots in public fablabs (or makerspaces)could lead to new applications transferrable to industry thanks to the creativity of interested laypersons.

rethink the intricate, and increasingly inti-mate, configurations of the human and the machine.

take as my focus the study ofhow the effect of machines-as-agents is generated and the latter’s impli-cations for theorizing the human.

t is at thisstage in the fable that Sellars introduces his ‘myth of Jones’. Jones is atheoretical genius who postulates the existence of internal speech-likeepisodes called ‘thoughts’, closely modelled on publicly observabledeclarative utterances.

Chapter 7 recapitulates Nietzsche’s narrative ofthe overcoming of nihilism in light of critical insights developed overthe preceding chapters, before proposing a speculative re-inscription ofFreud’s theory of the death-drive, wherein the sublimation of the latteris seen as the key to grasping the intimate link between the will toknow and the will to nothingness

Chapter 6’s critical recon-struction of the ontological function allotted to the relationship betweendeath and time in Heidegger’s Being and Timeand Deleuze’s Differenceand Repetition

Chapter 5 attempts to find a wayout of the deadlock between the idealism of correlation on one hand,and the idealism of mathematical intuition and inscription on theother, by drawing on the work of François Laruelle in order to elaboratea speculative realism operating according to a non-dialectical logic ofnegation.

Chapter 4, which examines how AlainBadiou circumvents the difficulties attendant upon Meillassoux’s appealto intellectual intuition through a subtractive conception of beingwhich avoids the idealism of intuition, but only at the cost of an equallyproblematic idealism of inscription.

Chapter 3, the final chapter of Part I, lays out QuentinMeillassoux’s critique of the ‘correlationism’ which underpins theKantian–Hegelian account of the relationship between reason and nature,before pinpointing difficulties in Meillassoux’s own attempt to rehabilitatemathematical intuition.

Chapter 2 analyses Adorno and Horkheimer’sinfluential critique of scientific rationality in the name of an alternativeconception of the relation between reason and nature inspired byHegel and Freud

Chapter 1 introduces the themewhich governs the first part of the book, ‘Destroying the Manifest Image’,by considering Wilfrid Sellars’s distinction between the ‘manifest’ and‘scientific’ images of ‘man-in-the-world’

argument that a‘knowledge economy,’despite its cheerful optimism, isalso an elegant incarnation of the demise of Western economies

Hence, thenarrative of ideas and ideational work–banking on innovation and creativity–functionsboth as a celebration of the latest stage in capitalismandas a distressing symbol of thelast resort of post-industrial economies

The USA and Europe, long before the financial meltdown,were facing a crisis in economic production

While seemingly intangible and ephemeral, a knowledge economy is fixed in place innational economies through government and corporate policy

What the texts have in common is that they translate and fold a crisis in economicproduction into a new conceptual stage, a stage that sounds promising and civilizational:we are moving forward into a conceptual economy

The unity that is offered isanalogical: labor, natural resources, and physical inputs in industrial economies arereplaced by creativity, intellectual resources, and intangible inputs in knowledgeeconomies

A knowledge economy enfolds defeat with progress

knowledge economydownplays the importance of industrial labor and simultaneously depends on it to materialize itsideas

I argue that this reorganization of the production line undergirds theinterest in–and organization of–intangibles.

Moreover, and I will return to this point in the second halfof this article, a knowledge economy is not just‘located’in some of these sites, but thediscourse actively seeks to recreate geographies of value for these sites

narrative of stagesallows for a cheery sense of progress: knowledge economies equal the avant-garde of latecapitalism

A knowledge economy is on the other hand, and simultaneously, a victoriousrecoding of economic demise

Hence, one of the paradoxicalcharacteristics of a knowledge economy is that it connotes both a decrease and an increasein the importance of manufacturing labor.

knowledge economy, presumably, is aneconomy in which manual labor–the execution of industrial tasks–is no longer presentand necessary, and instead, many workers are eking out a living using their disembodiedminds

Lehman continued his narrative of how wealth had come to reside in the mind with areflection on the spatial organization of economic production

competition based on manufacturing efficiency was, in the discourse of a knowledgeeconomy, framed as a lost cause

The story of knowledge economies has thuscomprised a combination of being wiped off the map of economic production and at thesame time of endeavoring to redraw the map so that these post-industrial zones couldregain their challenged sense of centrality in the world economy

It is important to note that intellectual labor, under Taylor’s watch, becameseparated from manual labor in the name of standardization, rationalization, and efficiency

thesystematicity of‘science,’as well as the management that arose from scientificmanagement, became the embodiment of that which had to be‘overcome’and spurnedin order to produce knowledge and to work‘creatively’in later articulations of knowledgeeconomies

This transfer of knowledge enabled a conceptual shift that has been a foundationalcondition for the current reordering of the economy.

In the past two decades, the policy concept of a knowledge economy hasincreasingly become an object of knowledge and governance

‘Potential’is aspeculativeterm encompassing (real) capabilityand(imagined)promise

In the next section, surveys are classifiedaccording to a number of criteria. Underlying thisclassification is the following poem by RudyardKipling:I keep six honest serving-men(They taught me all I knew);Their names are What and Why and WhenAnd How and Where and Who.

A short enquiry into types ofsurveys yields random samples, telephone sur-veys, exit polls, multi-actor surveys, businesssurveys, longitudinal surveys, opinion polls(although some would argue that opinion pollsare not surveys), omnibus surveys and so forth.

One with a Gun, One with a Dog, and One with the Shivers

One with a Gun, One with a Dog, and One with the Shivers

Hats-on Harry, Off-at-Seven George, Handle-It-Yourself Fred, and The-Eternal-Flame Edward Who-Never-Goes-Out

Johnny Gets His Gun

Johnny Gets His Gun

Fieldwork usually means living with and living like those who are studied

The ecclesiastical reflects the heavenly hier­archy, and in this reflection becomes conscious o f its own inviolable necessity

To be sure, the docta ignorantia,fconsidered negatively, emphasizes the opposition o f the absolute to every form o f rational, logical-conceptual knowledge;

we have here the actual fusion o f the Christian doctrine o f salvation and Hellenistic speculation

Between God and man there is the world o f pure intelligences and heavenly powers. I

o explain the meaning and the purpose o f the visio intellec­tualis, Cusanus relies not on the mystical form o f passive contemplation, but on mathematics, which he considers the only true, genuine, and precise symbol o f speculative thought and o f the speculative vision that resolves contraries

However, the spec-ulative design approach takes the critical practice one step further, towards imagina-tion and visions of possible scenarios.

introduce the empirical, interview-based study which informs it, discussing how the data which it produced is used to address how individuals (in this case young adults living in Australia) imagine the future of their society

Such claims suggest a movement away from long-term and collective concerns in favour of the pressures and challenges of everyday life which does not bode well for the profile of long-term thinking.

due to the complexity of contemporary life they are perhaps now more than ever hindered in their abilities to extrapolate from the present in order to anticipate what the future will hold

n an oft-quoted statement, Friedrich Nietzsche put forward the view that ‘the future influences the present just as much as the past’

understandings of what specifically constitutes the near and distant future are socially constructed in relation to prevailing norms of attention, needs and priorities.

Rather, it seeks to understand whether influential claims that have informed implicit understandings of the future are reflected in individuals’ outlooks

meaning that although they offer a broad overview of collective trends in future-oriented thinking, they are generally less able to account for why individuals hold specific views.

The near or short-term future is hereafter intended to refer to the personal or biographical future that one expects to see and experience

Studies on this subject have generally focused on governance of the future, using the language of risk, contingency and sustainability (Ayre and Callway 2005; Beck 2009).

these accounts each suggest a uni-fying reading of modernisation that draws society under the umbrella of a single characterisation

As such, this text avoids using climate change as a pre-established focal point, instead considering how individuals relate to the future in a broad sense

Do individuals’ imaginings of the long-term future interact with or impact upon the ways in which they relate to the short-term, biographical future?

The study was motivated by the following questions

n order to explore the reach of such tendencies and consider why something as prominent as the future of society is claimed to have become a peripheral concern for contemporary individuals, this study seeks to gain insight into the relevance that individuals’ perceptions of the long-term future may have for their identities and present-day lives.

How do individuals imagine the future of the society in which they live?

while the distant or long-term future is intended to refer to a future that extends beyond one’s life and immediate, personal concerns to address an experience of time that may be socially shared

It is important to be mindful of the fact that theorists who propose diagnoses of the contemporary era (as, for instance, second, late, reflexive, post- or liquid modernity) do not seek to disclose how individuals view the future, and therefore cannot be critiqued for failing to meet aims that are not their own.

Are the ways in which individuals relate to the long-term future compatible with popular theoretical accounts of the contemporary future horizon?

Although these studies have found compelling evidence for the fact that individuals conceptualise the personal and societal future in distinct ways, they have focused exclusively on the content of their respondents’ imaginings, leaving the question of whether the types of logic or perhaps the beliefs underpinning individuals’ approaches to each dimension of the future have any commonality.

Veronika Vincze designed and prepared the annotationguidelines, trained the linguist students who carried outthe first annotation phase and then she resolved cases ofdisagreement. She was responsible for all the linguisticaspects throughout the project.

BioInfer corpus [10]

Genia Event corpus [9]

Hedge classification corpus [8]

Makerspaces open up a protected space for creative technical task and solution finding for a wide interested audience of non-experts.

The aim is to transfer these results into industry, for example through their evaluation in the training center of an Austrian engine manufacturer and the establishment of contacts with other manufacturing companies.

Die Entscheidung über die Zuweisung verschiedener Aufgaben ist dabei oft in der HABA-MABA-Tradition (“Humans are better at...; Machines are better at...“) [Ch65] verankert

he project focuses on Austrian Makerspaces and FabLabs.

provide basic training for interested people,

allow for the reconceptualiza-tion of the cobot as a tool and to reinvent its application possibilities

Sicherheit der Cobots, Arbeitsorganisatorische Einbindung und Roboterpro-grammierung

Cobots ermöglichen eine enge räumliche, zeitliche und interaktive Zusammenarbeit mit Menschen

Die Fortschritte der sensiti-ven Robotik ermöglichen heute schon die Interaktion durch Berührung oder Führung des Roboters im Betrieb

maybe it is correlation itself that is contingent

Contingency is necessary since it challenges theabsolutization of correlationism, which in fact leads to a de-absolutization

The question of technodiversitydirects us to the question of epistemology (way of knowing) and episteme (thesensibility that underlies such way of knowing).

Decades after poststructuralism we are in a much moreembarrassing situation with technical systems. Lines of flight can exist only as arefusal to engage with the system, as a self-marginalization or escape tooccultism and sectlike communes

provides an ontological refusal of a unified system of knowledgebased on subject-object correlation

ontological pluralism in order to surpass modernity byrefusing nature as a single system

Heis not seeking a mathematical reductionism, but rather sees very clearly theirreducibility of art and life; as he says: “I observe the mathematization of thereal, without entering into its theories

Technology in the twenty-first centuryis becoming inhuman in a negative sense, because it is human, all too human.

sites of hyper-projectivity

I propose ways in which we might study their temporal reach

measuring futures in action

state of potentiality, involving risk, hope, and uncertainty, and are thuseven more subject than the past to contestation and debate

the constitutive role that the future imaginaryplays in reflective processes of critique,problem-solving, and social intervention.

While narratives about the pastare certainly open to contestation and revision, they are still disciplined by truth claimsthat they are recounting“what happened,”which is arguably more rigorous than thediscipline of“what might (or could or should) happen.

their attention to contingency and causality

theorization of how people coordinate futures at threedifferent levels of anticipation

level of collectiv-ities, which jointly elaborate, argue over, and attempt to implement projects ofsocial change

“sites ofhyperprojectivity”are communicative settings, somewhat removed from the flow of day-to-day activity, in which the explicit purpose of talk is to locate problems, visualizealternative pathways, and consider their consequences and desirability

attention to the reflexive engagement with future scenarios of action aspart of deliberate efforts at social change, a process that was centrally important totheorists such as Dewey, Mead, and Schutz

cultural scaffoldings of future projec-tions in narratives and institutions, as well as the skilled performative work needed toattune those futures with others

rojective engagement of the future does not usually take the form of rationalcost benefit analysis, nor of utopian fantasies; these are only some of the diversemodesof future engagement and probably not the most common ones.

The study of future-oriented deliberation in such sites draws on both the narrativeand performative approaches described above

Futures are elaborated through interaction and talk with others

as Dewey (1922) notes, most of the timewe are propelled toward the future by“habits”of thought, feeling, and action (Gross2009).

As noted above, this may be particularly challengingin the study of projected futures, since the target phenomenon is the imagina-tion of events and end states that have not happened yet.

look for settings in whichreflective thought about the future is particularly salient and encouraged

uchsettingscanserve as“pivots”for action, even if the futures under discussion are not realized or evenclear (Dewey1922, p. 225)

In such sites, the future is self-consciously introduced into the present, becoming theobject of conversation, scenario-building, analysis, and argument

This pattern suggests that there is a connection between an organization’spositionality in the broader field of environmental activism and policy-making,and the deployment of different grammatical patterns and modes of projectivity.

ideal setting in which to study heightened future-oriented deliberation

That is, new knowledge can change international politics if it is reproduced transnationally and taken up by the associations underlying international order.

Recursive institutionalization foregrounds the dynamic, ongoing processes by which the international system is trans-formed as the associations that carry and reproduce international order change.

establishes a set of normative democratic criteria by which we can judge to what extent and in what way a specific participatory mechanism makes a policy process more democra

Scientific and technological policy issues are not and should not be exempt from the norms of democratic govern

to develop further the normative democratic criteria that could be used to evaluate participatory mechanism

. Direct participation, in contrast, is premised on the notion that democratic governance includes the full participation of individuals as individ- uals in setting polic

o put forward a new category of activity for analyzing public participation programs aimed at scientific and technological issues, called here participatory analys

m. Pluralism (also called polyarchy or interest group liberalism) is the mainstream theory of democracy in American political scien

pluralism is a theory of democracy based on the actions of organized voluntary interest group

ory, pluralism should also be used as a source of democratic crite

The community of inquiry has special appeal for public adminis-tration because it is an orientation that uses a democratic approach toproblem definition and interpretation of consequences

The members of a community of inquiry pro-ceed with a sense of critical optimism.

Charles Sanders Peirce originally conceived of pragmatism as a phi-losophy of science with inquiry at its center.

The story’s moral is that we are all trapped inside our lim-ited selves and cannot know the truth.

Ideally,members of the community of inquiry recognize the value of uncertainty.

Dewey’s notion of community is not necessarily based on physicalproximity. It is rather rooted in intellectual and cultural neighborhoodsthat interact with shared membership.

pessimism is a paralyzing doctrine. In declaring that the world is evilwholesale, it makes futile all efforts to discover the remedial causes of spe-cific evils and thereby destroys at the root every attempt to make the worldbetter and happier.

Dewey does not see democracy as simply giving everyone a say in asquabble over cutting up a pie of given size. Rather, his conceptionincludes the capability of designing a better pie or imagining and con-structing something other than a pie. This characteristic requires the capa-bility for inquiry on the part of the participants.

Mutual responsiveness is an essential componentofparticipatoryin participatory democracy.

We must learn to trust our democracy, giant-like andthreatening as it may appear in its uncouth strength and untried applica-tions”

Democracy was a method of discovering truth through the combinationof rational thought with equal participation of all citizens in communityprocess